The scope of this diploma thesis is feasibility study of enlargement the current energy source by new technological equipment designed for heat and electric energy production. Technological equipment is designed regarding to capital costs and minimum enviromental effects. In the thesis is described most important aspects for successful design new biomass energy source. The result can be used for investor´s decision making about determination toward investment.

The diploma thesis deals with an increasing of utilization of energy during a combustion of waste. The introductory part deals with a presentation of the specific waste to energy unit and its combined heat and power production. In the next part is described a computing tool and the principle of its function. The main part od the thesis deals with a description of cumputing tool testing and with a summary of achieved results.

The recent worldwide economic crisis, climate change and global warming have emphasized that the need for low carbon emissions while also ensuring the economic feasibility. In this paper, wind power potential of ETD in KTH was investigated. The technical and economical feasibility of tower mounted small scale standalone wind turbine installation is conducted. The potential of wind power production was statistically analysed. The average wind speed data of four-season interval of one year period (2011) which its measurement was taken on the roof top of the ETDB, and this was adopted and analysed in order to find out the potential of wind power generation. The Rayleigh distribution probability was applied to calculate the wind speed distribution at KTH, by doing so the annual wind power potential at the area and annual energy production of the chosen wind turbine was estimated, after the selection of a proper wind turbine have been made upon the site conditions. Therefore, the study result shows that installation of the wind turbine at 24 meters hub height for this particular area will have a better performance of annual energy production, capacity factor, carbon savings and better economical value than the current turbine installed at 17 meters height at the ETD. The economic evaluation shows that the turbine can save an electricity bill of US$3661.05 per year and cover 1.84% of the electricity consumption of the ETD by reducing its respective CO2 emission from the electricity use at the department. Moreover, the payback period of the turbine installation with the inclusion of the green certificate is approximately 14 years which is more feasible if it is considered for small wind turbines too, which is already in practice for renewables including wind power in Sweden.

Detta arbete fokuserar på användningen av solpaneler för att producera den energi som behövs för KTH-byggnaden i Södertälje och minska dess miljöpåverkan. Problembeskrivningen betonar vikten av att minska energiförbrukningen och använda förnybara energikällor för att täcka det kvarvarande energibehovet för byggnader som KTH i Södertälje. Syftet och målet med arbetet är att undersöka mängden el och energi som används på KTH-byggnaden och föreslå en hållbar lösning med solpaneler för att producera den energi som behövs. Genomförandet av studien inkluderar beräkningar och tekniska detaljer. Informationen om energiförbrukningen på KTH Södertälje samlas in från Miljökontoret, och beräkningar av solinstrång och panelbehov utförs. För att välja lämpliga solpaneler jämförs olika alternativ från Svea Solar baserat på tekniska specifikationer och pris. Beräkningar utförs för att bestämma antalet solpaneler som krävs för att täcka byggnadens elförbrukning, och placeringen av solpanelerna diskuteras. Resultatet innebar att 92 solpaneler installerades på KTH-byggnaden för att främja hållbar energiproduktion. Solpanelerna placerades vågrätt på taket för att utnyttja takytan optimalt och undvika skuggning. Med en vinkel på 20 grader kunde solpanelerna dra nytta av solens infallsvinkel och maximera energiproduktionen. Beräkningar visade att solpanelerna förväntades producera cirka 5 875 kWh el per månad, vilket skulle spara KTH cirka 4 282 kr per månad under 2023. Kostnaden för installationen var 414 000 kr och återbetalningstiden beräknades vara cirka 8,1 år. / This work focuses on the use of solar panels to produce the energy needed for the KTH building in Södertälje and reduce its environmental impact. The problem statement emphasizes the importance of reducing energy consumption and using renewable energy sources to cover the remaining energy needs of buildings such as KTH in Södertälje. The purpose and goal of the work is to investigate the amount of electricity and energy used at the KTH building and propose a sustainable solution with solar panels to produce the energy needed. The implementation of the study includes calculations and technical details. The information on energy consumption at KTH Södertälje is collected from the Environmental Office, and calculations of solar energy and panel requirements are carried out. To choose suitable solar panels, different options from Svea Solar are compared based on technical specifications and price. Calculations are performed to determine the number of solar panels required to cover the building's electricity consumption, and the placement of the solar panels is discussed. The result meant that 92 solar panels were installed on the KTH building to promote sustainable energy production. The solar panels were placed horizontally on the roof to make optimal use of the roof surface and avoid shading. With an angle of 20 degrees, the solar panels were able to take advantage of the sun's angle of incidence and maximize energy production. Calculations showed that the solar panels were expected to produce approximately 5,875 kWh of electricity per month, which would save KTH approximately SEK 4,282 per month in 2023. The cost of the installation was SEK 414,000 and the payback period were estimated to be approximately 8.1 years.

I Sverige är industrin och samhället i stort sett helt skilda, där det är näst intill omöjligt att närma sig och observera vad som faktiskt sker i våra kraftverk eller återbruk. Placeringen långt ifrån städerna, avsaknaden av design eller koppling till omgivningen, och de stora skyltarna med “inträde förbjuden” förstärker inte bara känslan av alienation - men också tron om att industrin är något smutsigt, som är negativt för miljön och samhället. Estetiken spelar en avgörande roll i att minska den allmänt negativa synen kopplat till industribyggnader samt att integrera dem i våra samhällen.  Ett mindre industriellt utseende möjliggör en mer central placering, vilket förbättrar många typer av industriers effektivitet och kapacitet. Genom att skapa en lokal kraftproduktion, använda oss av de lokala resurserna, samt lyfta fram våra industribyggnader som landmärken så som de var i början av 1900-talet kan arkitekturen skapa en ny samhörighet, syfte och stolthet i samhällena. Mitt mål har varit att omdefiniera samspelet mellan avfall, energiproduktion och arkitektur, för att bjuda in samhället att vara en del av vår energiproduktion. Med House of waste har jag undersökt hur en biogasanläggning, som med fördel placeras på landsbygden i närhet till gårdar, inte bara kan inhysa ett socialt program utan vara publik i sin kärna. / The Swedish industry and society are widely separated and it is more or less impossible to approach and observe our industries. The location of the industries far away from our cities, the lack of connection to the surrounding context, and the many signs of “no entry” do not only strengthen the idea of alienation - but also the belief that industry is something dangerous hazardous as well as negative for the environment and our societies. Aesthetics play an important role in reducing the negative associations with industrial buildings as well as integrating them into our communities. A less industrial appearance can make a more central location acceptable, which is beneficial for the efficiency and capacity of most plants. By creating an infrastructure regarding local energy production, using the local resources and giving our industrial buildings aesthetic consideration, the architecture can create a new type of belonging, purpose and pride in our communities. The aim of the project has been to redefine the relationship between waste, energy production and architecture. House of Waste investigates how a biogas plant, not only can house a social program - but be a public building at its core.

Recently, based on the physics of viscosity, we developed a new technology, which utilizes electric or magnetic fields to change the rheology of complex fluids to reduce the viscosity, while keeping the temperature unchanged. The method is universal and applicable to all complex fluids with suspended particles of nano-meter, sub-micrometer, or micrometer size. Completely different from the traditional viscosity reduction method, raising the temperature, this technology is energy-efficient, as it only requires small amount of energy to aggregate the suspended particles. In this thesis, we will first discuss this new technology in detail, both in theory and practice. Then, we will report applications of our technology to energy science research. Presently, 80% of all energy sources are liquid fuels. The viscosity of liquid fuels plays an important role in energy production and energy conservation. With an electric field, we can reduce the viscosity of asphalt-based crude oil. This is important and useful for heavy crude oil and off-shore crude oil production and transportation. Especially, since there is no practical way to raise the temperature of crude oil inside the deepwater pipelines, our technology may play a key role in future off-shore crude oil production. Electrorehology can also be used to reduce the viscosity of refinery fuels, such as diesel fuel and gasoline. When we apply this technology to fuel injection, the fuel droplets in the fuel atomization become smaller, leading to faster combustion in the engine chambers. As the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines depends on the combustion speed and timing, the fast combustion produces much higher fuel efficiency. Therefore, adding our technology on existing engines improves the engine efficiency significantly. A theoretical model for the engine combustion, which explains how fast combustion improves the engine efficiency, is also presented in the thesis. / Physics

Climate change is a global phenomenon that strongly affect cities and urban areas. Due to the intensive industrial activities and global population growth leading to more fossil energy demands for the last century, the global warming effect appeared to have been significantly exacerbated. To overcome the issues related to the increase of greenhouse emissions amplifying the global warming, multiple initiatives and engagements have appeared for the last 10 years in order to reduce our global energy demands and reduce the dependency to fossil energy and engage a transition to renewable energy. One way to achieve these objectives is to engage a technological and societal shift in the building industry by reducing energy demands and increasing local energy productions based on renewable energy or, at least, carbon neutral systems. In order to qualify these new types of construction, the concept of positive energy district (PED) has arisen through multiple initiative around the world. This thesis aims to assess the possibility to meet the PED requirements for the new Jakobsgardarna district extension project proposed by Sweco in Borlange, Sweden. This project is based on 144 buildings composed of schools, residentials, retails shop, and offices spread on an 80 ha of land. The Building Energy Modelling (BEM) has been performed on IDA ICE to assess the energy demands and energy production of the entire district following multiple scenarios. These simulations have been performed with either a district heating system or a heat pump as base system. Then, the models have been extended with photovoltaic (PV) panel in multiple configurations in order to find the bes tsolution to meet the PED requirements. First results of the baseline configuration (district heating) shows that the yearly energy demand was around 14,227 MWh which represent almost 69 kWh/m2, mainly dominated up to 75% by the heating demands including domestic hot water (DHW). Moreover, an uncomfortable situation has been met in almost all residential building during summer with temperature reaching up to 31°C. The second configuration considering a heat pump with bore holes in replacement of the district heating shows an overall yearly energy demands of 9,738 MWh representing 47.2kWh/m2 per heated area. This results in a 67% reduction of the energy demands in comparison with the base case. This is due to the high coefficient of performance (COP=4) of the heat pump compared to the district heating system’s (COP=1). In this configuration the heating demands still corresponds to 70% of the overall energy demands. The addition of PV panels compensated the entire electrical needs of the district when combined with district heating and even allowed to reach the positive energy requirements when combined with heat pumps with bore holes. The latter case generates up to 20% of electrical energy in excess of what it produced, even while considering solar panels at a15° of tilt angle in a region where the optimal inclination is defined at 45°. According to the preliminary results obtained in this study, positive energy requirements could be met by the combination of heat pump and PV panels according to our assumptions. This work could then be used to further refine the district design and propose suggestions to improve both the thermal modeling of the district and the design rules for architects and local stakeholders.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka samvariationen och korrelationen mellan de variabla förnybara energikällorna sol-, vind- och vattenkraft i fyra olika begränsade områden i Sverige. Studien ämnade att identifiera mönster mellan energislagen för att undersöka huruvida ett elkraftsystem enbart baserat på förnybara energikällor i Sverige är möjligt. Initialt genomfördes en litteraturstudie i syfte att ge kvalitativt underlag för det komplexa ämnet som undersöktes. Analysen och den kvantitativa delen av studien grundades på historiska klimatologiska data. Arbetet genomfördes i sin tur med hjälp av mjukvaran Matlab, där data hanterades och bearbetades. Parametrar och variabler som diskuterades och identifierades var framförallt effektspektrum, korskovarians och korrelation. Tidigare forskning tyder på att både positiv och negativ korrelation mellan olika variabla energislag förekommer beroende på vilka geografiska förutsättningar och vilket tidsspann som undersökts. Denna studie fann att negativ korrelation mellan sol- och vindkraft återkom för samtliga platser som studerades, medan sol- och vattenkraft istället korrelerade positivt. För vatten- och vindkraft var resultaten inte lika entydiga utan olika resultat erhölls beroende på tidsintervallet. / The purpose of the study was to examine the co-variation and correlation among the variable renewable energy sources solar, wind and hydropower in four different confined regions in Sweden. The study aimed to identify patterns among the energy sources to investigate whether a power system based on renewable energy sources in Sweden is achievable. Initially, a literature review was conducted to provide qualitative background for the complex subject investigated. The analysis and quantitative aspect of the report were based on historical climatological data. The work was carried out using Matlab software, where data was handled and processed. Parameters and variables discussed and identified primarily included power spectrum, cross-covariance, and correlation. Previous research suggests both positive and negative correlations among different variable energy sources occur depending on the geographic conditions and time span studied. This study found that negative correlation between solar and wind power recurred for all sites examined, while solar and hydropower instead showed a positive correlation. For hydropower and wind power, the results were not as consistent, with different outcomes depending on the time interval analyzed.

O desenvolvimento sustentável e a própria sobrevivência da humanidade dependem da compatibilização da demanda por recursos energéticos com as limitações ambientais e necessidades humanas. Dessa maneira, torna-se fundamental compreender e mensurar a sustentabilidade energética. Para tanto, esse trabalho vale-se de princípios da economia ecológica e do planejamento integrado de recursos para identificar e analisar os fatores que afetam a sustentabilidade energética de um dado sistema. A partir desses fatores são definidos indicadores de sustentabilidade, os quais compõem uma metodologia concebida para avaliar o grau de sustentabilidade da produção de energia. Tal metodologia é testada em um estudo de caso da matriz elétrica paulista, a qual mostrou um nível próximo da sustentabilidade, mas com a necessidade de aprimoramentos. Por fim, são feitas reflexões sobre a robustez, a flexibilidade e as limitações da metodologia proposta, assim como recomendações para ajustes da composição da matriz estudada com o propósito de torná-la mais sustentável. / Sustainable development and the very survival of humanity depends on the compatibility of the demand for energy resources with environmental constraints and human needs. Thus, it is essential to understand and define metrics for energy sustainability. For that reason, this work draws on principles of ecological economics and integrated resource planning to identify and analyze the factors affecting energy sustainability of a given system. From these factors are defined sustainability indicators, which are the foundations for a methodology designed to assess the degree of sustainability of energy production. The methodology is tested on a case study of the electricity matrix of the State of Sao Paulo, which is close to a sustainable level even though requiring improvements in some aspects. Finally, reflections on the sturdiness, flexibility and limitations of the proposed methodology, as well as recommendations for adjustments in the composition of the case study matrix in order to make it more sustainable are made.

O desenvolvimento sustentável e a própria sobrevivência da humanidade dependem da compatibilização da demanda por recursos energéticos com as limitações ambientais e necessidades humanas. Dessa maneira, torna-se fundamental compreender e mensurar a sustentabilidade energética. Para tanto, esse trabalho vale-se de princípios da economia ecológica e do planejamento integrado de recursos para identificar e analisar os fatores que afetam a sustentabilidade energética de um dado sistema. A partir desses fatores são definidos indicadores de sustentabilidade, os quais compõem uma metodologia concebida para avaliar o grau de sustentabilidade da produção de energia. Tal metodologia é testada em um estudo de caso da matriz elétrica paulista, a qual mostrou um nível próximo da sustentabilidade, mas com a necessidade de aprimoramentos. Por fim, são feitas reflexões sobre a robustez, a flexibilidade e as limitações da metodologia proposta, assim como recomendações para ajustes da composição da matriz estudada com o propósito de torná-la mais sustentável. / Sustainable development and the very survival of humanity depends on the compatibility of the demand for energy resources with environmental constraints and human needs. Thus, it is essential to understand and define metrics for energy sustainability. For that reason, this work draws on principles of ecological economics and integrated resource planning to identify and analyze the factors affecting energy sustainability of a given system. From these factors are defined sustainability indicators, which are the foundations for a methodology designed to assess the degree of sustainability of energy production. The methodology is tested on a case study of the electricity matrix of the State of Sao Paulo, which is close to a sustainable level even though requiring improvements in some aspects. Finally, reflections on the sturdiness, flexibility and limitations of the proposed methodology, as well as recommendations for adjustments in the composition of the case study matrix in order to make it more sustainable are made.