Measurements of process variations and particle morphology are widely employed in the pulp and paper industry. Two techniques with high potential, infrared thermography and microparticle characterisation, are mainly used qualitatively. Quantitative thermography requires knowledge of the emittance, a material property which has not been measured under many process-relevant conditions. Quantitative characterisation of microparticles, e.g. pulp fines and mineral fillers, requires the analysis of a large number of particles, which can be accomplished using flow microscopes. Flow microscopes for pulp analysis have had insufficient spatial resolution to resolve fines and fillers. Additionally, there has been a lack of methods which can differentiate between fines and fillers in a mixed suspension. State-of-the-art instruments for particle image analysis were evaluated and compared to laser diffractometry, a measurement method based on scattering by diffraction. Laser diffractometry was found to be highly sensitive to the complex refractive index of the particles, and especially to its change due to moisture absorption. A high-resolution imaging flow cytometer and a high-resolution fibre analyser were found to be complementary for characterisation of pure fines and fines/filler mixtures, and superior to laser diffractometry. A method for differentiating between fines and fillers in a suspension based on their autofluorescence and side-scattering was proposed and qualitatively evaluated. Furthermore, a method for measuring the directional and integrated emittance of paper was developed and its accuracy was determined. Measurements on a wide range of samples showed that the emittance of fibre-based materials vary significantly with wavelength, pulp type, observation angle, and moisture content. By applying measured quantitative values of the emittance, the thermal energy emitted by sack paper samples during mechanical deformation could be quantitatively calculated. The increase in thermal energy at the time of rupture was found to correlate well with the elastic share of the mechanical energy that was stored in the sample during its elongation. In summary, the results of this work have facilitated the use of quantitative microparticle analysis and infrared thermography for pulp and paper applications. / Mätningar av processvariationer och partiklars form och storlek utförs i stor skala inom massa- och pappersindustrin. Två mättekniker med stor potential, infraröd termografi och mikropartikel-karaktärisering, används mest kvalitativt idag. Kvantitativ termografi kräver att provets emittans är känd. Emittansen är en materialegenskap som inte har mätts för många förhållanden som är relevanta inom papperstillverkning. Kvantitativ karaktärisering av partiklar kräver att ett tillräckligt stort antal partiklar analyseras, något som kan göras med flödesmikroskop. Flödesmikroskop för mäldanalys har haft otillräcklig upplösning för att karaktärisera mikrometerstora partiklar, t.ex. fines och fyllmedel. Det har heller inte funnits någon metod som kan särskilja mellan fines och fyllmedel i en blandning. Högupplösta mätinstrument för bildbaserad mikropartikelkaraktärisering utvärderades och jämfördes med en laserdiffraktometer, en mätmetod baserad på ljusspridning genom diffraktion. Laserdiffraktometerns mätresultat påverkades starkt av det brytningsindex som antogs för provet, och hur brytningsindexet ändrades med fukthalt. En högupplöst bildbaserad flödescytometer och en högupplöst fibermätare konstaterades komplettera varandra vid mätningar av mäldens finmaterial. De var även pålitligare än laserdiffraktometern vid mätningar av organiskt finmaterial. En metod för att skilja mellan organiskt och oorganiskt finmaterial i en mäld baserat på deras autofluorescens och ljusspridning presenterades och utvärderades kvalitativt. En metod för att mäta den vinkelberoende och våglängdsintegrerade emittansen hos fiberbaserade material utvecklades och dess mätnoggrannhet utvärderades. Mätningar på ett stort antal prover visade att emittansen varierade betydligt med våglängd, mäldtyp, observationsvinkel, och fukthalt. Genom att använda den uppmätta emittansen kunde den termiska energin som frigjordes av ett säckpappersprov vid brottögonblicket beräknas. Denna energi korrelerade väl med den elastiska energi som lagrades i provet medan det töjdes, fram till tidpunkten för brottet. Sammanfattningsvis har resultaten av detta arbete möjliggjort kvantitativ användning av mikropartikel-karaktärisering och infraröd termografi i massa- och papperstillämpningar. / <p>QC 20160122</p>

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The interplay of thermodynamic properties of strongly interacting matter and its emission of photons is investigated. For this purpose the Lagrangian of the quark meson model (in the literature also dubbed "linear sigma model" or "linear sigma model with quarks") is extended by an electromagnetic sector. Based on this extended Lagrangian both the grand-canonical potential and the generating functional of correlation functions are calculated in a consistent manner. From the former, the phase structure and various thermodynamical properties are determined. Especially, the dependence of certain landmarks (critical point, intersections of the phase boundary with the coordinate axes, etc.) of the phase diagram with respect to the model parameters is investigated in detail. With the help of the generating functional in turn, the photon propagator can be computed whose imaginary part is connected to the emission rate of photons. The leading order of the result with respect to the number of participating particles and the power of the quark-meson coupling is expressed in terms of tree level diagrams, which are calculated likewise. On this basis, the photon emissivity with respect to temperature, chemical potential and photon frequency is calculated and analyzed addressing various questions. The dependence of the particle masses with respect to temperature and chemical potential leaves notable imprints on the emissivities of the individual production processes. Especially a first-order phase transition can easily be identified, since, there, the emissivity may jump - depending on the temperature - by a factor of about ten. Contrarily, within our analysis, we do not find signatures in the photon emissivities that specifically mark a critical end point. Moreover, it is investigated on which parameters the photon emission rate depends in the low- and high-frequency regions. With these results the behavior of the emissivity with respect to temperature and chemical potential can be understood and many peculiarities of the emissivities can be explained. / Das Zusammenspiel der thermodynamischen Eigenschaften von stark wechselwirkender Materie und deren Emission von Photonen wird untersucht. Dazu wird die Lagrangedichte des Quark-Meson-Modells (auch: Linear-Sigma-Modell oder Linear-Sigma-Modell mit Quarks) um einen elektromagnetischen Sektor erweitert. Aus der so erweiterten Lagrangedichte werden auf konsistente Weise sowohl das großkanonische Potential als auch das erzeugende Funktional der Korrelationsfunktionen ermittelt. Aus ersterem werden die Phasenstruktur des Modells sowie zahlreiche thermodynamische Eigenschaften berechnet. Insbesondere wird die Abhänigkeit einiger Orientierungspunkte (kritischer Punkt, Schnittpunkte der Phasengrenze mit den Koordinatenachsen usw.) des Phasendiagramms von den Modellparametern detailiert untersucht. Mit Hilfe des erzeugenden Funktionals wiederum kann der Photonenpropagator bestimmt werden, dessen Imaginärteil mit der Emissionsrate von Photonen zusammenhängt. Die führende Ordnung in einer Entwicklung nach der Anzahl der beteiligten Teilchen und der Potenz der Quark-Meson-Kopplung lässt sich durch Baumgraphen-Diagramme darstellen, die ebenfalls berechnet werden. Auf dieser Basis wird die Photon-Emissivität in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur, chemischem Potential und Photon-Frequenz berechnet und unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten analysiert. Die Abhängigkeit der Teilchenmassen von Temperatur und chemischem Potential hinterlässt teilweise ausgeprägte Signaturen in den Emissivitäten der einzelnen sub-Prozesse. Insbesondere ein Phasenübergang erster Ordnung zeigt sich deutlich, da an diesem die Emissivität - abhänging von der Temperatur - um einen Faktor der Größenordnung zehn springen kann. Jedoch finden wir im Rahmen dieser Analyse keine spezifischen Signaturen in den Photonen-Emissivitäten, die einen kritischen Punkt auszeichnen. Des weiteren wird untersucht von welchen Parametern die Photonen-Emissionsrate in den Bereichen niedriger oder hoher Photonen-Frequenzen abhängt. Mit diesen Ergebnissen kann das Verhalten der Emissivität in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und chemischem Potential gut verstanden und zahlreiche Auffälligkeiten in den Emissivitäten erklärt werden.

Les travaux menés durant cette thèse s’inscrivent dans le cadre du développement de la mission spatiale Solar Probe Plus (NASA). Cette sonde d’exploration, dont la vocation est l’étude du Soleil, pénétrera la couronne solaire pour y faire des mesures in-situ. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à mener l’étude expérimentale des matériaux constitutifs de la sonde: métaux réfractaires (W, Re, Ta, Mo, Nb, Ti), composite C/C, un revêtement de nitrure de bore pyrolytique (pBN) ainsi que des dépôts métalliques texturés à forte émissivité. L’environnement à l’approche du soleil fut reproduit expérimentalement au sol au laboratoire PROMES-CNRS en associant le four solaire d’1 MW à Odeillo au moyen d’essai MEDIASE (Moyen d’Essai et de Diagnostic en Ambiance Spatiale Extrême). Grâce à ces moyens expérimentaux, ces matériaux candidats ont pu être testés sous formes d’échantillons, à très haute température (1100-2500 K), sous vide (10-4 Pa), ainsi que sous bombardement de protons (1-4 keV, jusqu'à 1018 ions m-2 s-1, pour la simulation du vent solaire). La propriété matériau sur laquelle cette étude expérimentale s’est concentrée est l’émissivité, dans la mesure où celle-ci va conditionner la température des surfaces de la sonde faisant face au Soleil. Celle-ci a été mesurée in-situ dans MEDIASE pendant les différents traitements. Dans le cadre de l’étude des métaux réfractaires, il a s’agit de comprendre la relation entre état de surface et émissivité, ainsi que d’étudier les modifications induites par les traitements. En ce qui concerne les dépôts métalliques texturés ainsi que le dépôt de pBN, leur étude a consisté à évaluer leurs performances radiatives et leurs comportements à haute température. / Solar Probe Plus (NASA) will be a historic mission of space exploration as it will consist in the first spacecraft to enter the solar corona. The spacecraft will face harsh environmental conditions that no other spacecraft has ever encountered in the past. One of the most critical technology developments for this mission is thus material science related: the materials constituting all the surfaces directly facing the Sun must be studied and tested in a relevant environment. The study of the candidate materials has been carried out at PROMES-CNRS: refractory metals for the instruments (W, Re, Ta, Mo, Nb, Ti, and their alloys), and refractory ceramics for the thermal protection shield (C/C composite and pyrolytic boron nitride - pBN). Samples of these materials were tested experimentally in a simulated near-Sun environment. This environment was simulated on ground thanks to the association of the 1 MW solar furnace in Odeillo, to the MEDIASE facility. This way materials were tested at very high temperature (1100-2500 K) in high vacuum (10-4 Pa), with the solar wind being reproduced via a proton bombardment (1-4 keV, up to 1018 ions m-2 s-1). The material properties that we have studied the most are the thermal radiative properties as they fully determine the temperature of a free-standing surface exposed to an intense radiative flux in vacuum. For refractory metals, it mainly consisted in studying the relationship between surface state and radiative properties, as well as the effect of the treatments. As for the textured metallic coatings and pBN, it consisted mainly in determining their efficiencies and understanding their behaviors.

Automotive headlamps work in very variable operating conditions during which the producer have to guarantee their primary function of seeing and being seen. During the development stage of the new headlamps the manufacturers want to eliminate defects which could led to malfunction in operation. The numerical simulations along with the test procedures are appropriate tools for detection of problematic areas. The most appropriate approach is designing of experiment with a view to the subsequent simple implementation of the measured data into numerical simulations software and carefully choosing a measuring method of the monitored physical quantities. The thesis deals with phenomenon of condensation in headlamps, which has a negative effect on the light distribution and their life expectancy. Due to this experimental defog methodology was developed based on evaporation of a specified amount of water into the headlamp and then condensation on the inside surface of the headlamp lens. Pictures are taken during the measurements and the fogged and defogged areas are automatically detected. The results from experiments are used to adjust and verify a numerical model. The next part is devoted to the thermal load of the headlamp components which are mostly heated by waste heat from light sources. This phenomena depends mainly on the type of source, emissivity and thermal conductivity. A methodology of temperature measurement, thermal conductivity measurement, non-stationary method for emissivity determination and spectral characterization of thermal source based on their thermal fluxes to the surroundings has been developed.

Diploma thesis deals with basic physical quantities and laws relating to non-contact temperature measurement and emissivity determination of solids. It describes the design and implementation of the IR (Infra-Red) thermometer often missed with automatic emissivity correction. The first chapter explains the concept of temperature and basic principles of temperature measuring . The second chapter focuses on the history and theory of non-contact temperature measurement. Gradually are explained the concepts related to non-contact temperature measurement and the problem of determining the emissivity of the body. Next third chapter describes the proposed hardware solution of IR thermometer. The fourth chapter describes a software written for the IR thermometer. The fifth and last chapter summarizes the findings and knowledge from the implementation of non-contact thermometer and measuring emissivity.

This thesis is concerned with thermodiagnostics in industrial practise, which is very important for the assessment of technical condition of object on the basis of temperature, in today's time. It includes summary of contact and contact-free methods and their principle, advantages and disadvantages for aplication in industrial practise. Because of thesis it was carried out measurement in company Daikin Device Czech republic with the use of contact thermometer and two available thermocameras for solving of topical tasks relating to production.

This thesis deals with common problem health protection at work. Namely hand protection during the work in very cold environment. It’s an analysis of materials suitable for apparatus used for measuring the thermal resistance of the gloves. There was analysed a range of materials. Every single sample was tested for heat conductivity and afterwards was assessed the suitability of materials. Heat was generated by electricity. Ocured heat fields was assessed with thermocamera. After performed experiments of carbon fiber we haven’t reached any satisfying results which we could use for manufacturing of this device. On the other hand kapton film has given very interesting results which we would recommend eventually. Kapton film needs to be modify according to the method listed in the conlusion. This thesis gives us a clear overview and inspiration for additional research of this device. It finds it’s place in research facilities and companies manufacturing protective clothing.

Letecká termální hyperspektrální data přinášejí řadu informací o teplotě a emisivitě zemského povrchu. Při odhadování těchto parametrů z dálkového snímání tepelného záření je třeba řešit nedourčený systém rovnic. Bylo navrhnuto několik přístupů jak tento problém vyřešit, přičemž nejrozšířenější je algoritmus označovaný jako Temperature and Emissivity Separation (TES). Tato práce má dva hlavní cíle: 1) zlepšení algoritmu TES a 2) jeho implementaci do procesingového řetězce pro zpracování obrazových dat získaných senzorem TASI. Zlepšení algoritmu TES je možné dosáhnout nahrazením používaného modulu normalizování emisivity (tzv. Normalized Emissivity Module) částí, která je založena na vyhlazení spektrálních charakteristik nasnímané radiance. Nový modul je pak označen jako Optimized Smoothing for Temperature Emissivity Separation (OSTES). Algoritmus OSTES je připojen k procesingovému řetězci pro zpracování obrazových dat ze senzoru TASI. Testování na simulovaných datech ukázalo, že použití algoritmu OSTES vede k přesnějším odhadům teploty a emisivity. OSTES byl dále testován na datech získaných ze senzorů ASTER a TASI. V těchto případech však není možné pozorovat výrazné zlepšení z důvodu nedokonalých atmosférických korekcí. Nicméně hodnoty emisivity získané algoritmem OSTES vykazují více homogenní vlastnosti než hodnoty ze standardního produktu senzoru ASTER.

The interplay of thermodynamic properties of strongly interacting matter and its emission of photons is investigated. For this purpose the Lagrangian of the quark meson model (in the literature also dubbed "linear sigma model" or "linear sigma model with quarks") is extended by an electromagnetic sector. Based on this extended Lagrangian both the grand-canonical potential and the generating functional of correlation functions are calculated in a consistent manner. From the former, the phase structure and various thermodynamical properties are determined. Especially, the dependence of certain landmarks (critical point, intersections of the phase boundary with the coordinate axes, etc.) of the phase diagram with respect to the model parameters is investigated in detail. With the help of the generating functional in turn, the photon propagator can be computed whose imaginary part is connected to the emission rate of photons. The leading order of the result with respect to the number of participating particles and the power of the quark-meson coupling is expressed in terms of tree level diagrams, which are calculated likewise. On this basis, the photon emissivity with respect to temperature, chemical potential and photon frequency is calculated and analyzed addressing various questions. The dependence of the particle masses with respect to temperature and chemical potential leaves notable imprints on the emissivities of the individual production processes. Especially a first-order phase transition can easily be identified, since, there, the emissivity may jump - depending on the temperature - by a factor of about ten. Contrarily, within our analysis, we do not find signatures in the photon emissivities that specifically mark a critical end point. Moreover, it is investigated on which parameters the photon emission rate depends in the low- and high-frequency regions. With these results the behavior of the emissivity with respect to temperature and chemical potential can be understood and many peculiarities of the emissivities can be explained. / Das Zusammenspiel der thermodynamischen Eigenschaften von stark wechselwirkender Materie und deren Emission von Photonen wird untersucht. Dazu wird die Lagrangedichte des Quark-Meson-Modells (auch: Linear-Sigma-Modell oder Linear-Sigma-Modell mit Quarks) um einen elektromagnetischen Sektor erweitert. Aus der so erweiterten Lagrangedichte werden auf konsistente Weise sowohl das großkanonische Potential als auch das erzeugende Funktional der Korrelationsfunktionen ermittelt. Aus ersterem werden die Phasenstruktur des Modells sowie zahlreiche thermodynamische Eigenschaften berechnet. Insbesondere wird die Abhänigkeit einiger Orientierungspunkte (kritischer Punkt, Schnittpunkte der Phasengrenze mit den Koordinatenachsen usw.) des Phasendiagramms von den Modellparametern detailiert untersucht. Mit Hilfe des erzeugenden Funktionals wiederum kann der Photonenpropagator bestimmt werden, dessen Imaginärteil mit der Emissionsrate von Photonen zusammenhängt. Die führende Ordnung in einer Entwicklung nach der Anzahl der beteiligten Teilchen und der Potenz der Quark-Meson-Kopplung lässt sich durch Baumgraphen-Diagramme darstellen, die ebenfalls berechnet werden. Auf dieser Basis wird die Photon-Emissivität in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur, chemischem Potential und Photon-Frequenz berechnet und unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten analysiert. Die Abhängigkeit der Teilchenmassen von Temperatur und chemischem Potential hinterlässt teilweise ausgeprägte Signaturen in den Emissivitäten der einzelnen sub-Prozesse. Insbesondere ein Phasenübergang erster Ordnung zeigt sich deutlich, da an diesem die Emissivität - abhänging von der Temperatur - um einen Faktor der Größenordnung zehn springen kann. Jedoch finden wir im Rahmen dieser Analyse keine spezifischen Signaturen in den Photonen-Emissivitäten, die einen kritischen Punkt auszeichnen. Des weiteren wird untersucht von welchen Parametern die Photonen-Emissionsrate in den Bereichen niedriger oder hoher Photonen-Frequenzen abhängt. Mit diesen Ergebnissen kann das Verhalten der Emissivität in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und chemischem Potential gut verstanden und zahlreiche Auffälligkeiten in den Emissivitäten erklärt werden.