O presente trabalho, apresenta o estudo da produção e aproveitamento energético do biogás produzido no Aterro Sanitário de Palmas, Tocantins, em conjunto com o monitoramento ambiental da qualidade dos recursos hídricos superficiais e subterrâneos da área de interferência direta do Aterro Sanitário, e a verificação da conformidade ambiental do empreendimento por meio do Índice de Qualidade de Aterros de Resíduos – IQR. As amostras de águas subterrâneas e superficiais foram coletadas no mês de abril de 2018 nos poços de monitoramento instalados no Aterro Sanitário, seguindo as normas e legislações ambientais vigentes inerentes a temática abordada. Assim, são apresentados os resultados obtidos para os parâmetros pH, temperatura, sólidos totais, sólidos suspensos e sólidos voláteis, turbidez, alcalinidade, gás arsênio dissolvido no meio líquido, os cianetos, e os metais: bário, cádmio, chumbo, cobre, cromo, ferro, mercúrio e níquel, realizados em ambas as amostras de águas superficiais e subterrâneas realizadas pelo desenvolvimento do presente estudo. O estudo de geração de biogás produzido pelo Aterro Sanitário foi conduzido conforme os dados disponibilizados pelo município acerca da quantidade e qualidade dos resíduos dispostos no Aterro Sanitário, além das condições climáticas locais, que interferem diretamente na estabilização da matéria orgânica confinada no interior do maciço de resíduos, o que de forma direta, interfere na geração do biogás pelo Aterro Sanitário. A verificação do Índice de Qualidade de Aterros de Resíduos – IQR, deu-se por meio da verificação das condicionantes presentes no indicador, além de informações colhidas in-loco e repassadas pelo Economista Antônio Adeluzio Gomes Azevedo, técnico operacional do Aterro Sanitário. Conclui-se assim, com o desenvolvimento do presente estudo, que as águas do lençol freático e superficiais na área de interferência direta do Aterro Sanitário de Palmas - TO, não possuem poluição/contaminação decorrentes do uso atual da área como Aterro Sanitário, com base nos dados reportados na literatura e confirmados por meio da execução do presente estudo. A aferição do IQR no Aterro Sanitário de Palmas – TO, apresentou um somatório de 9,3 pontos, refletindo assim, em condições adequadas de acomodação final dos resíduos sólidos urbanos do município. No tocante a geração de biogás, torna-se possível abastecer cerca de 3.251 residências com energia elétrica gerada pelo biogás, transmitindo assim, na real viabilidade do aproveitamento energético do biogás gerado pelo Aterro Sanitário de Palmas, Tocantins. / The present work presents the study of the energy production and use of the biogas produced at Palmas Landfill, Tocantins, together with the environmental monitoring of the quality of the surface and groundwater resources of the area of direct interference of the Landfill, and the verification of the environmental compliance of the project through the Residual Landfill Quality Index - RQI. The groundwater and surface water samples were collected in April 2018 in the monitoring wells installed in the Sanitary Landfill, following the current norms and environmental legislation inherent to the subject matter. Thus, the results obtained for the parameters pH, temperature, total solids, suspended solids and volatile solids, turbidity, alkalinity, arsenic gas dissolved in the liquid medium, cyanides, and metals are presented: barium, cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, iron, mercury and nickel, performed in both the surface and groundwater samples carried out by the development of the present study. The study of biogas production produced by the Landfill was conducted according to the data provided by the municipality about the quantity and quality of the residues disposed in the Sanitary Landfill, in addition to the local climatic conditions, that directly interfere in the stabilization of the organic matter confined inside the massif of waste, which in a direct way, interferes with the generation of biogas by Landfill. The verification of the Residual Landfill Quality Index (RQI), was verified through the verification of the conditioners present in the indicator, as well as information collected locally and passed on by the Economist Antônio Adeluzio Gomes Azevedo, an operational technician of the Landfill. It is concluded, with the development of the present study, that the ground water and surface waters in the area of direct interference of the Sanitary Landfill of Palmas - TO, do not have pollution/contamination resulting from the current use of the area as Landfill, based on in the data reported in the literature and confirmed through the execution of the present study. The RQI measurement at Palmas Sanitary Landfill - TO, presented a sum of 9.3 points, reflecting, in this way, adequate conditions for final accommodation of municipal solid waste. With regard to the generation of biogas, it is possible to supply about 3,251 residences with electricity generated by biogas, thus transmitting, in the real viability of the energy utilization of the biogas generated by the Landfill of Palmas, Tocantins.

<p>Deponijski gas koji nastaje kao rezultat anaerobnih procesa unutar<br />otpada na deponiji može da se iskoristi kao obnovljivi izvor<br />energije, smanjujući ujedno i zagađenje vazduha. Tretman procedne vode<br />u savremenim postrojenjima za prečišćavanje reverznom osmozom daje<br />neželjeni ostatak &ndash; koncentrat, koji se uobičajeno recirkuliše na<br />deponiju kao vid tretmana. Ova disertacija se bavi uticajem<br />recirkulacije na produkciju deponijskog gasa, kako bi se omogućila<br />bolja upravljivost i predikcija čitavog procesa upravljanja otpadom<br />sa ciljem održanja stabilne proizvodnje deponijskog gasa i povećanja<br />mogućnosti njegovog iskorišćenja u termo-energetskim postrojenjima.</p> / <p>Landfill gas resulting from the anaerobic processes in the waste at the landfill<br />can be used as a renewable energy source, reducing both air<br />pollution. Treatment of leachate in modern plants for the purification using<br />reverse osmosis gives unwanted residue - concentrate, which is typically<br />recirculated back to the landfill as a form of its treatment. This thesis deals<br />with the influence of recirculation in the production of landfill gas, to allow for<br />better handling and prediction of entire process of waste management in<br />order to maintain stable production of landfill gas and increasing<br />opportunities for its utilization in thermal and power plants.</p>

In this study the use of available agro-industrial and forest residues, in Alagoas, were evaluated for use in ceramic furnaces to energy generation. At first, a survey of various types of biomass in Brazil and in Alagoas was made, followed by a investigation of the main permanent and temporary crops that could generate agro-industrial residues. Later, studies of the forms of use of agro-industrial residues as well as a quantitative assessment and energy that can be generated from the agro-industrial residues from major crops of Alagoas were conducted. The main agro-industrial residues next to the bigger five ceramics, located in adjacent municipalities of Alagoas were characterized in terms of physical-chemical parameters, comparing energy demands with their possible use in furnaces. The process of manufacturing of briquettes was also subject to a case study involving such a process on laboratory scale. The economic evaluation of the use of agro-industrial residues considering the preparation, transportation and energy consumption in furnaces and one simulation, considering various scenarios for the use of agro-industrial residues, with reference to a ceramic Arapiraca were made. In addition, the case of utilization of eucalyptus wood for energy generation was assessed using economic and financial study, simulating the culture of this crop in a rural settlement. The various aspects investigated here showed that the agro-industrial residues from the processing of agricultural production in the State of Alagoas could be used in ceramic and can completely replace the fuel currently used in furnaces, for one ceramic located in the Arapiraca region, where these kind of residues are available. In the case of ceramics located in regions where the availability of agro-industrial residues is limited, an alternative of renewable fuel, would be the culture of energy forests with native or exotic species, such as the eucalyptus. / Nesse estudo foi avaliada a utilização de resíduos agroindustriais e florestais do Estado de Alagoas, para utilização em fornos cerâmicos para geração de energia. Inicialmente, foi realizado um levantamento dos diversos tipos de biomassa existentes no Brasil e em Alagoas, seguido de um levantamento das principais culturas agrícolas permanentes e temporárias que poderiam gerar resíduos agroindustriais. Após, foram efetuados estudos das formas de utilização dos resíduos agroindustriais assim como uma avaliação quantitativa e da energia que pode ser gerada, a partir dos resíduos agroindustriais provenientes das principais culturas agrícolas de Alagoas. Os principais resíduos agroindustriais dos municípios limítrofes as cinco principais cerâmicas de Alagoas foram caracterizados, do ponto de vista físico-químico, comparando-se demandas energéticas com a possível utilização desses em fornos ou fornalhas. O processo de fabricação de briquetes também foi alvo de um estudo de caso envolvendo tal processo em escala laboratorial. A avaliação econômica do aproveitamento dos resíduos agroindustriais considerando a preparação, o transporte e o consumo energético em fornalhas e fornos cerâmicos foi alvo de investigação e uma simulação, considerando vários cenários para o aproveitamento de resíduos agroindustriais, tomando como referência uma cerâmica em Arapiraca. Complementarmente, a hipótese de utilização da lenha de eucalipto para a geração de energia foi avaliada através de estudo econômico e financeiro, simulando o plantio dessa cultura em um assentamento rural. Os vários aspectos aqui investigados apontaram que os resíduos agroindustriais provenientes do beneficiamento da produção agrícola do Estado de Alagoas poderiam ser usados nos fornos cerâmicos sem processamento ou adensados e poderiam substituir totalmente os combustíveis atualmente utilizados nos fornos ou fornalhas, de cerâmicas localizadas na região de Arapiraca, privilegiada nesses tipos de resíduos, pela alta produção agrícola. No caso de cerâmicas, localizadas em regiões onde exista pouca disponibilidade de resíduos agroindustriais, uma alternativa em termos de combustível renovável, seria o plantio de florestas energéticas com espécies nativas ou exóticas como, por exemplo, o eucalipto.

The diploma thesis deals with computer simulation of processes in the field of energy utilization of waste and biomass. The first part contains description of energy utilization from waste and biomass and fundamental devices of energy systems. There is also described methodology of modeling and techniques used for processes simulation. The next part is focused on mathematical models explanation of processes with constant and variable efficiency. In practical work are compared results from individual considered mathematical models with real data which were obtained from the real operation of waste energy plant. With use of gained mathematical models is considered model situation of cogeneration in the device of biomass and coal co-firing. At the end of this work is suggested implementation of created mathematical models into simulation program W2E.

This master thesis deals with the current situation of medical waste management in the Czech Republic and available medical waste treatment methods. The first part summarises the legislation of waste treatment and contains an analysis of the current situation of medical waste management in the Czech Republic and comparison to the situation in the European Union. The second part describes medical waste treatment methods and following technologies for energy utilization when thermal treatment method is applied. In the main part of this thesis, a complex medical waste-to-energy system in a model region is designed according to the input data. The design includes description of the collecting and transportation system of the waste, capacity of the unit and suitable thermal treatment and heat utilization technology choice. A calculation model is created for the proposed unit and based on this model, an analysis on energy utilization effectivity is made. As a result of the thesis, environmental, technical and economical assessment is created based on the estimation of the investment and operating costs.

This master thesis deals with the current situation of waste management of material usable municipal waste with focus on various fractions of plastics. The theoretical part summarises the legislation of waste treatment, also contains an analysis of the current situation of waste management in the Czech Republic and comparison the situation in the European Union. In the next part of thesis are described basic fractions of plastics and their properties. There are mentioned the current problems with plastics processing and the risks of leakage to the environment. Furthermore, a complex chain of plastic waste reprocessing is described, since the inception of plastics waste to the manufacture of products made from recycled plastics. The most attention is paid to the discription of recycling plant, where the output material from sorting lines is reprocessed into a secondary material in the form of flakes or granules. Also this part is focused on the technology of recycling line and the individual devices are described. In the practical part of the thesis is created techno-economic model of recycling line with the aim of its use for balance calculations of recycling and also economic evaluation. As a part of the model was made a market research of secondary raw materials with a focus on price development. Subsequetly, sensitivity analyzes of selected parameters are applied to the model and the impact of scenarios on the economic results are evaluated.

The building sector is one of the sectors with the highest energy utilization and is one of the largest sources of CO2 emissions worldwide. At the same time, energy prices in Europe have significantly increased in recent years. For these two reasons, energy efficiency in buildings has become highly relevant for public and private organizations aiming to reduce energy consumption for the operation of buildings and therebyd ecrease their carbon footprint and operation costs for users and owners. This master’s thesis aims to identify areas of opportunity for energy utilization reduction and the implementation of energy efficiency strategies in four buildings of the KTH Campus, owned by Akademiska Hus. First, an energy data analysis of the last years of the operation of the buildings was conducted to identify trends and atypical energy uses. Next, energy audits were performed on the most important energy-consuming equipment and major building facilities to understand the operation conditions and characteristics of electrical, heating, and cooling systems, aiming to identify areas of opportunity for reducing energy use from current operation of the buildings. Subsequently, after understanding the energy use in the four buildings, models of the buildings were created in IDA ICE. The approach involved two steps: first, modeling the buildings’ geometry and adapting their energy consumption to match the patterns identified in the previous data analysis; and secondly, modeling the implementation of energy efficiency strategies on the buildings that aim to improve the findings of the data analysis and energy audits performed previously. These energy efficient models were subjected to energy performance analysis, economic analysis, investment feasibility analysis, among others. The results obtained from the models with energy efficiency strategies showed energy and economic savings that varied from building to building through the automation of lighting systems in the buildings, with an average return on investment of 2.5 years. Likewise, significant savings were achieved by reducing the heating setpoint during nights, causing the district heating usage to differ from the daytime demand, resulting in savings between 5 % and 8 % of the total annual energy use in the buildings, without any required investment. Additionally, the implementation of renewable energy solutions was studied by modeling the use of solar panels in the buildings, leading to a reduction in electrical grid demand between 20 % and 48 %, depending on the available area for the panels, with an average return on investment of 5.5 years. Other strategies were also studied and discussed in this report. In conclusion, this study provides evidence of the energy, economic, and environmental feasibility of different energy efficiency strategies that can be implemented in the buildings of the KTH campus. These strategies contribute to achieving the environmental objectives of Akademiska Hus and KTH. / Byggnadssektorn är en av de sektorer som har högst energianvändning och är en av de största källorna till utsläpp globalt. Samtidigt har energipriserna i Europa ökat avsevärt de senaste åren. Av dessa två skäl har energieffektivitet i byggnader blivit mycket relevant för offentliga och privata organisationer som strävar efter att minska energiförbrukningen för byggnaders drift och därigenom minska deras koldioxidavtryck och driftskostnader för användare och ägare. Denna master avhandlingsyftar till att identifiera möjlighetsområden för minskning av energianvändning samt implementering av energieffektivitetsstrategier i fyra byggnader på KTH Campus, ägda av Akademiska Hus. Först genomfördes en analys av energidata från de senaste åren av byggnadernas drift för att identifiera trender och otypisk energianvändning. Därefter utfördes energirevisioner av de mest betydande energiförbrukande utrustningarna och huvudsakliga byggnadsanläggningarna för att förstå driftsförhållandena och egenskaperna hos elektriska, uppvärmnings- och kylsystem. Syftet var att identifiera möjlighetsområden för att minska energianvändningen från nuvarande drift av byggnaderna. Efter att ha förstått energianvändningen i de fyra byggnaderna skapades modeller av byggnaderna i IDA ICE. Tillvägagångssättet innefattade två steg: först att modellera byggnadernas geometri och anpassa deras energiförbrukning för att matcha de mönster som identifierades i den tidigare dataanalysen. Sedan modellering av implementeringen av energieffektivitetsstrategier på byggnaderna, som syftar till att förbättra resultaten av den tidigare utförda dataanalysen och energirevisionerna. Dessa energieffektiva modeller underkastades analys av energiprestanda, ekonomisk analys, investeringsmöjlighetsanalys, bland andra. Resultaten som erhölls från modellerna med energieffektivitetsstrategier visade på energi- och ekonomiska besparingar som varierade från byggnad till byggnad genom automatisering av belysningssystemen i byggnaderna, med en genomsnittlig avkastning på investeringen på 2.5 år. På samma sätt uppnåddes betydande besparingar genom att sänka uppvärmningsinställningen under nätterna, vilket fick fjärrvärmeförbrukningen att skilja sig från dagtidens efterfrågan och resulterade i besparingar mellan 5 % och 8 % av den totala årliga energianvändningen i byggnaderna, utan någon nödvändig investering. Dessutom studerades implementeringen av förnybara energilösningar genom modellering av användningen av solpaneler i byggnaderna, vilket ledde till en minskning av elnätets efterfrågan med mellan 20 % och 48 %, beroende på tillgänglig yta för panelerna, med en genomsnittlig avkastning på investeringen på 5.5 år. Andra strategier studerades också och diskuterades i denna rapport. Sammanfattningsvis ger denna studie bevis på energi-, ekonomi- och miljömässig genomförbarhet av olika energieffektivitetsstrategier som kan implementeras i byggnaderna på KTH Campus. Dessa strategier bidrar till att uppnå miljömålen för Akademiska Hus och KTH.

Today, energy efficiency is an increasingly important question in which progress is accelerating. One of the high electricity demand energy users is public transport. In addition, passenger satisfaction with thermal comfort is an important parameter. Consequently, it is essential to consider thermal comfort in combination with the energy-saving measures of thermal-related functions. Unfortunately, there have not been a lot of investigations into improving the energy efficiency of the thermal-related functions on commuter trains, where most of the focus has been on traction energy. The first part consisted of a literature study to explore thermal-related functions, energy saving, and thermal comfort of commuter trains. At least three articles have utilized the methodology of evaluating energy measures in IDA ICE; however, none of them has considered door openings that are frequent on commuter trains. The literature study concluded which efficiency measures can be applicable for short-haul distance trains and typical approaches to evaluating thermal comfort. A commuter train is a complex and transient thermal environment, with passengers entering and leaving the train in short intervals, airflows, temperature fluctuations, and the train's movement. Simplifications of the model were made to simulate the average ambient conditions. To validate and adapt the IDA ICE model, experimental measurements were done during the winter season using a thermal camera, air speed, and temperature measurements. The model was validated through experimental measurements and data analysis. In addition, data analysis was used for evaluating some of the energy measures through available live and history-data of the train fleet. The energy efficiency measures, which are quantifiable, have been quantified using the simulation model in combination with the data-analysis. Three categories of energy-saving measures are proposed: easily implementable, medium, and measures that require physical changes of the train components. Parking mode has a lot of saving potential of 34 % of annual energy compared to baseline. With a reversible heat pump of 11 kW, heating energy saving of 43 %, and 40 % energy coverage could be obtained, with the potential for up to 100 % energy coverage but being in the category of hard to implement. Door opening reduction with a potential saving of 11 000 kWh per train in annual energy, as compared to the baseline simulated model, being in the category of easy to implement. Balancing temperature heating shutdown could save between 3 100 to 9 500 kWh per train. A setpoint temperature of 18°C could save 16.5 %, and a variable temperature setpoint curve was proposed with similar savings. Ventilation control was among those measures with the highest potential; recirculation, CO2 and temperature-controlled ventilation heating energy saving of 31 % was simulated. Thermal comfort was improved in the measures affecting thermal conditions. With a setpoint temperature of 18°C during winter and based on clothing values derived from the literature study, an improvement of thermal comfort was observed in the PMV scale for thermal comfort. With combined energy efficiency measures, the simulation results showed a reduction of heating energy of 59 %, and in addition the fan power consumption could be reduced in magnitude of up to 12 000 kWh per train and year. Finally, further suggestions on research within the area were proposed, mainly to make more long-time measurements and to improve the possibility of energy follow-up by improving the data channels and available information. / Idag är energieffektivitet en viktigare fråga där framstegen har accelererat. En av energiförbrukarna med hög efterfrågan på elektricitet är kollektivtrafiken. Passagerarnas tillfredsställelse av termisk komfort är en viktigt parameter. Följaktligen är det viktigt att analysera termisk komfort i kombination med energibesparingsåtgärder. Det har inte gjorts mycket tidigare forskning inom att förbättra energieffektivitet inom termiska funktionerna på pendeltåg i Sverige, främst har fokus varit på energi för framförandet av fordonen. Den första delen av projektet bestod av en litteraturstudie för att få en uppfattning av vilka typer av energibesparingsåtgärder som är lämpliga för kortdistanståg som också skiljer sig mycket från långdistanståg. Tre artiklar hittades som har använt IDA ICE för att utvärdera energiåtgärder på tåg, men ingen av dem har tagit hänsyn till dörräppningar som är väldigt frekventa på pendeltåg. Flera metoder undersöktes för att bedöma termisk komfort och för att bygga upp en modell och validera den.  Ett pendeltåf är en komplex och transient termisk miljö, där passagerarna går in och lämnar tåget i relativt korta tidsintervall jämfört med långdistanståg. Men det ansågs fortfarande tillräckligt långa tidsintervall för att kunna använda PMV för att bedöma termisk komfort. Jämfört med en byggnad, så sker det stora temperatur-fluktuationer, variationer i antal passagerare, och en kontinuerlig förflyttning av tåget med nya omgivningsförhållanden. För att validera och anpassa IDA ICE-modellen gjordes experimentiella mätningar under vintersäsongen med hjälp av värmekamera, lufthastighetsmätning och temperaturmätning. Modellen kunde valideras med till exempel yttertemperaturer, energisignatur från dataanalys, och hur långt tid det tar för modellen att tappa temperaturen jämfördes med ett liknande tåg, X61. Dessutom användes dataanalys för att utvärdera några av energiåtgärderna. Energieffektivitetsåtgärdena som är kvantifierbara, har simulerats för hur mycket energibesparingspotential som finns.  Tre kategorier av energibesparingsåtgärder föreslås, lätt genomförbara, medelsvåra, och svåra där fysiska förändringar av tågkomponenterna krävs. Parkeringsläge har stor energibesparingspotential på 34% av den årliga uppvärmningsenergin jämfört med bas-scenariot. Reversibel värmepump på 11 kW, har värmeenergibesparingspotential på 43% och 40% enegitäckning, med stor potential för upp till 100% energitäckning, men i kategorin svår att implementera. Manuellt öppningsbara dörrar på vintern har besparingspotential i värmeenergi på 11 000kWh per tåg, jämfört med bas-scenariot. Balanstemperatur har besparingspotential på 3100 till 9500 kWh per tåg. Börvärdetemperatur på 18 °C jämfört med 20°C kan spara 16.5% värmeenergi, samt så föreslogs en variabel temperaturkurva. Med en börvärdetemperatur på 18°C under vintern, baserat på bärden av isolering av kläder från litteraturstudien, observerades en föbättring av termiska komforten i PMV-skalan för termisk komfort. Med kombinerade energieffektivitetsåtgärder visade simuleringsresultaten en minskning av värmeenergi med 59%, och dessutom kunde fläktarnas energianvändning minskas i storleksordning om upp till 12 000 kWh per tåg och år.  Slutligen föreslogs ytterligare förslag på forskning inom området, främst att göra fler långtidsmätningar och förbättra möjligheten till energiuppföljning genom att förbättra datakanalerna och tillgänglig information.

近年來，隨著能源價格不斷飆漲以及溫室氣體大量排放造成的氣候異常變化，引起世界各國對於提高能源使用效率與加強溫室氣體排放管制的重視。溫室氣體大多由化石燃料燃燒所產生。因此，一般被視為能耗較高的發電、鋼鐵、水泥以及石化等產業，遂成為眾所矚目而被要求加強溫室氣體排放管制的主要產業。未來的產業發展規劃，必需兼顧經濟與環保，否則必將被世界潮流所淹沒。 因應全球溫室氣體排放管制趨勢，就台灣經濟發展面、財政建設面、環境永續經營面等層面考量分析，現階段石化產業之發展應對產業競爭力及環境保護做更多且更審慎的考量。於產業競爭力部分，建議中油開放民營，並運用部份釋股取得的資金，一方面引進先進的製程技術及進行設備更新，提升企業競爭力；另一方面整合國內仰賴台灣中油公司供料且在各產品領域擁有數十年營運經驗的中下游業者，建構泛中油體系的石化經營團隊。如此泛中油體系與國內另一石化產品鏈已相當完整的台塑體系，形成兩大石化體系，互為良性競爭。於環境保護方面，則建議我國應終止國光石化投資案，降低溫室氣體排放量，並藉提升廠商製程效率減少能耗，如此將使經濟發展及環境保護得以兼顧，亦達成原興建國光計畫之目的。 而未來台灣石化產業發展策略，技術發展需長期向下扎根，產品則朝高值化、精緻化發展，開發低能耗、低污染之替代能源，提升產品的附加價值，並將大宗石化耗能的產品移往海外能源低廉的地區，持續提升產業競爭力，並達成溫室氣體減少排放為目標。如是，台灣在環境保護日益重視之趨勢下，石化產業也得以永續發展。 / The high energy cost and the unusual climate change due to increasing green house gases（GHG）emission in recent years have attracted the global attentions and called for improvement of energy utilization efficiency and enhancement of GHG emission control. GHG are mostly produced by the combustion of fossil fuels. And the higher energy consumption industries such as power generation, steel, cement and petrochemical industries are thus strongly requested to reduce GHG emission. Economic development and environmental protection both are needed to be equally evaluated in the planning of future industry development. Taking petrochemical industry as an example, many of its mid-stream and down-stream products have become an unseparable part and of our daily life. In Taiwan, it has been over half century since the establishment of petrochemical industry, and now become top 10 petrochemical production countries in the world. The production value of petrochemical-related industries are very close to 4 trillion NT dollars, about 30% of total production value of domestic manufacturing sectors. Petrochemical industry and electronic industry are the two strong arms in supporting national economic growth. As a very important industry in Taiwan, however, the intensity of its GHG emission is only next to steel industry. The significant technology improvement in petrochemical industry has been achieved since the installation of the existing refinery, naphtha crackers and many petrochemical mid-stream production plants in Taiwan. It is well recognized that the GHG emission will be greatly reduced if the advanced technologies are introduced and the old facilities are revamped. Therefore, the writer would like to address a different approach toward KuoKuang Petrochemical Project which the government is giving an impetus to its execution. Here the writer would propose Taiwan CPC company, the state-owned petroleum company and the leader of Kuokuang Petrochemical Project, to become privatized after asset re-evaluation and collect some government capital from privatization through issuance of part of its shares to the open market. The capital thus collected can be used for enterprise reform. The important items of the enterprise reform include but not limited to introduction of the advanced technologies, revamping of existing facilities and establishment of a new well-integrated petrochemical conglomerate through mutual investment between Taiwan CPC and the mid-stream companies that rely raw material supplies from Taiwan CPC. From viewpoints of both economy and environment, government policy of implementation of KuoKuang Petrochemical Project is worthy for reconsideration. Formation of a CPC-lead petrochemical conglomerate would also benefit the current petrochemical companies that rely on raw material supplies from Taiwan CPC as their operation efficiencies would improved from business intergration. The newly formed conglomerate would be more powerful in further business development and more competitive in world market. They would have more resources to explore their potential in advanced technology development, in new business fields such as biomass energy, solar energy and so on. The CPC-lead petrochemical conglomerate would be able to enchance its competitiveness to another domestic petrochemical giant, Taiwan Formosa Group, and other petrochemical giants in the global market.

This Master Thesis is the research done in the country of Rwanda. The project leads to study the climate of this country in order to establish whether this climate could be used to produce energy from air and to implement the first wind turbine for serving the nation.   After an introduction about the historical background of wind power, the thesis work deals with assessment of wind energy potential of Rwanda in focusing of the most suitable place for wind power plants. The best location with annual mean wind speed, the rate of use of turbine with hub height for an annual production per year, the mean wind speeds for 6 sites of Rwanda based on ECMWF for climatic data for one year at relief of altitude of 100m and coordinates are reported too.   The result of energy produced and calculations were done based on power hitting wind turbine generator in order to calculate Kinetic energy and power available at the best location to the measurement over the period of 12 months, that could be hoped for long term.   With help of logarithmic law, where wind speed usually increases with increasing in elevation and the desired wind speeds at all 6 sites were used. The annual energy production was taken into account at the best site with desired wind speed at the initial cost of turbine as well as the cost of energy (COE).However, with comparison of the tariff of EWSA, the price of Wind designed in this Research per kWh is cheaper and suitable for people of Rwanda. / <p><em>Rwanda has considerable opportunities development energy from hydro sources, methane gas, solar and peat deposits. Most of these energy sources have not been fully exploited, such as solar, wind and geothermal. As such wood is still being the major source of energy for 94 per cent of the population and imported petroleum products consume more than 40 per cent of foreign exchange. Energy is a key component of the Rwandan economy. It is thus recognized that the current inadequate and expensive energy supply constitutes a limiting factor to sustainable development. Rwanda’s Vision 2020 emphasizes the need for economic growth, private investment and economic transformation supported by a reliable and affordable energy supply as a key factor for the development process. To achieve this transformation, the country will need to increase energy production and diversify into alternative energy sources. Rwandan nations don’t have small-scale solar, wind, and geothermal devices in operation providing energy to urban and rural areas. These types of energy production are especially useful in remote locations because of the excessive cost of transporting electricity from large-scale power plants. The application of renewable energy technology has the potential to alleviate many of the problems that face the people of Rwanda every day, especially if done so in a sustainable manner that prioritizes human rights.</em></p>