Orientador: Jose Dari Krein / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T11:44:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kallabis_RitaPetra_M.pdf: 3192261 bytes, checksum: 5af6c824b17565b10bcc902bdf8aaba0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Em meados da década de 1970 rompeu-se o padrão de desenvolvimento estabelecido no período do pós-guerra, um padrão expresso na construção dos Estados de Bem Estar Social, estes pautados pela inclusão social e pela promoção de maior justiça distributiva. Este rompimento deslanchou abertamente uma dupla crise, econômica e social. Pergunta-se: Quais as respostas que a União Européia deu a esta crise com a qual se instalaram o crescimento econômico lento e oscilante, o desemprego em massa e a precarização dos mercados de trabalho? E qual o significado destas respostas na busca por um novo padrão de desenvolvimento, como modelo social europeu? Procura-se por respostas, analisando-se a Estratégia Europeia para o Emprego (EEE), lançada em 1994, incluída no ano de 2000 na Estratégia Europeia para Emprego e o Crescimento (Estratégia de Lisboa) e afunilada em 2007 no projeto da Flexicurity. Discutindo-se as Políticas de Emprego contidas nestas estratégias, percebe-se um conflito de objetivos. De um lado, encontram-se elementos que as revelam como instrumentos de uma política econômica guiada pela visão liberal-conservadora que pressiona pela desregulação e flexibilização do mercado de trabalho, este último novamente visto como lócus para a resolução de problemas sociais mais amplos. Ao mesmo tempo, entretanto, essas políticas procuram inserir na regulação europeia elementos constitutivos dos Estados de Bem Estar Social nacionais. Mostra-se, então, como o projeto de integração europeia via mercado é contrabalançado socialmente pela força de resistência dos sistemas de proteção social construídos no período anterior, sem que se percebam indicadores da construção de uma nova utopia civilizadora que possa enraizar socialmente o capitalismo em seu estágio atual, desenfreado e predador. Conclui-se, apesar do discurso político contrário, que a União Européia não logrou e pouco tentou construir um novo modelo de desenvolvimento econômico e social. De fato, as Políticas de Emprego seguem a orientação liberal-conservadora voltada à adaptação econômica ao capitalismo globalizado, caracterizado pela concorrência exacerbada. / Abstract: After the Second World War was installed a model of development which highest expression was the construction of the social Welfare States, lined by social inclusion and promotion of major distributive justice. In middle of the 1970, this model was disrupted in a process that out righted a double-faced crisis, economic and social. That crisis induced decades of slow and unstable growth raised mass unemployment and provoked labour marked precarisation. What was the European Unions answer? And what is the signification of that answer while looking for a new model of development, like an European social model? Responses are looked for by analysing the European Employment Strategy (EES), launched in 1994, included in 2000 in the European Strategy for Growth and Employment (Lisbon Strategy) e splayed in 2007 in the project of Flexicurity. The Employment Policies contained in that strategies bear a conflict of interests: There are elements thatched to the instruments of liberal-conservative economic policy. / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

No / This study explores how colonial laws and administrative practices shaped the evolution of employment management in Pakistan. It identifies important mechanisms used by the British Raj (the period of British rule of the subcontinent) to institutionalise legal and administrative frameworks: the legacies of these structures continue to influence contemporary management practices in government sector organisations. This article investigates the legacy of the Raj's ¿quota system¿ in the civil services and the doctrine of the ¿martial race¿ in military services, both of which offered enduring structural advantages in the labour market to designated groups. It further considers the implications of the study's findings for international HRM in particular, but also management theory, comparative HRM and comparative management in post-colonial societies.

Die Magisterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der politischen Förderung der geringfügigen Beschäftigung sowie der Inanspruchnahme haushaltsnaher Dienstleistungen und deren Bedeutung für eine gleichstellungsorientierte Familien- und Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Als Ausgangspunkt wird die Frage gestellt, ob geringfügige Beschäftigung und haushaltsnahe Dienstleistungen einen Arbeitsmarkt für Frauen im Niedriglohnsektor schaffen oder ob sie eine Perspektive zur besseren Vereinbarkeit von Erwerbsarbeit und Carearbeit bieten. Dazu wird die Perspektive der Beschäftigten in sogenannten Minijobs als auch der NutzerInnen haushaltsnaher Dienstleistungen analysiert. Als theoretischer Rahmen liegt der Arbeit die These der geschlechterkritischen, vergleichenden Wohlfahrtsstaatforschung zugrunde, dass Policies familialisierende und defamilialisierende Wirkungen haben können. Auf Grundlage dieses Rahmens werden zwei Gesetze und deren gleichstellungspolitische Wirkung analysiert (Familienleistungsgesetz und 2. Gesetz für moderne Dienstleistungen am Arbeitsmarkt – Hartz II). Die Arbeit gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass trotz der engen Verflechtung der beiden Politikfelder Arbeitsmarkt- und Familienpolitik ein Mismatch zwischen den analysierten Gesetzen besteht. Insbesondere hinsichtlich der geringfügigen Beschäftigung gelangt die Arbeit aus einer gleichstellungspolitischen Perspektive zu dem Urteil, dass sie sich am modernisierten Ernährermodell orientiert und Frauen auf die Rolle als Zuverdienerin festlegt. Auf diese Weise werden Anreize für eine geschlechterspezifische Arbeitsteilung gelegt. / The M.A. thesis deals with current political reforms in the field of family and employment policies. The main question of the analysis is if employment in household and care services is helping to better facilitate work and life balance of women or if they are merely creating feminized jobs in the low wage sector. Based on theories of feminist welfare state research, the policy analysis is looking at recent legislation in Germany promoting employment of domestic workers on the one hand and on the other hand combating irregular employment in private households („Hartz II“, a labour market reform promoting service sector jobs and „Familienleistungsgesetz“ a family policy reform). Focusing on the macro-level the author raised the key question how labour policies regulated domestic work and care work. The analysis concentrates on the objectives of the two recent laws, their implementation and concrete outcomes as well as the political debate. Therefore data from the German employment bureau and the Federal Statistical Office is analysed. Since domestic work mostly affects women - be it as domestic workers to earn a living, or be it as their employers in order to facilitate work and family life – a perspective that allowed investigating the gender equality in Germany is adopted. Therefore the thesis focused not only on domestic workers but also on their employers. In Germany employing domestic workers has become an individual female solution for a general societal problem, the still difficult reconciliation of work and family life.

Bien que n'ayant ni les mêmes résultats ni les mêmes traditions en matière de protection sociale, la France, l'Espagne et les Pays-Bas ont tous mis en œuvre des réformes d'« activation » de leurs politiques sociales dans les années 2000. Ces réformes ont-elles été guidées par des objectifs et des attendus comparables ? « L'activation » a-t-elle eu des effets similaires sur les systèmes de protection sociale ? S'ils sont similaires, les changements communs peuvent-ils être imputés à des facteurs communs ? La thèse traite ces trois questions principales en adoptant une approche théorique et méthodologique attentive aux facteurs sociaux et cognitifs du changement en matière de politiques sociales. En croisant l'étude des dispositifs publics et des textes officiels avec des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés dans quatre pays et à plusieurs niveaux de gouvernement (n=71), l'analyse comparée des réformes sociales « actives » permet de tirer deux conclusions principales : les cadres cognitifs, les instruments et les objectifs des politiques sociales tendent à se rapprocher sous l'effet des réformes d'« activation » menées dans les années 2000 en France en Espagne et aux Pays-Bas, et cette convergence a été favorisée par des mécanismes communautaires mis en œuvre dans le cadre de la Stratégie Européenne pour l'Emploi. / L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en anglais.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) which was adopted in 1979, and the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action have generated global and regional momentum in the advance of equal gender opportunities. This research explores the increased presence of women in higher education and their subsequent entry into the workforce in the United Arab Emirates. The government has attempted to reduce its citizens' dependency on public sector employment and promote opportunities in the private sector. Governmental efforts have included improving the education system, granting women access to education and introducing funding schemes to encourage employment initiatives. Yet, despite these efforts, unemployment across the UAE remains at a high level, with public sector favoured by Emirati nationals. The country's drive to nationalise the labour force reflects the necessity of utilising the capabilities of Emirati nationals, both men and women, to diversify the rentier state economy. Emiratisation is a national government strategy in the United Arab Emirates that aims to reduce the country's reliance on expatriate labour and increase the participation of nationals in the labour market, both in the public and private sectors. The research for this thesis begins by exploring the inadequacy of classical rentier state theory and examining Mathew Gray's theory of late rentierism within the context of the United Arab Emirates. It further builds on the late rentierism model with a particular focus on the role of women, education and youth participation. The methodological approach used in this research is primarily qualitative, including interviews with final year university students, and professionals in the banking sector of both sexes. These groups were chosen to highlight the practical implications of governmental Emiratisation policies aiming to increase job opportunities across the United Arab Emirates. To date, very little research has been conducted on the issues of gender, work life balance policies and new workforce trends in the UAE.

Using data drawn from in-depth interviews collected in three Chinese cities and the countrywide China General Social Survey, this dissertation examined how people found jobs during the historic period of China’s employment system change. This dissertation is written in the format of three publishable papers. The first paper revisited China’s employment system change, by focusing on individual reactions towards the changing employment policies. Perceiving the persistent political authority, individuals pursued higher education, accumulated political advantages, and mobilized network resources, to get state-assigned jobs. Individual job-seeking strategies, in turn, boosted the state’s hiring criteria, as well as facilitated the growth of the market principle. Consequently, state power and market strength have been co-developed in this process. Following my analysis of institutional constraints, in the second paper, I addressed the question of how individual job seekers and job positions are matched together. I examined how contact use matches individual qualifications to the employer’s hiring expectations, from an innovative perspective of the certifiability of job requirements. I demonstrated that informal methods facilitate job-person matching success when used in combination with formal methods, rather than being used alone. My third dissertation paper provides strong empirical evidence of the advantages of the joint use of formal and informal methods. I found that individuals who used formal and informal job search methods jointly tend to obtain more job information and thus apply for more positions. They are also more likely to exit job search successfully within a three-month time period. Using the Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) model, I found that the joint channel itself is more likely to lead one to late-stage career success, as indicated by one’s recent income. Above all, my dissertation systematically investigated the use of contacts in the labor market of post-socialist China, regarding its institutional constraints, working mechanisms, and advantages.

Using data drawn from in-depth interviews collected in three Chinese cities and the countrywide China General Social Survey, this dissertation examined how people found jobs during the historic period of China’s employment system change. This dissertation is written in the format of three publishable papers. The first paper revisited China’s employment system change, by focusing on individual reactions towards the changing employment policies. Perceiving the persistent political authority, individuals pursued higher education, accumulated political advantages, and mobilized network resources, to get state-assigned jobs. Individual job-seeking strategies, in turn, boosted the state’s hiring criteria, as well as facilitated the growth of the market principle. Consequently, state power and market strength have been co-developed in this process. Following my analysis of institutional constraints, in the second paper, I addressed the question of how individual job seekers and job positions are matched together. I examined how contact use matches individual qualifications to the employer’s hiring expectations, from an innovative perspective of the certifiability of job requirements. I demonstrated that informal methods facilitate job-person matching success when used in combination with formal methods, rather than being used alone. My third dissertation paper provides strong empirical evidence of the advantages of the joint use of formal and informal methods. I found that individuals who used formal and informal job search methods jointly tend to obtain more job information and thus apply for more positions. They are also more likely to exit job search successfully within a three-month time period. Using the Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) model, I found that the joint channel itself is more likely to lead one to late-stage career success, as indicated by one’s recent income. Above all, my dissertation systematically investigated the use of contacts in the labor market of post-socialist China, regarding its institutional constraints, working mechanisms, and advantages.

A pesquisa contextualizou as projeções formais acerca das transformações no mundo do trabalho contemporâneo, investigando de que maneira eram construídos discursivamente os arranjos e dinâmicas nos modelos empresariais de produção, gestão e ocupação no final do século XX. A partir do estabelecimento dos perfis e prescrições da nova realidade laboral, sob a perspectiva de fontes públicas estratégicas no mercado empresarial brasileiro, o estudo teve como objetivo verificar o sentido atribuído à inserção e promoção das mulheres nas funções executivas, gerenciais e os princípios que orientariam a aceitação, por parte da cultura organizacional, de uma nova realidade ocupacional marcada pela expressiva e sistemática participação das mulheres. Concluiu-se que a contratação e promoção das executivas nos cargos de chefia e comando nas organizações empresariais brasileiras estão ligadas a um tipo de narrativa e processos de construção de categorias que, a partir do recorte de gênero, são capazes de estruturar as carreiras. Um mecanismo de hierarquização e segregação que destitui a realidade das atividades funcionais no mundo do trabalho do paradigma clássico da racionalidade burocrática, tornando as contratações e investimentos devedores não só da meritocracia ou competência, mas dos diferentes e antagônicos atributos conferidos pela experiência de gênero. / The research put in a context the formal projections concerning the transformations of the contemporary world of work, investigating how the arrangements and dynamics in the enterprises models of production, management and occupation in the end of the century XX were discoursely built. From the establishment of the profiles and prescription of the new labor reality under the perspective of strategic public sources in the brazilian enterprise market the study had as objective to verify the signification assigned to the insertion and promotion of women in the executive and management functions, and the principle that would guide the acceptance, on the part of the organizational culture, of a new occupational reality marked by the expressive and systematic participation of the women. One concluded that the act of contract and promotion of executive women in the management and command in the brazilian enterprise organizations are connected to a type of narrative and processes of construction of categories that, starting from the genre clipping, are capable of structuralize the careers. A mechanism to create hierarchy and segregation that dismisses the reality of functional activities in the world of the work of the classic paradigm of the bureaucratic rationality, becoming the acts of contract and debtor investments not only of the merit or competence, but of the different and antagonistic attributes conferred for the genre experience.

A pesquisa contextualizou as projeções formais acerca das transformações no mundo do trabalho contemporâneo, investigando de que maneira eram construídos discursivamente os arranjos e dinâmicas nos modelos empresariais de produção, gestão e ocupação no final do século XX. A partir do estabelecimento dos perfis e prescrições da nova realidade laboral, sob a perspectiva de fontes públicas estratégicas no mercado empresarial brasileiro, o estudo teve como objetivo verificar o sentido atribuído à inserção e promoção das mulheres nas funções executivas, gerenciais e os princípios que orientariam a aceitação, por parte da cultura organizacional, de uma nova realidade ocupacional marcada pela expressiva e sistemática participação das mulheres. Concluiu-se que a contratação e promoção das executivas nos cargos de chefia e comando nas organizações empresariais brasileiras estão ligadas a um tipo de narrativa e processos de construção de categorias que, a partir do recorte de gênero, são capazes de estruturar as carreiras. Um mecanismo de hierarquização e segregação que destitui a realidade das atividades funcionais no mundo do trabalho do paradigma clássico da racionalidade burocrática, tornando as contratações e investimentos devedores não só da meritocracia ou competência, mas dos diferentes e antagônicos atributos conferidos pela experiência de gênero. / The research put in a context the formal projections concerning the transformations of the contemporary world of work, investigating how the arrangements and dynamics in the enterprises models of production, management and occupation in the end of the century XX were discoursely built. From the establishment of the profiles and prescription of the new labor reality under the perspective of strategic public sources in the brazilian enterprise market the study had as objective to verify the signification assigned to the insertion and promotion of women in the executive and management functions, and the principle that would guide the acceptance, on the part of the organizational culture, of a new occupational reality marked by the expressive and systematic participation of the women. One concluded that the act of contract and promotion of executive women in the management and command in the brazilian enterprise organizations are connected to a type of narrative and processes of construction of categories that, starting from the genre clipping, are capable of structuralize the careers. A mechanism to create hierarchy and segregation that dismisses the reality of functional activities in the world of the work of the classic paradigm of the bureaucratic rationality, becoming the acts of contract and debtor investments not only of the merit or competence, but of the different and antagonistic attributes conferred for the genre experience.

Cette thèse porte sur les transformations du travail des conseillers du service public de l’emploi, pris en tension entre une logique d’individualisation et une logique de rationalisation du service orientée vers le renforcement des contrôles. L'analyse socio-historique de l'accompagnement des chômeurs, et la sociologie de ce groupe professionnel permettent d’envisager les reconfigurations du métier de conseiller à l’emploi comme un révélateur des mutations de l’Etat social vers un Etat social actif, qui s’exprime notamment par un projet institutionnel d’incitation à l’adaptabilité aux normes d’emploi. S’appuyant sur une longue enquête ethnographique menée dans 7 agences auprès de 87 conseillers parmi une centaine de professionnels, et sur 200 observations de rendez-vous entre conseillers et chômeurs, la thèse analyse les effets de deux visées potentiellement contradictoires : la subjectivation d’une part, et la rationalisation gestionnaire d’autre part.Une rationalisation industrielle d’un nouveau type recompose les clivages structurants entre normes socio-cliniques et socio-techniques, logique technico-commerciale et logique civique. Elle fait émerger un nouveau modèle professionnel, marqué par une gestion actuarielle des risques de chômage (qui conduit notamment à écarter de l’accompagnement les chômeurs non indemnisés), mais aussi porté par une dimension morale qui repose sur l’individualisation du traitement. Les clivages antérieurs subsistent toutefois et donnent lieu à des dilemmes et polarisations éthiques et des stratégies d’évitement ou de neutralisation des actes professionnels les plus coercitifs. / This thesis focuses on the transformation of the Public Employment Service through a social history of the National Employment Agency, and a sociological pragmatic study of discourse and practices of professional employment counselors. We consider the reconfiguration of this profession is an indicator of changes in the welfare state to an active welfare state, which is expressed in particular by an institutional incentive project to the adaptability to employment standards. This project crystallizes a recurring tension in social intervention and more specifically in policies of employability, between control and empowerment, and between customization and standardization.Based on a long ethnographic investigation in seven agencies with 87 counselors among hundreds of professionals, and 200 observations of appointments between advisers and unemployed, the thesis analyzes the effects of these two potentially conflicting targets: the subjectivation on the one hand, and the management streamlining on the other.By changing the standards, organization, training of advisers, this industrial rationalization of a new type reconstructs the structural divisions between socio-clinical and socio-technical standards, and between techno-commercial and civic logic. It brings out a new professional model, marked by an actuarial management of risks (which especially leads to remove the unemployed from the monthly appointment), but also supported by a moral dimension based on the individualization of treatment. However, earlier divisions persist and give rise to ethical dilemmas and strategies of avoidance or neutralization of the most coercive professional acts.