Intellectual capital is the single most important asset owned by any organization. Business continuity and the long term sustainability of every business organization depends partly on how well accumulated organizational knowledge is passed on from generation to generation. Knowledge is hard to capture due to its implicit nature and even harder to manage, thus the deployment of numerous knowledge management systems by organizations in recent times. Knowledge sharing among employees within organizations can sometimes be very problem-atic. These problems stem from issues pertaining to power, secrecy, individualism, time, ignorance and technological issues among others. This paper seeks to investigate how web 2.0 technologies are being used to overcome these problems and facilitate knowledge sharing as well as collaboration. Web 2.0 has been described as the new web which focuses on the use of platforms. Platforms are digital environments in which contributions and interactions are globally visible. The new web technologies which are based on platforms are referred to as emergent social software platforms (ESSP‘s). The use of these web 2.0 technologies (ESSP‘s) within a business enterprise for the achievement of business goals is known as enterprise 2.0 (E2.0). Central to this research is the knowledge sharing cycle model, which has three main stages; internalization, externalization, and objectification. Internalization occurs when individuals acquire or learn from the organization. Externalization is achieved when individual implicit knowledge is made explicit. Objectification is making new knowledge globally accepted. This cycle has been adapted to illustrate the role played by ESSP‘s in facilitating knowledge sharing. A case study of IBM Corporation is used to arrive at the findings which are used to adapt the model. IBM Corporations extensively deploys E2.0. The company uses one central Social networking platform called IBM connections, which incorporates several ESSP‘s. There are seven services on IBM connections which include profiles, Activities, wikis, blogs, bookmarks, Files, and communities. Employing the interview technique, observations and the use of secondary data, the research questions are answered. The findings indicate that ESSP‘s can be used to support knowledge sharing practices and also helps to convert knowledge into its different forms (explicit and implicit). Blogs, wikis, and communities support internaliza-tion and externalization. The process of objectification is supported by wikis. Findings also indicate that the services within IBM connections platform support mass collaboration and foster strong ties among employees. In an objective manner, the paper points out some of the negative consequences of E2.0. Major issues uncovered through the case study include, sensi-tive data, undefined way of working with ESSP‘s, privacy, abuse of use, and lack of interest.

L’extraction de la sémantique d’une image est un processus qui nécessite une analyse profonde du contenu de l’image. Elle se réfère à leur interprétation à partir d’un point de vuehumain. Dans ce dernier cas, la sémantique d’une image pourrait être générique (par exemple un véhicule) ou spécifique (par exemple une bicyclette). Elle consiste à extraire une sémantique simple ou multiple de l’image afin de faciliter sa récupération. Ces objectifs indiquent clairement que l’extraction de la sémantique n’est pas un nouveau domaine de recherche. Cette thèse traite d’une approche d’annotation collaborative et de recherche d’images baséesur les sémantiques émergentes. Il aborde d’une part, la façon dont les annotateurs pourraient décrire et représenter le contenu des images en se basant sur les informations visuelles, et d’autre part comment la recherche des images pourrait être considérablement améliorée grâce aux récentes techniques, notamment le clustering et la recommandation. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, l’exploitation des outils de description implicite du contenu des images, des interactions des annotateurs qui décrivent la sémantique des images et celles des utilisateurs qui utilisent la sémantique produite pour rechercher les images seraient indispensables.Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes penchés vers les outils duWeb Sémantique, notamment les ontologies pour décrire les images de façon structurée. L’ontologie permet de représenter les objets présents dans une image ainsi que les relations entre ces objets (les scènes d’image). Autrement dit, elle permet de représenter de façon formelle les différents types d’objets et leurs relations. L’ontologie code la structure relationnelle des concepts que l’on peut utiliser pour décrire et raisonner. Cela la rend éminemment adaptée à de nombreux problèmes comme la description sémantique des images qui nécessite une connaissance préalable et une capacité descriptive et normative.La contribution de cette thèse est focalisée sur trois points essentiels : La représentationsémantique, l’annotation sémantique collaborative et la recherche sémantique des images.La représentation sémantique permet de proposer un outil capable de représenter la sémantique des images. Pour capturer la sémantique des images, nous avons proposé une ontologie d’application dérivée d’une ontologie générique.L’annotation sémantique collaborative que nous proposons consiste à faire émerger la sémantique des images à partir des sémantiques proposées par une communauté d’annotateurs.La recherche sémantique permet de rechercher les images avec les sémantiques fournies par l’annotation sémantique collaborative. Elle est basée sur deux techniques : le clustering et la recommandation. Le clustering permet de regrouper les images similaires à la requête d’utilisateur et la recommandation a pour objectif de proposer des sémantiques aux utilisateurs en se basant sur leurs profils statiques et dynamiques. Elle est composée de trois étapes à savoir : la formation de la communauté des utilisateurs, l’acquisition des profils d’utilisateurs et la classification des profils d’utilisateurs avec l’algèbre de Galois. Des expérimentations ont été menées pour valider les différentes approches proposées dans ce travail. / The extraction of images semantic is a process that requires deep analysis of the image content. It refers to their interpretation from a human point of view. In this lastest case, the image semantic may be generic (e.g., a vehicle) or specific (e.g., a bicycle). It consists in extracting single or multiple images semantic in order to facilitate its retrieval. These objectives clearly show that the extraction of semantic is not a new research field. This thesis deals with the semantic collaborative annotation of images and their retrieval. Firstly, it discusses how annotators could describe and represent images content based on visual information, and secondly how images retrieval could be greatly improved thank to latest techniques, such as clustering and recommendation. To achieve these purposes, the use of implicit image content description tools, interactions of annotators that describe the semantics of images and those of users that use generated semantics to retrieve the images, would be essential. In this thesis, we focus our research on the use of Semantic Web tools, in particular ontologies to produce structured descriptions of images. Ontology is used to represent image objects and the relationships between these objects. In other words, it allows to formally represent the different types of objects and their relationships. Ontology encodes the relational structure of concepts that can be used to describe and reason. This makes them eminently adapted to many problems such as semantic description of images that requires prior knowledge as well as descriptive and normative capacity. The contribution of this thesis is focused on three main points : semantic representation, collaborative semantic annotation and semantic retrieval of images.Semantic representation allows to offer a tool for the capturing semantics of images. To capture the semantics of images, we propose an application ontology derived from a generic ontology. Collaborative semantic annotation that we define, provides emergent semantics through the fusion of semantics proposed by the annotators.Semantic retrieval allows to look for images with semantics provided by collaborative semantic annotation. It is based on clustering and recommendation. Clustering is used to group similar images corresponding to the user’s query and recommendation aims to propose semantics to users based on their profiles. It consists of three steps : creation of users community, acquiring of user profiles and classification of user profiles with Galois algebra. Experiments were conducted to validate the approaches proposed in this work.

Reúso de software, principalmente quando apoiado por ferramentas computacionais, é uma forma de enfrentar os constantes desafios da Engenharia de Software em aumentar a produtividade e qualidade no desenvolvimento de software. Diversos ambientes de apoio ao reúso de software têm sido propostos, em sua maioria com objetivos específicos, por exemplo, repositórios de componentes, ferramentas para geração de aplicações e ferramentas para configuração de linhas de produtos. Entretanto, a integração desses ambientes é, muitas vezes, deficiente e deixada por conta do próprio desenvolvedor. Por outro lado, Sistemas-de-Sistemas (SoS) constituem uma forma de integrar sistemas independentes e seus relacionamentos, formando um todo maior que a soma das partes. Dessa forma, o SoS permite alcançar objetivos complexos que não poderiam ser facilmente alcançados individualmente pelos seus sistemas constituintes. Em um SoS, comportamentos emergentes podem surgir a qualquer momento ou terem sido previamente implementados. Por serem recentes, os conceitos de SoS ainda apresentam uma vasta gama de tópicos em aberto, entre eles sua aplicação a ambientes de reúso de software. Assim, neste trabalho, investigou-se como integrar ambientes de reúso com base nos conceitos de SoS. O SoS resultante, denominado SoS-Reúso, visa facilitar a implementação de comportamentos emergentes relacionados ao reúso de software. Com isso, pode-se potencializar a atividade de reúso, facilitando a busca por ativos reusáveis em diferentes sistemas constituintes. Para colocar em prática essa ideia, desenvolveu-se um simulador do SoS-Reúso, denominado P-SoS-Reúso. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo da usabilidade e adequação funcional do P-SoS-Reúso, a fim de obter do usuário feedbacks em relação ao seu uso. A abordagem utilizada no desenvolvimento do SoS-Reúso poderá ser adaptada futuramente para integrar outros tipos de sistemas, os quais poderiam se beneficiar da abordagem baseada em SoS. / Software reuse, specially when supported by computational tools, is a way to face the constant challenges of Software Engineering in increasing productivity and quality in software development. Several enviroments to support software reuse have been proposed, mostly for specific purposes, for example, component repositories, application generation tools, and tools for configuring product lines. However, the integration among these environments is often deficient and left to the developerss responsibility. On the other hand, Systems-of-Systems (SoS) is a way of integrating independent systems and their relationships, forming a whole greater than the sum of the parts. In this way, SoS allows us to achieve complex goals that could not be easily achieved individually by their constituent systems. In a SoS, emergent behaviors can arise at any time or have been previously implemented. Because they are recent, SoS concepts still feature a variety of open research topics, including their application to software reuse environments. Thus, in this work, we investigated how to integrate reuse environments based on SoS concepts. The resulting SoS, called SoS-Reuse, aims to facilitate the implementation of emergent behaviors related to software reuse. This allows to enhance the reuse activity, facilitating the search for reusable assets in different constituent systems. To implement this idea, it was developed a simulator of the SoS-Reuse, named P-SoS-Reuse. An qualitative study of the usability and functional adequacy of the P-SoS-Reuse was performed to obtain feedback from users regarding its use. The approach used to develop SoS-Reuse can be adapted in the future to integrate other types of systems, which could benefit from the SoS-based approach.

Depuis quelques décennies, nous assistons dans le champ littéraire caribéen francophone à la prolifération d’écrits dans lesquels les écrivains font le récit de leur propre vie. Ces récits que nous pourrions répertorier dans les « écritures du moi » semblent fortement marqués de l’empreinte autobiographique. Pourtant, au regard des travaux réalisés par Philippe Lejeune et Georges Gusdorf sur le genre, ces œuvres, pétries de traces autobiographiques, semblent en contourner les canons.Notre recherche consiste donc à nous interroger sur ce qui pourrait empêcher la classification de ces récits comme des autobiographies, au sens strict du terme. Nous émettons l’hypothèse d’un détournement des règles propres au genre inhérent au « moi empêché » de l’auteur, ou bien à l’affirmation d’un polymorphisme du genre (en contexte caribéen francophone).L’autobiographie serait-elle purement occidentale ? En nous appuyant sur un corpus d’une douzaine d’œuvres, dont les écrivains sont issus de la Caraïbe francophone (Patrick Chamoiseau et Raphaël Confiant pour la Martinique ; Maryse Condé, Henri Corbin, Daniel Maximin pour la Guadeloupe ; Jan-J. Dominique et Émile Ollivier pour Haïti), nous tenterons de répondre à cette problématique. / Since recent decades, we are seeing a proliferation of papers in the French Caribbean literature in which writers talk about themselves, the story of their own life. These narratives which could be list as “writings of myself” seem strongly marked with autobiographical imprint. Nevertheless, according to the works of Philippe Lejeune and Georges Gusdorf about the genre, these works molded by autobiographical tracks seem to stretch the rules. This present research deals with wondering about what could prevent the classification of these narratives as real autobiographies, in the strict sense of the word. We emit the hypothesis of a diversion of rules appropriate to the inherent genre in the “self-restraint” of the author, either in the assertion of a polymorphism of the genre (in the French-speaking Caribbean context)Is the autobiography a pure European genre?Basing on a corpus of a dozen of works, writers who arise from the French-Speaking Caribbean (Patrick Chamoiseau and Raphaël Confiant for Martinica; Maryse Condé, Henri Corbin and Daniel Maximin for Guadeloupe; J.-J. Dominique and Emile Ollivier for Haïti), we shall try to answer this problematic.

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Learning to organize the diverse interests of small groups in a Reggio inspired emergent curriculum is complex. No need to move all children through a process. Several small interest groups can emerge and thrive. Teachers can be sure that all children will receive significant learning from the diverse interest groups through the thoughtful and consistent use of small group and whole group classroom meetings. Techniques and real life examples will be shared. Discussion will be encouraged.

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The world has been challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic since 2020. The pandemic affected all businesses, and the banking sector was no exception. Within this context, efficient change management (CM) is crucial to keep up with the changing business environment. Previous research has extensively covered the planned and emergent approaches to CM. However, the authors found that the perspective of complex organisations and their effect on change was missing. The purpose of the study was to develop a deeper understanding of how the internal processes were challenged during the COVID-19 pandemic, following a Scandinavian bank in their change to open a sister department in Vilnius. To study this, the authors conducted 12 semi-structured interviews with employees of Bank XYZ, from Vilnius and Stockholm. Kotter’s 8-step model and the complexity theory were combined and used as the conceptual framework.  The conclusion shows that the pandemic challenged three different aspects, communication, motivation, and new ways of working. These aspects challenged the traditional view of CM, which is viewed as static. The nonlinearity of CM processes is more present in disruptive changes such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

We evaluated the effects of an instructional package on the emergence of novel intraverbals in children diagnosed with autism. Participants were two boys with a diagnosis of autism who had tact and listener repertoires for common objects and events, some intraverbal responses, and showed an ability to learn new intraverbal responses through direct instruction prior to participating in the study. Tact training, listener training, sorting training, and mixed training (listener and tact training) were conducted with each participant, with a probe to test for emergent intraverbals following each training step. If some emergence was seen during a probe following a training step, probes were conducted with the remaining sets to test for emergence in those sets as well. Multiple-exemplar training was conducted following the training steps if all targets within a set did not meet the criterion for emergence during probes. Results showed that for one participant, all four training steps, in addition to multiple-exemplar training, were needed to see emergence in all targets during probes for two sets, with the last two sets requiring only tact training before all targets had emerged during probes. The second participant required only tact training during three sets, with listener training required for one target in one set before all targets in all sets emerged during probes.