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81	Ολιστική ενεργειακή θεώρηση κτιρίων Σακκά, Αγγελική 06 November 2014 (has links) Στις χώρες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης ο κτιριακός τομέας απορροφά περίπου το 40% της συνολικής ενεργειακής κατανάλωσης, γεγονός που καθιστά απαραίτητο το λειτουργικό και φιλικό προς το περιβάλλον σχεδιασμό των κτιρίων, παράλληλα με τον περιορισμό των συνολικών ενεργειακών αναγκών τους για την εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Όσον αφορά τα ήδη υπάρχοντα κτίρια, μπορούν να γίνουν διάφορες παρεμβάσεις ώστε να επιτευχθεί η μέγιστη δυνατή εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Από την άλλη, η Ε.Ε.,στα πλαίσια της βιώσιμης ανάπτυξης και της προστασίας του περιβάλλοντος, έχει θέσει ως στόχο για το 2020 τα καινούρια κτίρια να είναι μηδενικών εκπομπών διοξειδίου του άνθρακα. Για την υλοποίηση του στόχου αυτού, είναι αναγκαίος ο σχεδιασμός των κτιρίων σύμφωνα με τις αρχές της βιοκλιματικής αρχιτεκτονικής, για την ελαχιστοποίηση των ενεργειακών τους αναγκών αλλά και η εφαρμογή συστημάτων Ανανεώσιμων Πηγών Ενέργειας για την παραγωγή θερμικής και ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και την ελαχιστοποίηση έτσι των εκπομπών CO2 στην ατμόσφαιρα από τα ορυκτά καύσιμα. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, αναπτύσσονται στρατηγικές που αποσκοπούν στην αρμονική ένταξη των κτιρίων στο φυσικό περιβάλλον, παρουσιάζονται τα θέματα εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας στα κτίρια, διατυπώνονται οι βασικές παράμετροι για την επίτευξη ολιστικής ενεργειακής κάλυψης των κτιρίων και την προετοιμασία του επόμενου βήματος σχετικά με την ενέργεια στα κτίρια για το έτος 2020 και δίνονται νέες τεχνολογικές λύσεις που αναπτύχθηκαν στο εργαστήριο ηλιακής ενέργειας, με σκοπό την βέλτιστη αξιοποίηση της ηλιακής ενέργειας και των άλλων ΑΠΕ στα κτίρια. Στα πλαίσια της πλήρους κάλυψης των κτιριακών ενεργειακών αναγκών από ΑΠΕ και της προώθησης των κτιρίων σχεδόν μηδενικής κατανάλωσης από συμβατικές ενεργειακές πηγές, μελετάται πειραματικά η συμβολή των φωτοβολταϊκών σε δυσμενή κλίση και προσανατολισμό. Εξετάζεται η συνεισφορά διάχυτων ανακλαστήρων στην ενεργειακή τους απόδοση, η επίδραση του υλικού της θερμομόνωσης και του περιορισμού των θερμικών απωλειών. Τέλος, εξετάζεται η αξιοποίηση κάθε τμήματος του κτιρίου που μπορεί να έχει θετική συμβολή στο ενεργειακό θέμα. Έτσι προτείνονται τρόποι τοποθέτησης φωτοβολταϊκών σε οριζόντιες και επικλινείς στέγες και στις προσόψεις των κτιρίων, με προσθήκη ανακλαστήρα όπου είναι δυνατό, που μπορούν να συνεισφέρουν στην επίτευξη μηδενικού ενεργειακού ισοζυγίου στα κτίρια. / In the countries of the European Union the building sector accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption, so it is necessary that the buildings should be designed in a functional and environmentally-friendly way, in addition to the minimization of of the total energy needs to achieve energy savings. As for the existing buildings, they should be renovated so that maximum energy savings is achieved. On the other hand, the EU’s target for 2020 is that new buildings must be of zero carbon dioxide emissions. For the implementation of this goal, buildings should be designed according to the principles of bioclimatic architecture to minimize energy needs, but also systems of Renewable Energy Sources should be applied to produce thermal energy and electricity, in order to minimize carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. In the present thesis, strategies aiming to harmonic integration of buildings in the natural environment are developed, holistic energy saving aspects for buildings are presented, aspects regarding the next step to the target for 2020 are given, and some new designs of building integrated RES, investigated at the Solar Energy Laboratory, are suggested. Approaching the holistic contribution of the renewable energy sources (RES) to buildings for total cover of their energy demand, and the achievement of nearly zero energy buildings, the contribution of photovoltaics in disadvantageous inclination and azimuth angle is experimentally studied. The contribution of diffuse reflectors to pV’s energy efficiency, the impact of thermal insulation materials and the impact of limitating the thermal losses to PV’s operation, are studied as well. Furthermore, the use of every single part of the building in order to contribute to its energy supply, is considered. Designs for photovoltaic integration on horizontal and inclined roofs and facades are suggested, combined with booster reflector if possible, aiming to achieve zero energy balance of buildings. 720.472 4 Energy consumption of buildings Nearly zero energy buildings Energy savings RES for energy production on buildings Energy performance of buildings Photovoltaic systems Contribution of diffuse reflector
82	Stochastic Modeling of Electricity Prices and the Impact on Balancing Power Investments / Stokastisk modellering av elpriser och effekten på investeringar i balanskraft Ruthberg, Richard, Wogenius, Sebastian January 2016 (has links) Introducing more intermittent renewable energy sources in the energy system makes the role of balancing power more important. Furthermore, an increased infeed from intermittent renewable energy sources also has the effect of creating lower and more volatile electricity prices. Hence, investing in balancing power is prone to high risks with respect to expected profits, which is why a good representation of electricity prices is vital in order to motivate future investments. We propose a stochastic multi-factor model to be used for simulating the long-run dynamics of electricity prices as input to investment valuation of power generation assets. In particular, the proposed model is used to assess the impact of electricity price dynamics on investment decisions with respect to balancing power generation, where a combined heat and power plant is studied in detail. Since the main goal of the framework is to create a long-term representation of electricity prices so that the distributional characteristics of electricity prices are maintained, commonly cited as seasonality, mean reversion and spikes, the model is evaluated in terms of yearly duration which describes the distribution of electricity prices over time. The core aspects of the framework are derived from the mean-reverting Pilipovic model of commodity prices, but where we extend the assumptions in a multi-factor framework by adding a functional link to the supply- and demand for power as well as outdoor temperature. On average, using the proposed model as a way to represent future prices yields a maximum 9 percent overand underprediction of duration respectively, a result far better than those obtained by simpler models such as a seasonal profile or mean estimates which do not incorporate the full characteristics of electricity prices. Using the different aspects of the model, we show that variations of electricity prices have a large impact on the investment decision with respect to balancing power. The realized value of the flexibility to produce electricity in a combined heat and power plant is calculated, which yields a valuation close to historical realized values. Compared with simpler models, this is a significant improvement. Finally, we show that by including characteristics such as non-constant volatility and spiky behavior in investment decisions, the expected value of balancing power generators, such as combined heat and power plants, increases. / I takt med att fler intermittenta förnyelsebara energikällor tillför el i dagens energisystem, blir också balanskraftens roll i dessa system allt viktigare. Vidare så har en ökning av andelen intermittenta förnyelsebara energikällor även effekten att de bidrar till lägre men också mer volatila elpriser. Därmed är även investeringar i balanskraft kopplade till stora risker med avseende på förväntade vinster, vilket gör att en god representation av elpriser är central vid investeringsbeslut. Vi föreslår en stokastisk flerfaktormodell för att simulera den långsiktiga dynamiken i elpriser som bas för värdering av generatortillgångar. Mer specifikt används modellen till att utvärdera effekten av elprisers dynamik på investeringsbeslut med avseende på balanskraft, där ett kraftvärmeverk studeras i detalj. Eftersom huvudmålet med ramverket är att skapa en långsiktig representation av elpriser så att deras fördelningsmässiga karakteristika bevaras, vilket i litteraturen citeras som regression mot medelvärde, säsongsvariationer, hög volatilitet och spikar, så utvärderas modellen i termer av årlig prisvaraktighet som beskriver fördelningen av elpriser över tid. Kärnan i ramverket utgår från Pilipovic-modellen av råvarupriser, men där vi utvecklar antaganden i ett flerfaktorramverk genom att lägga till en länkfunktion till tillgång- och efterfrågan på el samt utomhustemperatur. Vid användande av modellen som ett sätt att representera framtida priser, fås en maximal över- och underprediktion av prisvaraktighet om 9 procent, ett resultat som är bättre än det som ges av enklare modellering såsom säsongsprofiler eller enkla medelvärdesestimat som inte tar hänsyn till elprisernas fulla karakteristika. Till sist visar vi med modellens olika komponenter att variationer i elpriser, och därmed antaganden som används i långsiktig modellering, har stor betydelse med avseende på investeringsbeslut i balanskraft. Det realiserade värdet av flexibiliteten att producera el för ett kraftvärmeverk beräknas, vilket ger en värdering nära faktiska realiserade värden baserade på historiska priser och som enklare modeller inte kan konkurrera med. Slutligen visar detta också att inkluderandet av icke-konstant volatilitet och spikkarakteristika i investeringsbeslut ger ett högre förväntat värde av tillgångar som kan producera balanskraft, såsom kraftvärmeverk. Energy investment investment valuation renewable energy production electricity price modeling long-term combined heat and power CHP balancing power intermittent renewable energy modeling Pilipovic model multi-factor model sinusoidal regression Ornstein-Uhlenbeck estimation electricity price duration prediction Nord Pool Sweden electricity market future energy systems phasing out nuclear power energy policy. Mathematical Analysis Matematisk analys
83	The Nuclear Dilemma : A Study on the Nuclear Energy Growth Nexus and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Karlsson, Pontus, Uebel, Felicia January 2023 (has links) The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth has been a popular topic in recent studies, with a considerable amount of literature conducted, although there still is no consensus regarding the relationship. Few studies have analysed the nuclear energy growth nexus with greenhouse gas emissions, and none have used the same method, data, and sample period. Therefore, there are still gaps in the literature regarding the Energy Growth Nexus, and this study provides a unique insight into the Swedish nuclear dilemma. The purpose of this paper is to study the causal relationship between economic growth and nuclear energy consumption, and the causality between greenhouse gas emissions and nuclear energy consumption, in Sweden. The results of which are used to discuss the future consequences a continued shutdown of Sweden’s nuclear power could have. Seven EU nations and two non-EU nations are included to be able to make comparisons to Sweden. This paper is based on a method of time series analysis by conducting Ordinary Least Squares-regressions in combination with Granger causality tests. Our results indicate that nuclear power granger cause growth in Belgium and the United Kingdom. Additionally, this study finds a bidirectional granger causality between greenhouse gas emissions and nuclear energy in the USA. The causal relationship between nuclear energy, economic growth, and greenhouse gas emissions in Sweden is still unclear. However, the Swedish energy market is facing multiple challenges including global warming, increased energy demand, and a transition towards a completely renewable energy mix. The role of nuclear power in the Swedish energy mix is still unclear. It is therefore the authors belief that a decision regarding the future of the Swedish energy supply is needed. / Förhållandet mellan energikonsumtion och ekonomisk tillväxt har varit ett populärt ämne i nutida forskning, detta då en avsevärd mängd litteratur har författats på ämnet, dock har forskningen ännu inte funnit konsensus gällande det påstådda förhållandet. Få studier har emellertid analyserat energi-tillväxt sambandet med växthusgaser, inga av dessa studier har använt samma metod, data och tidsperiod. Med grund i detta finns det ändock ett tomrum i forskningen och litteraturen gällande energi-tillväxt sambandet och denna studie tillhandahåller en särskild insikt i det svenska kärnkraftsdilemmat. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att studera det kausala förhållandet mellan ekonomisk tillväxt och kärnkraftskonsumtion, samt kausaliteten mellan utsläpp från växthusgaser och ekonomisk tillväxt, i Sverige. Resultaten av denna uppsats har använts för att diskutera och analysera framtida konsekvenser av en fortsatt kärnkraftsnedstängning i Sverige. Sju EU-nationer samt två länder utanför EU har inkluderats för att kunna genomföra jämförelser med Sverige. Denna uppsats är baserad på en metod av tidsserieanalys som regression kallad Minsta Kvadratregressioner i kombination med Granger kausalitets-tester. Uppsatsens resultat indikerar att kärnkraft Granger-kauserar tillväxt i Belgien och Storbritannien. Studien finner även en dubbelriktad Granger-kausalitet mellan växthusgasutsläpp och kärnkraft i USA. Det kausala sambandet mellan kärnkraft, ekonomisk tillväxt och växthusgasutsläpp i Sverige är fortsatt otydligt. Den svenska energimarknaden står emellertid inför flera utmaningar som främst inkluderar global uppvärmning, ökande efterfrågan på energi samt en pågående övergång till en helt förnybar energimix. Rollen kärnkraft kommer ha i den svenska energimixen är fortfarande oklar. Det är därför författarnas uppfattning att ett beslut angående hur det framtida energiutbudet ska se ut måste tas. Economic Growth Energy Growth Nexus Nuclear Energy Growth Nexus Econometrics Economics Nuclear Power Nuclear Consumption Energy Consumption Energy Production Environmental Kuznets Curve Greenhouse Gas Emissions IPI Nuclear Dilemma Granger Causality Test Energy Oil Ekonomisk tillväxt Energi-Tillväxt Sambandet Kärnkraftsenergi-Tillväxt Sambandet Ekonometri Ekonomi Kärnkraft Kärnkraftskonsumtion Energikonsumtion Energiproduktion Växthusgasutsläpp Kärnkraftsdilemmat Energi Olja Economics Nationalekonomi
84	Identifikation von Genen und Mikroorganismen, die an der dissimilatorischen Fe(III)-Reduktion beteiligt sind / Isolation of Genes and Microorganisms Involved in Dissimilatory Fe(III)-Reduction Özyurt, Baris 21 January 2009 (has links) No description available. 500 Naturwissenschaften allgemein Mathematics and Computer Science Metagenomik dissimilatorische Fe(III)-Reduktion Dissimilatory iron reduction DIR dissimilatory oxido-reduction of iron dissimilatory iron(III) reduction metal reduction ferricironreduction microbial iron respiration bacterial respiration microorganisms for energy production dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria DMRB energy production electricity energy transduction microbial electricity electron donor electron acceptor electron transfer carbon source carbohydrate mannit mannitol biofilm mineral mineral formation microbial degradation ribosomal proteins cytochromes hypothetical proteins enzymes oxidation reduction ferric iron iron oxide Fe(II) Fe(III) soluble iron insoluble iron ferric reductase activity iron mineral formation mineralisation <i>E. coli</i> Escherichia coli environmental microorganisms life in extreme environments uncultivable bacteria soil microbial ecology anaerobic growth anaerobic incubation environmental sequences environmental DNA DNA extraction functional screening metagenomic metagenome meta-genome microbial ecology environmental genomics soil metagenome BACs sequencing bioinformatics microbial communities 16S rRNA phylogenetics 30 42.30 42.30 58.30 42.49 58.30 42.13 RA W

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