Os objetivos desse trabalho foram avaliar se provas de enduro de diferentes distâncias causam estresse em equinos treinados, avaliar os efeitos das provas de enduro de diferentes distâncias sobre a atividade dos linfócitos e a relação com a imunocompetência dos equinos atletas e investigar a suplementação alimentar com glutamina como possível atenuante desse efeito depressivo do estresse sobre o sistema imunológico. Foram utilizados 33 cavalos treinados para enduro, 13 em 80 km, 14 em 120 km e 6 em 160 km, avaliados em 4 provas. Metade dos cavalos de cada categoria recebeu suplementação com glutamina via oral 30 dias antes e 14 dias após as provas. Amostras de sangue venoso foram colhidas antes (M0), imediatamente após a última inspeção veterinária (M1), 3 horas depois (M2) e nos haras 3 (M3), 7 (M4), e 14 dias (M5). Houve aumento dos níveis de cortisol, amônia, neutrófilos, aumento da relação neutrófilos/linfócitos e diminuição da contagem de linfócitos em M1 e M2 em todos os cavalos. Houve diminuição da relação CD4/CD8 nos animais de 120 (M2, M3 e M4) e 160 km (M3) que não receberam suplementação e diminuição de IFN em todos os cavalos. Nos suplementados, houve diminuição da relação CD4/CD8 em 80 (M2), 120 (M2 e M3) e 160 km (M3 e M4) e aumento tardio de IFN (M4 e M5) nos cavalos de 80 e 120 km. As concentrações de IL-2, IL-4 e IL-10 aumentaram após a prova em todos os cavalos, porém, nos suplementados o aumento foi maior ou mais prolongado. Com base nesses resultados, não foi possível observar estresse nos animais, nem imunodepressão, embora a suplementação tenha exercido efeito sobre os linfócitos. / The objectives of this study were to assess whether a different distances endurance races cause stress in trained horses, assess the effects of different distances an endurance races on the lymphocytes and relationship with the immune competence of equine athletes and investigate dietary supplementation with glutamine as possible mitigating this depressive effect of stress on the immune system . 33 well trained endurance horses were used, 13 at 80 km, 14 and 120 km and 6 in 160 km in 4 endurance rides . Half of the horses in each category received oral supplementation with glutamine to 30 days before and 14 days after the race. Venous blood samples were collected before (M0), immediately after the last veterinary inspection (M1), 3 hours after (M2) and in their farms 3 (M3), 7 (M4) and 14 days (M5) after. There was an increase in cortisol levels, ammonia and neutrophils, increase in neutrophils / lymphocytes ratio and reduction in lymphocyte counts at M1 and M2 in all horses. There was a decrease in LT CD4/CD8 ratio in 120 (M2, M3 and M4) and 160 km (M3) without supplementation and either a decreased in IFN in all animals. Horses that had received glutamine supplementation showed a decreased in CD4/CD8 ratio in 80 (M2), 120 (M2 and M3) and 160 km (M3 and M4) and late increase of IFN (M4 and M5) in 80 and 120 km. INF production was increased later (7 and 14 days) in 80 and 120 km horses that received supplementation and decreased in all 160 km. The concentrations of IL-2 , IL-4 and IL-10 increased after the race on all horses , but the increase was greater or more prolonged in supplemented ones. Based on these results, it was not possible to observe stress in these animals, or immunosuppression either, although supplementation has exerted effects on lymphocytes.

Introdução: Força, resistência e atividade muscular são uma área importante de pesquisa e avaliação contribuindo para um melhor entendimento de aspectos musculoesqueléticos de mecanismos de dor e lesão. No entanto, a utilização de testes que avaliem a região lombopélvica ainda é controversa, pois apesar de muitos testes clínicos estarem disponíveis na literatura, ainda não estão estabelecidos quais os mais confiáveis na prática clínica. Objetivos: Estabelecer valores de referência, determinar confiabilidade intra e interexaminador e as medidas de erro de um conjunto de testes clínicos que avaliam a região lombopélvica em indivíduos assintomáticos de diferentes gêneros, faixas etárias e níveis de atividade física. Materiais e Métodos: Para os valores de referência, 152 indivíduos (79 homens, 73 mulheres) estratificados por gênero, faixa etária e nível de atividade física realizaram um conjunto de nove testes clínicos: força isométrica máxima de abdutores, extensores, flexores e rotadores laterais de quadril, resistência nas posições de ponte lateral, ponte frontal, flexores e extensores lombares e atividade muscular da região lombopélvica. Para a confiabilidade, 33 indivíduos foram avaliados por dois examinadores em um intervalo de 3 a 7 dias, onde realizaram aleatoriamente o mesmo conjunto de testes. As medidas de confiabilidade foram avaliadas pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Interclasse (CCI2,1) e as medidas de erro definidas pelo Erro Padrão da Medida (EPM) e pela Mínima Mudança Detectável (MMD). Resultados: Foram observadas diferenças significativas (p<0.05) nos testes clínicos para as variáveis: gênero, faixa etária e nível de atividade física e estabelecidos valores de referência para cada grupo. Todos os testes apresentaram valores de confiabilidade excelente com CCI (IC 95%) maior que 0.8 para as confiabilidades intra e interexaminador; os valores da MMD foram superiores à média do EPM em todos os testes. Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo apontam valores de referência que contribuem com o estabelecimento de referências para auxiliar na tomada de decisões clínicas. Além disso, este conjunto de 10 testes apresentou confiabilidade intra e interexaminador bem como valores de EPM e MMD, confirmando a possibilidade de seu uso na prática clínica. / Background: The assessment of the lumbopelvic region is useful for many musculoskeletal dysfunctions. Several clinical tests are commonly used to assess this region, however, reference values for clinical assessments and results concerning method, reliability and error measurements of these tests have not been reported. Objectives: To establish reference values and to determine intra and interrater reliability, standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change (MDC) of a set of clinical tests used for assessing the lumbopelvic region in asymptomatic volunteers of different gender, age groups and physical activity levels. Methods: For reference values, 152 subjects (79 men, 73 women) divided by gender, age group and physical activity levels, performed nine clinical tests: Maximum voluntary isometric strength of hip abductors, extensors, flexors and lateral rotators, transversus abdominis(TrA) muscle activity (using a Pressure Biofeedback Unit), prone and side bridges, trunk flexor and extensor endurance tests. To measure reliability, 33 individuals performed the same set of tests, in random order within a week period. Intrarater and interrater analysis were assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and the error measurements were defined by using the SEM and the MDC. Results: Reference values were established for each group and our results showed significant (p<0.05) differences concerning gender, age group and physical activity levels in clinical tests. In general, strength differences were related to gender and physical activity levels and endurance results could be related to interactions between gender, age group and physical activity levels. All tests presented good reliability indices with an ICC (95%CI) higher than 0.8 for the intrarater and interrater reliability; MDC values were greater than mean of SEM in all tests, confirming its usage for clinical practice assessments. Conclusion: Reference values are necessary to help clinicians in the evaluation of subjects and these results can contribute for clinical practice in providing clinical training targets. Also, this set of tests presented good intra and interrater reliability measures of strength, endurance and TrA muscle activity test as well as SEM and MDC values, confirming its use for assessing the lumbopelvic region.

A partir de um primeiro questionamento sobre onde estavam as atrizes negras de teatro na cidade de São Paulo, desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa que buscou observar e salientar a trajetória, a partir de entrevistas e falas em diferentes momentos de suas carreiras, das atrizes Dirce Thomaz, Cleide Queiroz, Lizette Negreiros e Roberta Nunes que trabalham, vivem nesta cidade e que têm idade acima dos 40 anos. Antes porém, de focar em suas trajetórias, foi necessário uma contextualização de como o teatro brasileiro se fundou e a partir de quais narrativas a presença negra nos palcos aconteceu durante os anos. Muitas vezes, permitidos nos palcos desde que seus rostos e mãos estivessem pintados de branco ou quando atuavam como objeto falante e ou como paisagem que compunha o cenário. Durante muito tempo também, as personagens desempenhadas por negras e negros eram as estereotipadas, como o moleque de recados, a mulata faceira, o Pai João, entre outras. Além dessas formas, havia o blackface que consistia em uma técnica utilizada por atores brancos para interpretar personagens negros. Ao se deparar com essa técnica, Abdias Nascimento teve a ideia de pensar um teatro negro feito por negras e negros. Dessa forma, surge o TEN Teatro Experimental do Negro que rompe com a tradição de se colocar artistas negros sempre em papéis subalternos ou figurativos. No TEN, passam a atuar como protagonistas das histórias. Desde a criação do TEN até os dias de hoje podemos observar que muito foi alcançado no sentido de mudar as perspectivas da atuação negra no teatro, mas há, por outro lado, a insistência ainda em promover a presença negra em papéis estereotipados em que atrizes interpretam empregadas domésticas e babás, e atores negros interpretam seguranças, malandros, motoristas, ladrões. Em contraponto e como exemplo de resistência a essas estereotipias, há também a potência de vida e a beleza da trajetória de artistas negras representadas neste trabalho, por estas quatro mulheres / From a first questioning about where the black theater actresses were in the city of São Paulo, this research was developed that sought to observe and highlight the trajectory, from interviews and speeches at different moments of their careers, actresses Dirce Thomaz, Cleide Queiroz, Lizette Negreiros and Roberta Nunes who work, live in this city and are over 40 years old. Before, however, to focus on its trajectories, it was necessary to contextualize how the Brazilian theater was founded and from which narratives the black presence on the stage happened during the years. Often allowed on stage since their faces and hands were painted white or when they acted as a \'talking object\' or as \'landscape\' that made up the scenery. For a long time too, the characters played by blacks and blacks were stereotyped, such as the messenger boy, the cheeky mulatto, Father John, among others. In addition to these forms, there was the blackface that consisted of a technique used by white actors to interpret black characters. When faced with this technique, Abdias Nascimento had the idea of thinking a black theater made by blacks and blacks. In this way, the TEN Black Experimental Theater emerges that breaks with the tradition of placing black artists always in subaltern or figurative roles. In TEN, they began to act as protagonists of the stories. From the creation of the TEN to the present day we can observe that much has been achieved to change the perspectives of black acting in the theater, but there is, on the other hand, the insistence still to promote the black presence in stereotyped roles in which actresses interpret housemaids and nannies, and black actors play security guards, rogues, drivers, thieves. In counterpoint and as an example of resistance to these stereotypies, there is also the potency of life and beauty of the trajectory of black artists represented in this work by these four women

Orientador: Antonio de Queiroz Neto / Banca: José Correa de Lacerda Neto / Banca: Wilson Roberto Fernandes / Banca: Flávio Desessards de La Cortê / Banca: Thiago Luiz de Salles Gomes / Abstract: The aim of this study was to register the physiologic and metabolic alterations and investigate the exercise induced oxidative stress that Arabians horses undergo during long distance endurance exercises, under tropical climate. Five endurance rides were followed through 2004 state championship. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein 2 to 5 hours before the beginning of each ride and during rides, after the veterinary check-point. During the recovery period, venous samples were collected 24, 48 and 72 hours after the rides, at each horses’ stables. Hemoconcentration (elevated erythrocytes count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit), dehydration (elevated total plasmatic proteins concentration and weight losses) and, possibly, decreased renal perfusion (elevated seric urea and creatinin concentration) were revealed by horses in this study. All data returned to basal values during the recovery period except serum urea concentration. Hormonal changes were also monitored and data revealed an important elevation in plasma cortisol concentration during the ride, directly related to the duration of it. Insulin response was decreased by catecholamines suppressing action during exercise. The endurance effort, evaluated in this experiment, could induce muscular alterations by an increase in muscular enzyme activities during the rides, with different periods of return to basal values in the recovery period. An interesting result was the exercise-induced oxidative stress measured by cyclic voltammetry to determine the total antioxidant capacity of plasma during endurance exercise. The results of this study can contribute to a better understanding of what really occurs in the horses’ body to maintain homeostasis while submitted to long distance endurance efforts under tropical climate. / Doutor

Orientador: Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz / Banca: André Escobar / Banca: Antônio Raphael Teixeira Neto / Resumo: Objetivou-se determinar variáveis fisiológicas, eletrolíticas e hemogasométricas de equinos da raça Quarto de Milha (QM), com desempenhos distintos, submetidos a uma corrida simulada de três tambores (TT). Ademais, compararam-se as alterações no equilíbrio ácido-base destes equinos QM com outros atletas da espécie equina, da raça Puro Sangue Árabe (PSA), competidores de enduro equestre de 160 km de distância. Adicionalmente, realizamos a comparação de dois métodos de cálculo da variável Atot. No experimento 1, 10 equinos da raça QM foram distribuídos em dois grupos, sendo um de desempenho superior (DS, n=5) e outro de desempenho inferior (DI, n=5). Submeteram-se estes equinos a uma corrida de TT e verificou-se as possíveis alterações no equilíbrio ácido-base pela abordagem tradicional e mecanicista, sendo os momentos de coleta antes e após o esforço. No experimento 2, 16 equinos da raça PSA participaram de uma prova seletiva de enduro equestre de 160 km e foram avaliados antes, durante e após a competição. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas em ambos os experimentos. Determinou-se frequência cardíaca somente dos equinos QM. Quantificou-se variáveis fisiológicas, eletrolíticas e hemogasométricas de todos os equinos que participaram do presente estudo. Realizou-se para o experimento 1, teste t pareado e não pareado para diferenças entre os momentos e entre os grupos, respectivamente. Para o experimento 2, foi realizada análise de variância (ANAVA) para comparação das variáveis seguido do teste de Tukey para as diferenças estatísticas encontradas. Todas as análises foram realizadas com 95% de significância (p<0,05). As FCpico e FCm foram de 206 ± 8,7 e 203 ± 12,9, e de 181 ± 7,5 e 177 ± 3,5 bpm, para os grupos DS e DI, respectivamente. O principal distúrbio encontrado pelas duas metodologias para a modalidade TT foi a acidose metabólica. Para esta modalidade obtivemos concordância total... / Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine physiological, electrolytic and hemogasometric parameters of Quarter horses, with distinct fitness levels, submitted to a simulated barrel racing (BR). Moreover, the alterations in the acid-base balance were compared between Quarter and Arabian horses, competitors of equine endurance of 160 km. Besides, it was performed a comparison of two methods to determine the variable Atot. In the experiment 1, 10 Quarter horses were distributed in two groups, one composed by high fitness animals (HF, n=5) and other with lower fitness (LF, n=5). These horses were submitted to a BR and it was verified the possible alterations in the acid-base balance using the traditional and mechanistic approaches, being the collecting moments before and after the exercise. In the experiment 2, 16 Arabian horses participated in an endurance ride of 160 km and they were evaluated before, during and after the competition. Samples of venous blood were collected in both experiments. The heart frequency was determined only for the Quarter horses. Physiological, electrolytic and hemogasometric parameters were quantified for all equines of the present study. Were performed for the experiment 1, the t-paired and not-paired t-test between moments and groups, respectively. For the experiment 2, it was performed the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the variables followed by Tukey's test. All analysis were performed with 95% of significance. The FCpeak e FCm were 206 ± 8,7 and 203 ± 12,9 bpm for the HF group, and 181 ± 7,5 e 177 ± 3,5 bpm for the LF group. The main disturbance found by the two approaches for the BR was the metabolic acidosis. For this discipline, total matching between the approaches was obtained. For endurance, 10 animals sucessfully completed the competition and 6 were eliminated. The main disturbance found in the sucessfull animals for both approaches was the metabolic alkalosis. In the ... / Mestre

On March 1, 1986, 1,200 activists set out from Los Angeles on a walk across the United States to call for an end to nuclear weapons. Within two weeks, a few hundred remained. They reorganized as the Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament and successfully completed the nine-month, 3,325-mile walk to Washington, D.C. Two central questions guide this work: What is the relationship between long-distance walking and the politics of social movements? To what extent does “endurance” shape meanings of the March’s related but twin goals: the building of a collective, or “prefigurative” community, and a mass movement capable of attaining media coverage and achieving concrete, or “strategic” political outcomes? This study utilizes historical analysis, semi-structured interviews, and discourse analysis of print news media to apprehend different perspectives on long-distance walks and the Great Peace March. This project provides a multilayered account of the historical and cultural roots of long-distance walks for sociopolitical change, the March’s origins and organization, marchers’ understandings of their participation, and media representations of the March. It also examines Jamie Schultz’s categorization of “physical activism” in combination with “prefigurative politics,” of which Wini Breines claims the central task is to create and sustain within the live practice of the movement, relationships and political forms that ‘prefigured’ and embodied the desired society. The result is a more nuanced understanding of the ways physicality and endurance constitute a significant aspect of participation in social movements. This dissertation coins the term “endurance activism” as the articulation of endurance physical feats with political activism. The Great Peace March illustrates how social movement participants undertook endurance actions to communicate arduous and strenuous work for the cause. This project finds that endurance, physically, but also symbolically and metaphorically signifies particular meanings of movement for social movements such as persistence, focus, and determination to stretch limits and push boundaries. The marchers sought to accomplish a difficult physical challenge and maintain the solidarity of their community to analogize the coming into existence of their campaign’s equally extraordinary vision for denuclearization. The marchers experienced and communicated endurance to stress their movement as an act that has no end, and to solidify perceptions of themselves as lifelong activists. Their emphasis on endurance highlights the importance of the means of lasting work for social and political change that are valued in and of themselves. This study finds that collective effort and striving are crucial qualities that build solidarity in social movements, while also signaling the necessity of ongoing work for the cause and the forging of another way forward.

<p>U na&scaron;oj zemlji je malo objavljenih istraživanja iz oblasti kako brzinske izdržljivosti kod devojčica, tako i eksperimentalnih tretmana koji bi doveli do povećanja ove motoričke sposobnosti. U samoj atletici ova tema nije dovoljno istraživana s&rsquo; obzirom da je veoma puno prisutna u praksi. Osnovni cilj studije bio je da se utvrdi efekat eksperimentalnog tretmana na brzinsku izdržljivost devojčica.<br />Uzorak ispitanika ovog istraživanja činilo je 100 devojčica, uzrasta između 13 i 15 godina iz&nbsp; Novog Sada, koje su uključene u trenažni proces u sportskim klubovima. Uzorak ispitanika je bio podeljen na eksperimentalnu grupu, koju je činilo 50 devojčica i koja je realizovala eksperimentalni plan i program i kontrolnu grupu, sa takođe, 50 devojčica, koja je realizovala treninge po programu Evropske atletske federacije &ldquo;Kid&rsquo;s athletics&rdquo;, u trajanju od 15 nedelja. Testirane su razlike u antropolo&scaron;kim karakteristikama i u motoričkim sposobnostima, koje su se ogledale u efikasnosti primenjenog eksperimentalnog tretmana grupa.<br />U istraživanju je primenjeno 18 varijabli: 6 antropometrijskih, 10 motoričkih i 2 varijable za procenu specifičnih motoričkih sposobnosti. Razlike u antropolo&scaron;kim karakteristikama, motoričkim sposobnostima i brzinskoj izdržljivosti između eksperimentalne i kontrolne grupe analizirane su multivarijatnom analizom varijanse, univarijatnom analizom varijanse i diskriminativnom analizom, dok su sami efekti eksperimentalnog tretmana utvrđeni na osnovu multivarijatne analize kovarijanse.<br />Program rada eksperimentalne i kontrolne grupe realizovan je u okviru redovnih treninga u sportskim klubovima. Trenažni plan i program je sprovođen tri puna nedeljno, za obe testirane grupe. Eksperimentalna grupa je realizovala trenažne jedinice po modelovanom eksperimentalnom tretmanu, koji je sačinjen u skladu sa osnovnim principima trenažnog procesa i periodizacijom istog, i na osnovu bogatog vi&scaron;egodi&scaron;njeg iskustva autora i adekvatne literature najboljih svetskih autora aktuelne oblasti. Kontrolna grupa je realizovala trenažne jedinice po programu Evropske atletske federacije &ldquo;Kid&rsquo;s athletics&rdquo;.<br />Dobijeni rezutati u pogledu antropometrijskih karakteristika ukazuju da je primenjeni eksperimentalni tretman uticao na postojanje statistički značajnih razlika u sistemu pojedinih primenjenih antropometrijskih varijabli. U prostoru motoričkih sposobnosti takođe su utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između grupa nakon primenjenih različitih tretmana.<br />Kada su u pitanju specifične motoričke sposobnosti, odnosno varijable za procenu brzinske izdržljivosti devojčica, analiza kovarijanse je takođe ukazala na statističku značajnost razlika u sistemu primenjenih varijabli. Eksperimentalna grupa je statistički značajno napredovala u obe varijable kojima je testirana brzinska izdržljivost devojčica.<br />Osnovni cilj studije bio je da se utvrdi efekat eksperimentalnog tretmana na brzinsku izdržljivost devojčica, a rezultati univarijantne analize kovarijanse i multivarijatne analize kovarijanse su potvrdili statistički značajnu razliku u korist eksperimentalne grupe.<br />Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da je predloženi eksperimentalni tretman u eksperimentalnoj grupi doprineo značajnim razlikama u brzinskoj izdržljivosti. Rezultati koji su dobijeni u finalnom merenju i upoređivanjem motoričkih sposobnosti između eksperimentalne i kontrolne grupe, potvrdili su dosada&scaron;nja naučna i teorijska znanja, da prostor specifične izdržljivosti u brzini egzistira kao posebna sposobnost na koju se adekvatnim tretmanom može pozitivno uticati i doći do napretka koji je statistički značajan. Značaj ove studije je u direktnoj i neposrednoj primeni, ovog tretmana, gde se bolji rezultati postižu usmeravanjem tretmana na ciljane distance koje su po strukturi i vremenskom trajanju slične onim koje su testirane kao kriterijske varijable.</p> / <p>There is little published research in our country in girls&rsquo; speed endurance and experimental treatments which would&nbsp; increase this motor ability. This issue is not sufficiently investigated in the athletics, despite the fact that it is very much present in practice. The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of experimental treatment on girls&rsquo; speed endurance.<br />The sample of this study consisted of 100 girls, aged between 13 and 15 years old, from Novi Sad, who are involved in the training process in sports clubs. The sample was divided into an experimental group, which consisted of 50 girls and implemented experimental plan and program and the control group with 50 girls as well, which&nbsp; conducted trainings according to the program of the European Association of Athletics Federations&#39; &ldquo;Kid&#39;s athletics&rdquo;, in a&nbsp; 15 weeks period. The differences in the anthropological characteristics and motor skills were tested, which were reflected in the efficiency of the applied experimental treatment of the groups.<br />18 variables were&nbsp; applied in the study: 6 anthropometric, 10 motor variables and 2 motor variables for assessment of specific motor abilities. Differences in anthropological characteristics, motor skills and speed endurance between the experimental and control groups were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis, while the actual effects of the experimental treatment were determined on the basis of multivariate analysis of covariance.<br />The working program of the experimental and control groups was carried out in the framework of regular training in sports clubs. The training plan and program was executed three times per week, for both tested groups. The experimental group has implemented the training units by modeled experimental treatment, which is made in accordance with the basic principles of the training process and its periodization, and based on author&#39;s extensive experience and adequate literature of the world&#39;s best authors of the current field. The control group&nbsp; implemented the training units of the program of the European Athletics Federation &quot;Kid&#39;s athletics.&quot;<br />The obtained results of anthropometric characteristics indicate that the applied experimental treatment influenced the existence of statistically significant differences in the system of individual anthropometric variables which were applied. Statistically significant differences were determined between groups in the area of motor abilities, after applaying different treatments.<br />As to the specific motor skills, variables for evaluation of girls&#39; speed endurance, covariance analysis also indicated statistically significant differences in the system of applied variables. The experimental group significantly progressed in both variables by which&nbsp; girls&#39; speed endurance had been tested.<br />The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of experimental treatment on girls&#39; speed endurance, and the results of the univariate analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of covariance confirmed a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group.<br />Based on these results, it can be concluded that the proposed experimental treatment in an experimental group contributed to the significant differences in the speed endurance. The final measuring results obtained by comparison of&nbsp; motor abilities between the experimental and control group, confirmed the recent scientific and theoretical knowledge that specific endurance space in speed exists as a special skill on which the appropriate treatment can positively influence and the statistically significant progress can be reached. The significance of this study is in a direct and immediate application of this treatment, where better results are achieved by focusing the treatment on the target distances which are similar by the structure and duration to those that have been tested as a criterion variable.</p>

This phenomenological study describes the lived experience of pain inflicted in the context of medically prescribed treatment, explores the meanings of such pain for patients who endured it and for nurses whose actions contributed to its generation, and presents a thematic description of the phenomenon of clinically inflicted pain. The study is informed by phenomenology, both in terms of its premises and orientation, and its research design and method. The participants in the study were 14 adult patients, admitted to hospital following burn injuries, or receiving intravenous chemotherapy upon diagnosis of cancer, and 20 nurses involved in their care. Data collection took place over a period of five months and included participant observation and compilation of field notes, and a total of 89 tape-recorded interviews (48 with patients and 41 with nurses). Through the process of hermeneutic interpretation a number of themes were identified and used to describe the phenomenon of clinically inflicted pain and the structure of the lived experience of the patients and nurses concerned. The phenomenon of clinically inflicted pain is described in terms of four related themes: 1) the hurt and painfulness of inflicted pain; 2) handing one's body over to others; 3) the expectation and experience of being wounded, and 4) restraining the body and the voice. These themes point to the embodied nature of pain experience and the extent to which the person is involved not only in the enduring of pain but also in its generation. The broader lifeworld of clinically inflicted pain involves patients in the experience of constituting such pain, often as punishment and almost always as something unavoidable, and in turn being constituted by their experiences in terms of losing and seeking to regain a sense of embodied self and of personal situation, and by changed experiences of lived space and lived time. Nurses who themselves helped to generate pain, frequently overlooked the patient's lived exerience and thus the essential nature of inflicted pain as painful, wounding, and demanding cooperation and composure from the patient. Instead, the pain frequently became invisible to nurses involved in its infliction, or when it could not be overlooked or ignored, it was perceived as inevitable, non-harmful, and even as beneficial to patients' recovery. The strategic responses that nurses adopted to pain infliction included detachment from the perceived impact and consequences of their own actions and objectification of the person in pain as a body-object on whom certain tasks had to be performed. An alternative to the strategy of detachment and objectification was involvement in a therapeutic partnership between the nurse and the patient, where shared control over pain infliction and relief helped to sustain trust in the relationship and preserve personal integrity of the patient and the nurse. The study points to dangers for both patients and nurses when clinically inflicted pain is ignored, overlooked, or treated with detachment. It also points a way toward nursing practice that is guided by thoughtfulness and sensitivity to patients' lived experience, and awareness of freedom and responsibility inherent in nursing actions, including those involved in inflicting and relieving pain. The study raises questions about nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and actions in relation to clinically inflicted pain, and highlights the need for nursing education and practice to consider the contribution of a phenomenological perspective to the understanding of human experience of pain, and the nursing role in its generation, prevention, and relief.

Les mémoires volatiles représentent aujourd'hui 30% du marché des mémoires à semi-conducteurs. La tendance générale actuelle consiste à mettre au point des produits nomades capables d'emmagasiner et de restituer une grande quantité d'informations en peu de temps et pouvant fonctionner avec une faible tension d'alimentation. Dans ce cadre, cette thèse s'intéresse à la possibilité d'augmenter les performances d'une mémoire non-volatile de type EEPROM en termes de vitesse de programmation et de baisse des tensions de programmation. Nous étudions aussi la modélisation de la fermeture de la fenêtre de programmation en fonction du nombre de cycles programmation/effacement en extrayant les paramètres Fowler-Nordheim α et β sur des capacités équivalentes soumises à une contrainte électrique dynamique égale à celle que subit l'oxyde tunnel d'une mémoire EEPROM lors d'un test en endurance. Les simulations sont effectuées à l'aide d'un modèle physique compact de cellule EEPROM basé sur le calcul du potentiel de surface et du potentiel de grille flottante. Ce modèle prend en compte la non-linéarité de la capacité de la zone tunnel due à la désertion de la grille flottante en polysilicium. Nous montrons que la durée de programmation d'une cellule EEPROM peut être réduite à 10µs tout en ayant une endurance supérieure à 50000 cycles programmation/effacement. De plus, les tensions de programmation de la cellule peuvent être divisées par deux en les répartissant entre la grille de contrôle et le drain. Ceci implique l'utilisation de tensions négatives. Enfin, l'émulation du vieillissement de l'oxyde tunnel sur des capacités équivalentes montre une fermeture de la fenêtre de programmation supérieure à celle mesurée sur une cellule EEPROM. Cette fermeture plus importante est attribuée à une dégradation additionnelle de l'oxyde tunnel due aux mesures de courant Fowler-Nordheim en vue d'extraire les paramètres Fowler-Nordheim.

Diverses études épidémiologiques ont mis en évidence une relation étroite entre pollution urbaine au monoxyde de carbone (CO) et mortalité cardiovasculaire. Récemment il a été mis en évidence, chez le rat, qu'une exposition prolongée à ce polluant urbain avait pour conséquence le développement d'un phénotype cellulaire pathologique, pouvant influencer la vulnérabilité du coeur à un stress aigu. L'objectif de nos travaux était donc i) d'évaluer l'impact de la pollution au CO, sur la sensibilité du myocarde de rats au syndrome d'ischémie-reperfusion (IR) ; et ii) d'évaluer les effets potentiellement cardioprotecteurs d'un exercice pratiqué régulièrement à intensité modérée, sur le remodelage phénotypique cellulaire myocardique. Pour cela, 187 rats Wistar ont été séparés en 3 groupes : des rats contrôles, des rats exposés pendant 4 semaines au CO (30-100 ppm), et des rats entraînés en endurance avant d'être exposés au CO. La sensibilité à l'IR était évaluée par ischémie régionale réalisée sur modèle de coeur isolé perfusé de Langendorff. La fonction et les mouvements calciques de cardiomyocytes isolés était évalués en condition basale et consécutivement à un protocole d'anoxie-réoxygénation. Les résultats de ce travail confirment l'apparition d'un phénotype pathologique chez les rats exposés de façon prolongée au CO. Ce phénotype pathologique caractérisé dans notre travail par une altération de l'homéostasie calcique et du statut redox cellulaire ainsi qu'une expression tissulaire de iNOS apparait comme à l'origine de la plus grande vulnérabilité du coeur à un stress d'IR. Un autre résultat majeur de ce travail est qu'une stratégie de cardioprotection par un exercice d'intensité modérée pratiqué de manière régulière, permet de prévenir le remodelage pathologique cardiomyocytaire et ainsi l'augmentation de la sensibilité du myocarde à l'IR