This thesis deals with the EU energy policy and its impact on the energy sector of the Czech Republic. The main objective is to analyze the implemantation and impact of the EU climate-energy package on the czech energy sector. The first part is devoted to describing the current state of the energy sector in the country.The second part is the theory of externalities due to the fact that carbon dioxid emissions are externalities, which the EU is trying tu reduce through its climate-energy measures. The third part delas with EU energy policy and the fourth one with its applications and implications in the Czech Republic.

Accurate long-term energy consumption forecasting of industrial entities is of interest to distribution companies as it can potentially help reduce their churn and offer support in decision making when hedging. This thesis work presents different methods to forecast the energy consumption for industrial entities over a long time prediction horizon of 1 year. Notably, it includes experimentations with two variants of the Recurrent Neural Networks, namely Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM). Their performance is compared against traditional approaches namely Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA). Further on, the investigation focuses on tailoring the Recurrent Neural Network model to improve the performance. The experiments focus on the impact of different model architectures. Secondly, it focuses on testing the effect of time-related feature selection as an additional input to the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) networks. Specifically, it explored how traditional methods such as Exploratory Data Analysis, Autocorrelation, and Partial Autocorrelation Functions Plots can contribute to the performance of RNN model. The current work shows through an empirical study on three industrial datasets that GRU architecture is a powerful method for the long-term forecasting task which outperforms LSTM on certain scenarios. In comparison to the MLR model, the RNN achieved a reduction in the RMSE between 5% up to to 10%. The most important findings include: (i) GRU architecture outperforms LSTM on industrial energy consumption datasets when compared against a lower number of hidden units. Also, GRU outperforms LSTM on certain datasets, regardless of the choice units number; (ii) RNN variants yield a better accuracy than statistical or regression models; (iii) using ACF and PACF as dicovery tools in the feature selection process is unconclusive and unefficient when aiming for a general model; (iv) using deterministic features (such as day of the year, day of the month) has limited effects on improving the deep learning model’s performance. / Noggranna långsiktiga energiprognosprognoser för industriella enheter är av intresse för distributionsföretag eftersom det potentiellt kan bidra till att minska deras churn och erbjuda stöd i beslutsfattandet vid säkring. Detta avhandlingsarbete presenterar olika metoder för att prognostisera energiförbrukningen för industriella enheter under en lång tids förutsägelsehorisont på 1 år. I synnerhet inkluderar det experiment med två varianter av de återkommande neurala nätverken, nämligen GRU och LSTM. Deras prestanda jämförs med traditionella metoder, nämligen MLR och SARIMA. Vidare fokuserar undersökningen på att skräddarsy modellen för återkommande neurala nätverk för att förbättra prestanda. Experimenten fokuserar på effekterna av olika modellarkitekturer. För det andra fokuserar den på att testa effekten av tidsrelaterat funktionsval som en extra ingång till RNN -nätverk. Specifikt undersökte den hur traditionella metoder som Exploratory Data Analysis, Autocorrelation och Partial Autocorrelation Funtions Plots kan bidra till prestanda för RNN -modellen. Det aktuella arbetet visar genom en empirisk studie av tre industriella datamängder att GRU -arkitektur är en kraftfull metod för den långsiktiga prognosuppgiften som överträffar ac LSTM på vissa scenarier. Jämfört med MLR -modellen uppnådde RNN en minskning av RMSE mellan 5 % upp till 10 %. De viktigaste resultaten inkluderar: (i) GRU -arkitekturen överträffar LSTM på datauppsättningar för industriell energiförbrukning jämfört med ett lägre antal dolda enheter. GRU överträffar också LSTM på vissa datauppsättningar, oavsett antalet valenheter; (ii) RNN -varianter ger bättre noggrannhet än statistiska modeller eller regressionsmodeller; (iii) att använda ACF och PACF som verktyg för upptäckt i funktionsvalsprocessen är otydligt och ineffektivt när man siktar på en allmän modell; (iv) att använda deterministiska funktioner (t.ex. årets dag, månadsdagen) har begränsade effekter på att förbättra djupinlärningsmodellens prestanda.

La planification de la politique économique au Brésil a été proposée dans les années 1950 avec le but de promouvoir l'indépendance et le développement économique du pays. Cette planification serait réalisée grâce à l'intervention de l'État par le contrôle de l'économie et des marchés, et par la création des entreprises publiques et des secteurs prioritaires, y compris l'énergie. L'État a créé Petrobras dans le but d'encourager la croissance économique du pays, afin de faire croître le pays grâce au contrôle des cycles de production. C’est pourquoi le gouvernement commença à assumer la croissance et à financer les investissements nécessaires pour construire un environnement industriel pour le Brésil. La création de Petrobras se passa avant même la connaissance du sous-sol brésilien ainsi qu’au début de l'extraction pétrolière, croyant en la capacité productrice du Brésil. La planification développementaliste s’est prolongée dans tous les gouvernements, en l’adaptant afin d'évoluer, mais en devenant plus présent par le soutien du secteur privé. Grâce à la politique nationaliste et interventionniste dans l'économie, cela a été caractérisé par l'implication des parties de gauche et de droite, à savoir, le nationalisme n'a pas été dépendent de leur positionnement politique, mais plutôt de l'idéologie économique défendue. Ainsi, la création de Petrobras a été un acte de foi dans la vie politique, un élément de volonté et d’engagement de l’État en faveur du développement de l'énergie, devenant la base de l'économie du Brésil. / In the 1950s, a strategy for Brazil's economic policy was proposed with the goal of promoting economic development and independence. This goal would be accomplished through government intervention, state control of markets, and the division of state-owned and private sectors. The state created Petrobras whose purpose was to encourage economic growth within the energy sector. Through Petrobras, the government began to subsidize the infrastructure necessary to build an industrial profile. Petrobras' creation occurred prior the knowledge of the true wealth of Brazilian natural resources and prior to any active drilling. The state believed and trusted in Brazilian ingenuity and capacity for production. Subsequent administrations continued this policy with support from the private sector, though the policy itself has evolved over time to adapt to modern society. This nationalistic policy and economic interventionism was characteristic of both left and right political parties, demonstrating an economic ideology that transcended political idealism. In a sense, the creation of Petrobras was an act of faith on the part of the state to allow for the development of the energy sector, and the faith state showed in Brazilian resourcefulness was rewarded by an ensuing economic prosperity for the entire country. / O planejamento da política econômica no Brasil foi proposto nos anos 1950 com intuito de promover a independência e o desenvolvimento econômico do país. Seria realizado por meio da intervenção do Estado pelo controle da economia e de mercados, e através da criação de estatais e de setores prioritários, dentre eles a energia. O Estado criou a Petrobras cuja proposta visava incentivar o crescimento econômico por meio próprio, ou seja, crescer através da detenção dos ciclos produtivos. O governo passou a assumir, então, o crescimento e a arcar com os investimentos necessários para a construção de um perfil industrial. A criação da Petrobras aconteceu mesmo antes do conhecimento sobre o subsolo brasileiro ou do início das extrações, pois acreditava-se e confiava-se na capacidade brasileira de produzir. O planejamento desenvolvimentista se estendeu por todos os governos que sucederam, adaptando à proposta à fim de evoluir, mas mantendo-se presente justamente pelo apoio do setor privado. Através da política nacionalista e do intervencionismo da economia, teve como característica o envolvimento com partidos de esquerda e de direita, ou seja, o nacionalismo não dependia de posicionamento político, mas de vertentes de ideologia econômica. De certo modo, a criação da Petrobras foi um ato de fé da política, um elemento de vontade do Estado em prol do desenvolvimento energético, como base da economia brasileira.

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Le Brésil a connu une augmentation importante de la production de canne à sucre à partir des années 2000. Le secteur sucro-énergétique la cultive afin de produire du sucre, de l’éthanol et de l’énergie électrique. L’accélération de sa production vient répondre à de nouvelles injonctions globales, comme la recherche d’alternatives aux combustibles fossiles, ou la demande alimentaire mondiale. Cette conjoncture encourage alors l’arrivée de nouveaux investisseurs sur le marché du sucre et des agrocarburants. La commode « convergence des crises » (écologique, énergétique et alimentaire) serait-elle une tentative de dissimuler une forme de renouvellement de l’image de l’agrobusiness, basée sur un « verdissement » de ses pratiques et sur la production des discours, recherchant l’acceptation sociale ainsi que la poursuite de son expansion ? Des conflits surgissent en effet depuis l’implantation du secteur dans ces territoires de frontière agricole de la canne à sucre, en l’occurrence dans la région de Dourados située au sud de l’État du Mato Grosso do Sul, et viennent soulever des contradictions. Ces conflits opposent les usines nouvellement installées aux acteurs locaux, autour de différents thèmes et impliquent une variété de groupes d’acteurs. Interroger les locaux permet également de saisir les revendications sociales des acteurs et les conséquences sur les luttes pour le territoire. L’étude des processus conflictuels permet ainsi de révéler les rapports de pouvoir et les enjeux de contrôle de l’espace à l’origine de la transformation des territoires soulevés par l’établissement d’une activité nouvelle. / Brazil registered an important increase in production of sugar cane from the years 2000. The sugar ethanol sector performs such cultivation in order to produce sugar, alcohol and electric power. The increase in production comes in response to the new global order, as the search for alternatives to fossil fuels, or the global demand for food. This situation encourages the arrival of new investors in the sugar market and the agrofuel production. So, it would be appropriate to "crises convergence" (environmental, food and energy) an attempt to conceal a way of renewing the agribusiness image, based on "greening" their practices and speeches production, seeking social acceptance and continuance of its expansion? In fact, conflict since the implementation of the sugar cane border territories agricultural sector, as occurs in the Dourados region, located in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, West-Central Brazil. These conflicts there are relation with the recently plants installed close to local actors, with different objects and involving a variety of agent’s groups. To question the local actors understand the actor’s social claims and their effect on the fight for territory. The conflicting processes study allows to reveal the relations of power and control issues of space resulting in the transformation of the territories affected by an activity establishment. / O Brasil registrou um importante aumento da produção de cana-de-açúcar a partir dos anos 2000. O setor sucroenergético realiza tal cultivo a fim de produzir açúcar, álcool e energia elétrica. A elevação da produção vem em resposta à novas injunções globais, como a busca de alternativas aos combustiveis fósseis, ou a demanda mundial por alimentos. Essa conjuntura incentiva a chegada de novos investidores no mercado do açúcar e dos agrocombustiveís. Do mesmo modo que esses investimentos, impulsionados pelo fenômeno de “corridas pelas terras” na escala mundial, provocaram expressões de preocupação de parte da sociedade civil, associações e pesquisadores em ciências sociais, a expansão da cana-de-açúcar tambem levanta questionamentos sobre os objetivos seguidos pelas empresas e as repercusões locais. Assim, seria a conveniente “convergência das crises” (ecolôgica, energética e alimentar) uma tentativa de dissimular uma forma de renovação da imagem do agronegócio, baseada na “ecologização” de suas práticas e na produção dos discursos, buscando aceitação social e continuidade de sua expansão? De fato, surgem conflito desde a implementação do setor nos territórios de fronteira agrícola da cana-de-açúcar, como ocorre na região de Dourados, localizada no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Esses conflitos confrontam as usinas recentes instaladas aos atores locais, com diferentes objetos e envolvendo uma variedade de grupos de atores. Questionar os atores locais, testemunhando as transformações que vivem os territórios, e os atores ligados ao desenvolvimento do setor, permite revelar os problemas causados pela implementação das usinas. Permite ainda, entender as reivindicações sociais dos atores e suas consequëncias sobre as lutas pelo território. O estudo dos processos conflituosos permitem revelar as relações de poder e as questões de controle do espaço originando a transformação dos territórios influenciados pelo estabelecimento de uma atividade.

The innovation terminology has been intensively used nowadays to evidence scenery of entrepreneurial competitiveness in the entire world. Many actors, researchers and collaborators are using elements related to tacit and codified knowledge, proceedings, directives, researches and development that are resulting in useful things absorbed by the market. One efficient regime of appropriability may protect the creations of human intellect and give competitive advantages to his owner. The Brazilian system of intellectual and industrial property is based in specific laws: Innovation Act, Cultivar protection Act and Patent Protection Act, and also with participation in international treats. The scientific and technological advances are very linked to socioeconomic development. Due the economic importance of sucroenergetic sector, the present work will discuss about the RIDESA Program, whose has the Federal University of Alagoas as one player. This work pretends to bring elements over constitution, structure, legal regulation and other parameters related to development of new cultivars of sugarcane. Although RIDESA is responsible to furnish cultivars for 59% of total area used in sugarcane plantation, and positioned 7 of the 10 more used cultivars in Brazil, this sector was evaluated as been very weak in its appropriability regime. The sugarcane´s chain aspects of knowledge generation, protection and technological transfer were analyzed, giving promises for the fast growing of this sector based in new economic paradigms coming from entrance technologies. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No presente cenário da competitividade mundial, o termo inovação tem sido muito usado e disseminado em diversos ambientes e por agentes, colaboradores, pesquisadores do mundo. Temos presenciado um conjunto de elementos relacionados ao conhecimento tacito e codificado, procedimentos, diretrizes, pesquisas, desenvolvimentos que geram resultados e que deverão ser absorvidos pelo mercado. Um regime de apropriabilidade eficiente pode garantir a exclusividade sobre as criações do intelecto humano e definir vantagens competitivas aos setores que a detém. O Brasil conta com o Sistema de Propriedade Intelectual amparado principalmente na legislação específica: Lei de Propriedade Industrial, Lei de Proteção de Cultivares e a Lei de Inovação, além da participação em acordos e tratados internacionais. Os avanços científicos e tecnológicos são de extrema importância para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Dada a importância nacional e local do setor econômico sucroenergético, o presente trabalho se propõe a estudar a Rede Interuniversitária para o Desenvolvimento do Setor Sucroenergético – RIDESA. A Universidade Federal de Alagoas é partícipe, do ponto de vista de sua constituição, estruturação e os meios legais que garantem a apropriabilidade das tecnologias obtidas através dos esforços destinados a pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novas cultivares de cana-de-açúcar. Mesmo sendo responsável pela criação das cultivares de cana utilizadas em mais de 59% da área cultivada no país, além de posicionar 7 das 10 cultivares mais utilizadas, o setor foi analisado e caracterizado como de fraca apropriabilidade. Os aspectos de geração do conhecimento, proteção e transferência da tecnologia do setor são abordados, com levantamento de expectativas de crescimento do setor, a partir de novos paradigmas de produção com tecnologias entrantes.

Cette thèse présente différents développements à la méthode analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) afin d'améliorer le niveau de considération des spécificités spatiotemporelles lors de la modélisation de systèmes. Ces développements abordent la question de la caractérisation des flux décrivant les systèmes. La discussion débute par une analyse des développements récents de la méthode ACV en ce qui concerne la considération des spécificités spatiotemporelles dans les différentes phases de cette méthode. Cette analyse identifie des lacunes quant à la pertinence des modes de caractérisation spatiale et temporelle existants. Un nouveau mode de caractérisation spatiotemporelle est alors pro-posé. La représentativité du système modélisé, le potentiel de précision de la caractérisation et le temps de travail nécessaire à la modélisation de différents systèmes sont trois critères importants qui ont été considérés pour la création de ce nouveau mode de caractérisation spatiotemporelle. Le nouveau mode proposé permet en particulier d'améliorer la généricité des processus définissant des systèmes dans différentes bases de données. Celui-ci permet ainsi de diminuer l'augmentation inévitable du travail lié à la caractérisation temporelle des systèmes. Le nouveau mode de caractérisation temporelle requiert toutefois une modification importante de la méthode de calcul des inventaires cycle de vie en raison de l'utilisation de distributions temporelles. La faisabilité de l'utilisation de ce nouveau mode et de la nouvelle méthode de calcul d'inventaire est ensuite démontrée par leurs mises en œuvre pour différents cas d'études de production d'énergie à partir de sources renouvelables. Les deux cas d'études retenus permettent de souligner l'intérêt d'une telle caractérisation spatiotemporelle accédant ainsi à une modélisation plus représentative des systèmes en fonction du niveau de précision retenu. Avec cette nouvelle approche nommée ESPA+, l'accès à ce niveau de représentativité s'accompagne cependant d'une diminution du potentiel de complétude de l'analyse. En effet, la méthode de calcul permet difficilement de dynamiser la totalité des systèmes modélisés. / This thesis presents various developments to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method to improve the consideration of spatiotemporal specificities when modeling systems. These developments handle the question of how to characterize the various systems' flows. The discussion begins with an analysis of recent developments for the LCA method regarding the consideration of spatiotemporal characteristics in different phases of this method. This analysis identifies several weaknesses on how space and time are characterized today. A new spatiotemporal characterization mode is therefore proposed to minimize the adverse effects of existing characterization modes. Representativeness of the modeled system, potential accuracy of the characterization and the amount of time necessary for system modeling are three important criteria considered for the elaboration of this new spatiotemporal characterization mode. The new mode specifically improves the “genericity” of processes which are used to model systems in different databases. This “genericity” allows a reduction in the unavoidable workload increase related to the time characterization. The new method, however, requires a major change in the method of calculating life cycle inventories due to the use of temporal distributions. The feasibility of using this new method and the method of calculating inventory is then illustrated by their implementation through different case studies related to energy generation from renewable sources. The two case studies selected highlight the relevance of considering spatiotemporal characterization to model systems in a more representative way depending on the level of preci-sion used. With this new approach, named ESPA+, this higher level of representation, however, brings a potential decrease of completeness for the analysis of the system. Indeed, it is difficult to model the spatiotemporal characteristics of a complete system.

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to use relevant economic knowledge for the analysis of the key legal aspects of the natural monopoly, particularly the main theoretical aspects thereto. The interpretation is not limited to principle features, however, it covers also the related issues. The text is focused mainly on electricity and gas industries. Apart from applicable law and legal books, the relevant case law of the Constitutional Court and Supreme Administrative Court of Czech Republic has been also a significant source of knowledge hereto. The European Union legal regulations and expert opinions of the European Commission have been taken into account as well. The diploma thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is focused on economic aspects of the applicable law. It provides thorough overview concerning the model and its introduction into reviewed fields. The principal information, historical background and view of the critics are introduced. This chapter also labels the entities under the Czech law that are considered to be the natural monopolies. Furthermore, three basic fields of legal institutes that are subject to subsequent review are outlined. The second chapter defines elementary terms relevant for further research. Specifically, it covers the distribution,...

Notre thèse est une contribution à la compréhension de la structure du prix du quota carbone, à l’analyse de sa fluctuation, et aux interactions pouvant exister entre d’une part le système communautaire d’échange de quota d’émission (SCEQE) et le mécanisme pour le développement propre (MDP) et d’autre part entre le marché du quota carbone et ceux du secteur de l’énergie. Pour réaliser cet objectif, nous faisons appel à l’approche temps-fréquence (ondelettes) qui permet d’analyser le comportement local d’un signal, en isolant les composantes relatives aux fréquences de trading des agents. Cette méthode permet de décomposer la variance d’une série chronologique en différentes composantes fréquentielles dont on peut suivre les évolutions au cours du temps. Les horizons temporels de placement sont affectés à chaque bande de fréquences liés à un degré de risque du marché. Les bandes à haute fréquence obtenues par la décomposition en ondelettes renferment l’information relative à la structure de la série chronologique à court terme et non; celle à moyenne et à basse fréquence captent respectivement les structures de la série chronologique à moyen et long terme. Pour concrétiser notre apport nous proposons un développement de notre recherche en 3 chapitres. Le premier présente le marché carbone, sa création, son fonctionnement, et les différents acteurs qui l’animent. La formation du prix du CO2, son évolution et ses facteurs déterminants. Le deuxième développe une analyse multidimensionnelle du comouvement entre le prix du quota (SCEQE) et du crédit carbone (MDP) selon deux hypothèses : la première est l’homogénéité du comportement des agents. La relation de comouvement entre le prix du quota (SCEQE) et du crédit carbone (MDP) suppose que les intervenants sur le marché disposent d’une même stratégie d’investissement. On utilise dans ce cas les outils économétriques standards (Analyse de la Cointégration, de la causalité, modélisation vecteur Autorégressif). Nous mettons en évidence l’existence d’une causalité unidirectionnelle du CER vers l’EUA conforme aux faits observés de l’accélération du mécanisme pour le développement propre (MDP). En effet les industriels portent un grand intérêt sur le MDP, et cela a eu un impact direct sur le prix de l’EUA sur le marché européen du carbone. Nous observons aussi une dynamique d’interconnexion par l’intermédiaire du VAR(1) entre l’EUA et le CER. La deuxième hypothèse est celle de l’hétérogénéité du comportement des agents. Nous étudions la relation de comouvement entre le prix du quota (SCEQE) et celui crédit carbone (MDP) par une analyse multi-échelle dérivée de la théorie des ondelettes. Nous montrons que quels que soient les différents horizons d’investissement retenus (court, moyen et long terme), il existe une relation positive significative entre les deux séries de prix. De plus La causalité dynamique par ondelettes sur chaque paire de bandes de fréquence, confirme notre hypothèse d’une relation instable entre le EUA et le CER. Le troisième chapitre complète le précédent par l’analyse du comouvement multi-échelle entre le prix du quota carbone issu du SCEQE et ceux des marchés énergétiques (pétrole, le Charbon et le Gaz). La cohérence par ondelettes pierre angulaire de cette étude peut être interprétée comme une mesure de corrélation locale calculée de façon non-paramétrique. Cette première tentative de l’analyse multi-échelle de la relation de comouvement entre le marché du CO2, du pétrole, du Gaz et du Charbon fondée sur l’hypothèse d’hétérogénéité des agents montre qu’il est possible aux intervenants sur le marché carbone d’avoir une grande palette de choix de stratégies leurs permettant de mieux se prémunir contre les risques liés aux fortes volatilités du prix du carbone. / The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the carbon price quota structure, the analysis of its fluctuation, and the interactions that may exist between on the one hand the EU system of emission quota exchange (ETS) and the mechanism for clean development (CDM) and on the other hand between carbon quota market and the quota in the energy sector. For this study, we introduced the hypothesis of heterogeneity of agents' behavior on the carbon market where coexist multiple scales of investments.To achieve this, we used a time-frequency approach (wavelets) that can analyze the local behavior of a signal by isolating the components related to the agents’ trading frequency. This method allows variance decomposition of a time series into different frequency components. The time investment horizons are assigned to each frequency band associated with a degree of market risk. High frequency bands obtained by wavelet decomposition contain information pertaining to the short-term time series structure; the medium and the low frequencies respectively capture the structures of the time series in the medium and long term.To complete this project we proposed developing of our research in 3 chapters:The first chapter presents the carbon market, its creation, its operation, and the various actors who animate it. The formation of the CO2 price, its evolution and its determinants were also analyzed during this chapter.The second chapter develops a multi-scale analysis of the co-movement between price of quota (ETS) and carbon credit (CDM). This particular study was based on two assumptions:- The first assumption was the homogeneity of the various agents’ behaviors. The co-movement relationship between the price of quota (ETS) and carbon credit (CDM) assumes that market participants have the same investment strategy especially since all stakeholders agents invest in these markets on the same horizons. This relationship is studied using standard econometric tools such as Analysis of Co-integration of causality and Vector Autoregressive modeling.The main result of this specific part highlights the existence of a unidirectional causality from the ERC to the EUA with an observed acceleration of the mechanism for clean development (CDM). Manufacturers have a strong interest in the CDM which has had a direct impact on the price of EUAs on the European carbon market. We also observed a dynamic interconnection through the VAR (1) between EUA and CER.- The second assumption is the heterogeneity of agents' behavior. We highlighted the relationship of co-movement between price of quota (ETS) and carbon credit (CDM) to a multi-scale analysis derived from wavelet theory. We show that whatever the different investment horizons retained (short, medium and long term), there is a significant positive relationship between the two sets of prices. The more dynamic causal wavelet on each pair of frequency bands detects an unstable relationship between EUA and CER which confirms our working hypothesis.And finally, a third chapter that complements the previous analysis by the co-movement between multi-scale carbon allowance prices resulting from the ETS to those energy markets (oil, coal and gas). Using coherence wavelet, it examined the simultaneous dependence (co-movement) between two price series in time and frequency. It can be interpreted as a local measurement of correlation calculated non-parametrically. Overall, this study is the first attempt at a multi-scale analysis of the co-movement relationship between the CO2 market, Oil, Gas and Coal which is based on the hypothesis of heterogeneity of agents using a template from wavelet algorithm. The model used in this study will allow stakeholders agents on the carbon market to have a great range of choices for their strategies to be able to anticipate wisely because of the high volatility of carbon prices on their different investment horizons.

Diplomová práce se zabývá energetickým sektorem v Ruské Federaci se zaměřením na sektor budov a jejich energetickou efektivnost. Je zde vytvořen základní přehled předpi-sů a norem týkajících se sektoru budov a dotační programy vytvořené Ruskou vládou na snížení energetické náročnosti. V praktické části je provedeno energetické hodnocení dané budovy v podmínkách Čr a Ruské Federace. Výpočty energetických bilancí budovy jsou prováděny pro klimatické podmínky daných zemí a v souladu s národními předpisy. Na základě energetických bilancí jsou navrženy opatření na úsporu energie. V závěru je provedeno ekonomické posouzení, s ohledem na rozdílné ceny energií a nákladů na provedení návrhových opat-ření v České republice a Ruské Federaci.