Acompanha produto: Ensino de ciências... / A Educação Ambiental é fundamental para criar um novo modelo de comportamento humano em relação ao ambiente e à natureza e a escola poderá ser o ambiente ideal para promover esta Educação. Embora muitas escolas tratem deste tema através de diversos projetos, nem sempre conseguem alcançar os objetivos pretendidos. A importância da Educação Ambiental para o desenvolvimento sustentável e o papel do engenheiro como agente transformador do meio foi determinante para que o Conselho Nacional de Educação através da resolução CNE/CES 11, de 11 de março de 2002, que institui as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de Graduação em Engenharia em seu Art. 6º, § 1º, incluísse a disciplina de Ciências do Ambiente no núcleo de conteúdos básicos dos cursos de Engenharia. Porém, como nos demais níveis de educação formal, nem sempre o resultado atende à proposta da disciplina e ao projeto pedagógico do curso. Com o propósito de contribuir para a mudança desta realidade, foi realizada esta pesquisa. Este estudo parte de uma pesquisa qualitativa que utilizou análise documental do projeto pedagógico do curso de bacharelado em Engenharia Elétrica na UTFPR, campus Curitiba. A análise concentrou-se nos objetivos do curso, competências, atitudes e habilidades e perfil profissional do egresso e nas ementas das disciplinas de Ciências Ambientais que compõem a grade curricular. A partir desta identificação definiram-se os assuntos propostos para a reformulação da ementa e do conteúdo programático da disciplina de Ciências do Ambiente, que constitui o objetivo desta pesquisa e o produto desta dissertação. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo com base nos seguintes aspectos: Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de Graduação em Engenharia, A Educação Ambiental no contexto universitário e as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação Ambiental – DCNEA, no ensino superior. Dentre os principais resultados deste estudo pode-se inferir que a reformulação da ementa e dos conteúdos programáticos da disciplina de Ciências do Ambiente presente na grade curricular do projeto pedagógico do curso (PPC), pode contribuir com a ambientalização curricular e com a sensibilização do futuro profissional de engenharia elétrica para a responsabilidade socioambiental. / Environmental Education is fundamental to create a new model of human behavior regarding to the environment and nature and school could be the ideal environment to promote this education. Although many schools address this issue through a variety of projects, they are not always able to achieve their intended goals. The importance of Environmental Education for sustainable development and the role of the engineer as a transforming agent of the environment was decisive for the National Education Council, through resolution CNE/CES 11 of March 11, 2002, that establishes National Curricular Guidelines for the Engineering Graduate Course in its Art. 6º, § 1º, to include the course of Environmental Sciences in the nucleus of basic contents of the engineering graduate courses. However, as in the other levels of formal education, the result does not always meet the course proposal and the pedagogical program of the course. In order to contribute to the change of this reality, this research was carried out. This study is based on a qualitative research that used a documentary analysis of the pedagogical program of the bachelor's degree course in Electrical Engineering at UTFPR, campus Curitiba. The analysis focused on the objectives of the course, competencies, attitudes and abilities and professional profile of the egress student and in the programs of the Environmental Sciences courses that compose the curricular grid. From this identification were defined the proposed subjects for the reformulation of the programs of the course of Environmental Sciences, which is the product of this dissertation. The collected data were submitted to content analysis that was based on the following aspects: National Curricular Guidelines of the Engineering Undergraduate Courses, Environmental Education inside the university context and the National Curricular Guidelines for Environmental Education - NCGEE, in higher education. Among the main results of this study it can be inferred that the reformulation of the program and the contents of the Environmental Sciences course present in the curricular grid of the pedagogical project of the course (PPC), can contribute to the curricular environmentalization and the sensitization of the future electrical engineering professional to the socioenvironmental responsibility.

No description available.

Submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Durban University of Technology. Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Insolvency may be broadly defined as an inability of business entity to meet pending financial commitments. For a construction firm, such a situation creates conditions whereby a business entity is unable to fulfill its contractual obligations with regard to work in progress or creditors owing. There are indications to suggest that during periods of adverse conditions the occurrences of insolvencies are mutually exclusive and remain a subject of debate. The occurrence of these financial failures adversely affect business concerns operating within the civil engineering construction industry. In South Africa, figures released by the South African Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors (SAFCEC) in 1992 suggested an expected general decline in workload handled by this sector. This was a result of scaling down of heavy infrastructure projects because of government shifting focus to housing and other related projects mainly towards meeting the needs of the previously disadvantaged communities. During that period large contractors suffered financially and some went through insolvency. The government had also put emphasis on transformation of the sector to allow participation of emerging and small contractors, but this was not properly regulated, so most of these contractors did not have the experience and skills to operate sustainable construction firms. The Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) was established in 2000 as a statutory body to provide leadership to stakeholders and to stimulate sustainable growth, reform and improvement of the construction public sector for effective delivery and the industry’s enhanced role in the country’s economy. The CIDB’s regulations were implemented after 2003 and are continuously improving the construction public sector’s growth. This research study investigated and evaluated the factors associated with insolvencies amongst civil engineering contractors in KwaZulu-Natal. The study investigated the hypotheses that “the prominent factors associated with civil engineering contractors insolvencies are related to managerial/operational issues”, the prominent factors associated with civil engineering contractors insolvencies are related to financial issues”, “South African government initiatives create an environment for small to medium contractors to develop through their implementation”, and good management and operation of small to medium construction companies reduce insolvency in construction”. Operational management and strategic factors were found to be amongst the leading causes of companies failures. The study also made some recommendations from the research findings. The findings are relevant to the South African government infrastructure service delivery programs and the general issue of affordable infrastructure services. / M

The purpose of this research was to develop a questionnaire to be used to identify barriers and facilitators to women faculty in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) academics. The phenomenon known as the leaky pipeline, a theoretical model describing why women are underrepresented in STEM disciplines, was examined. Women have long been underrepresented in STEM professions despite an increase in the number of women earning STEM degrees, suggesting women are faced with barriers that prevent them from achieving equal representation with men. The literature has identified several potential barriers, both historical and new, such as biological inequalities, family responsibilities, commitment differences, competitive differences, gender stereotypes and implicit biases, work environments, and job preference. Major facilitators included mentors and specific policy/program implementation. Barriers and facilitators to faculty members at Western Kentucky University will be identified objectively through the use of this questionnaire in a future study.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Consulting engineers in South Africa are currently faced with numerous trends that have a negative impact on their business. The volatility of world and especially SA markets have caused investors to adopt a "wait and see" approach as to investing in large developments. The result was that private sector developments were lagging behind and forced consulting engineers to compete for the available work and inevitably suffer from reduced turnover. A further trend, and maybe more serious one for some traditional consulting engineers, was the change in focus by the newly elected Government in the mid nineties. With the focus on social and upliftment issues, government funds were allocated to new infrastructure developments associated with these issues. This caused a radical reduction of funds allocated to traditional areas like roads and bridges, an area where traditional consultants were predominantly positioned. Government also introduced various other policies, like allocating work to affirmative business enterprises, in order to level the playing fields. This, combined with the reduced available funds, compounded the situation for traditional consulting engineers. The above situation created many challenges for consulting engineers, of which the most important one is that of securing work for the future and competing for the reduced amount of available work. This brought to the fore the issue of marketing, an area that was not previously given too much attention. Market orientation is therefore proposed in this study as a solution to the problems faced by consultants. This study will examine the present situation, provide a literature background to marketing orientation, consider the relevance of market orientation to the consulting engineering industry, and then finally if it is accepted that market orientation is relevant, propose a model that could be used in addressing the situation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Raadgewende ingenieurs word tans aan verskeie tendense blootgestel wat 'n negatiewe uitwerking op hul besigheid het. Die onbestendigheid in wêreld markte, en spesifiek die Suid Arikaanse mark, het veroorsaak dat beleggers 'n "wag en kyk" benadering begin volg het met betrekking tot grootskaalse ontwikkelings. Die resultaat hiervan was dat privaatsektor ontwikkelings tot 'n groot mate afgeplat het en raadgewende ingenieurs gedwing is om mee te ding vir die beskikbare werk en onvermydelik gebukkend te gaan onder verlaagde omset. 'n Verdere tendens, en moontlik meer ernstige een vir sekere raadgewende ingenieurs, was die verandering in fokus deur die nuut verkose Regering gedurende die middel negentien negentigs. Met die nuwe fokus op sosiale aangeleenthede en opheffing van agtergeblewe gemeenskappe, word regerings fondse hoofsaaklik toegewys aan nuwe infrastruktuur onwikkelings wat verband hou met die nuwe fokus. Dit het 'n radikale verlaging in beskikbare fondse veroorsaak wat tradisioneel aan areas soos paaie en bruê toegewys was, 'n area waarin raadgewende ingenieurs oorwegend gepositioneer was. Die Regering het ook verskeie ander beleidsmaatreëls ingestel, soos die toekenning van werk aan regstellende besighede, ten einde die speelveld gelyk te maak. Dit, gepaardgaande met die verlaagde beskikbare fondse, het die situasie verder vererger vir tradisionele raadgewende ingenieurs. Bogenoemde omstandighede het baie uitdagings aan raadgewende ingenieurs gestel, waarvan die belangrikste waarskynlik die sekerheid aangaande toekomstige werk en die gepaardgaande mededinging ten opsigte van die verminderde hoeveelheid beskikbare werk. Hierdie omstandighede het die bemarkings-kwessie na vore gebring, 'n area waaraan nie veel aandag in die verlede gegee is nie. Mark oriëntasie word gevolglik voorgestel in hierdie studie as 'n oplossing vir die probleme waarmee konsultante gekonfronteer word. Hierdie studie sal die huidige situasie waarin raadgewende ingenieurs hul bevind ondersoek, 'n agtergrond van mark oriëntasieliteratuur verskaf, die relevansie van mark oriëntasie vir die raadgewende ingerneurs bedryf ondersoek en dan laastens, indien dit aanvaar word dat mark oriëntasie relevant is, 'n model voor te stel wat gebruik kan word om die situasie aan te spreek.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The development of mass housing is an excellent example of multi-disciplinary projects. Several housing projects have been unsuccessful due to a misunderstanding of the necessary collaboration and buy-in that are required from all parties concerned. The focus of this study is to identify the required skill sets and responsibilities of the Housing Project Manager in the Housing environment, and in turn, will support the development of the foundation of the civil engineering postgraduate curricula. Civil engineers are educated with a strong focus on technical subjects, but not much attention is paid to many of the less technical aspects as found in housing projects. Furthermore, the multi-disciplinary aspects of large projects do not receive sufficient attention in either the undergraduate or postgraduate curricula. Considering that many civil engineers become actively involved as managers of housing projects, this paper will present an investigation into the requirements of the curricula of a postgraduate qualification for civil engineers towards becoming managers in housing projects. The investigation will include aspects of multi-disciplinary coordination, the less technical aspects of housing development, but will not exclude a comprehension of technical involvement. In order to identify these skill sets and responsibilities several approaches were adopted. The approaches adopted in this dissertation include: (i) a comprehensive literature study regarding the housing environment and the position of the housing project manager, (ii) a review of several housing case studies with project management related problems, (iii) consulting with several housing management professionals from different sectors in the housing industry, and (iv) a review of existing formulations of the role and responsibilities of the housing project manager. The findings from this study provide evidence that civil engineers operating in the housing environment as project managers require additional education, due to the multi-disciplinary nature of housing projects. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that educating civil engineers towards the management of housing projects would contribute significantly to the housing environment through increasing productivity and quality, and can contribute to meet the housing targets of the government. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwikkeling van massa behuising is 'n uitstekende voorbeeld van multidissiplinêre projekte. Verskeie behuisingsprojekte was al onsuksesvol as gevolg van 'n misverstand oor die nodige samewerking en bydraes wat vereis word van alle betrokke partye. Die fokus van hierdie studie is om die vaardighede en verantwoordelikhede van die behuisingsprojekbestuurder in die behuisingsomgewing te identifiseer. Hierdie kennis ondersteun die ontwikkeling van ʼn raamwerk vir ʼn nagraadse kurrikulum in behuisingsbestuur. Siviele ingenieurs is opgelei met 'n sterk fokus op tegniese vaardighede, maar relatief min aandag word geskenk aan minder tegniese aspekte soos gevind word in behuisingsprojekte. Verder, multidissiplinêre bestuursaspekte van groot projekte ontvang nie voldoende aandag in óf die voorgraadse óf nagraadse kurrikula nie. Wetende dat baie siviele ingenieurs aktief betrokke raak as bestuurders van behuisingsprojekte, ondersoek hierdie studie ʼn raamwerk vir ʼn nagraadse kwalifikasie vir siviele ingenieurs as bestuurders van behuisingsprojekte. Die ondersoek sluit in aspekte van die multidissiplinêre koördinasie asook minder tegniese aspekte van behuisingsontwikkeling, maar dit sluit nie 'n begrip van die tegniese betrokkenheid uit nie. Verskeie benaderings is toegepas om die vaardighede en verantwoordelikhede van behuisingsbestuurders te identifiseer. Die benaderings sluit in: (i) 'n omvattende literatuurstudie ten opsigte van behuising en die posisie van die behuisings-projekbestuurder, (ii) 'n oorsig van verskeie behuisings- gevallestudies met projekbestuur verwante probleme, (iii) raadpleging met verskeie professionele rolspelers van verskillende sektore in die behuisingbestuur omgewing, en (iv) 'n hersiening van bestaande beskrywings van die rol en verantwoordelikhede van die behuisings-projekbestuurder. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie verskaf bewyse dat siviele ingenieurs wat in die behuisingsbedryf as projekbestuurders optree, bykomende opleiding benodig as gevolg van die multidissiplinêre aard van projekte. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking van hierdie studie is dat die opleiding van siviele ingenieurs in die bestuur van behuisingsprojekte ʼn aansienlike bydrae kan lewer tot behuising deur produktiwiteit en kwaliteit te verhoog. Dit kan bydra tot die bereiking van die regering se behuisingsdoelwitte.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Systems engineering is a vital element of systems acquisition, and yet, as a result of previous Department of Defense (DoD) and United States Air Force (USAF) policies and practices, many government systems engineers today lack the systems engineering/management skills required to successfully execute national security space programs. The purpose of this thesis is to study and understand common issues that have impacted the ability of the USAF to cost-effectively acquire satellite systems. The research performed here involves an analysis of the differences between the traditional DoD systems acquisition and the national security space systems acquisition processes and an investigation of previous national efforts to improve these processes. The analysis results, together with the findings from a review of successful and struggling space programs, are then used to discover trends that aid in the formulation of the recommendations in this thesis. Specifically, to improve USAF systems engineering management skills and thereby improve the national security space systems acquisition process, the role of the government systems engineer should be defined as one of risk management, and the government systems engineers should be trained, equipped, and tracked in order to efficiently perform systems engineering in support of the space systems acquisition process. Finally, the research findings will provide a foundation for future researchers to expand upon the recommendations and make steady progress toward improving DoD and USAF space systems engineering expertise. / Outstanding Thesis

Stability of coastal systems are threatened by oceanic and atmospheric drivers of climate change. Sea-level rise compounded with increased frequency and intensity of storms emphasizes need for protection of inner island systems by dune formations. Dune building processes are affected by interactions between growth of ecosystem engineering dune grasses and environmental factors associated with disturbance such as sand burial and salt spray. Climate change may also cause latitudinal expansion of some species, resulting in emergence of competitive interactions that were previously absent. Topographic structure of coastlines, traditionally influenced by sand burial, could change as a result of competition emergence. My goal was to determine if species functional trait responses to common abiotic factors are altered by novel and current biotic interactions. I performed a multi-factorial greenhouse experiment by planting three common dune grasses (Ammophila breviligulata, Uniola paniculata, and Spartina patens) in different biotic combinations, using sand burial and salt spray as abiotic stressors. I hypothesized that biotic interactions will cause these dune grasses to shift functional trait responses to abiotic factors that are associated with dune building. I found that plants consistently decreased in biomass when buried. I also found that competition between A. breviligulata and U. paniculata negatively affected dune building function traits of A. breviligulata. This indicates that competition with U. paniculata could alter dune structure. In comparison A. breviligulata had a positive interaction with S. patens, which increased functional trait responses to abiotic stress. Last, we found that competitive intransitivity could occur between these species. My results can be used to make predictions on cross-scale consequences of novel competitive events. This experiment also provides evidence that consideration of local biotic interactions is important in understanding connections between plant level dynamics and large-scale landscape patterns in high stress environment.

A Modernização Dirigida a Arquitetura (do inglês - Architecture-Driven Modernization (ADM)) é uma iniciativa do Object Management Group (OMG) no sentido de padronizar os tradicionais processos de reengenharia de software utilizando metamodelos. O metamodelo mais importante da ADM é o Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM), cujo objetivo é representar todos artefatos de um determinado sistema, de forma independente de linguagem e plataforma. Um passo primordial durante processos de modernização de software é a aplicação de refatorações. No entanto, até o presente momento, há carência de abordagens que tratam das questões referentes a refatorações no contexto da ADM, desde a criação até a aplicação das mesmas. Além disso, atualmente, não existe uma forma sistemática e controlada de facilitar o reúso de refatorações que são específicas do KDM. Diante disso, são apresentados uma abordagem para criação e disponibilização de refatorações para o metamodelo KDM e um apoio ferramental que permite aplicá-las em diagramas de classe da UML. A abordagem possui dois passos: (i) o primeiro envolve passos que apoiam o engenheiro de modernização durante a criação de refatorações para o KDM; (ii) o segundo resume-se na especificação das refatorações por meio da criação de instâncias do metamodelo Structured Refactoring Metamodel (SRM) e posterior disponibilização delas em um repositório. O apoio ferramental, denominado KDM-RE, é composto por três plug-ins do Eclipse: (i) o primeiro consiste em um conjunto de Wizards que apoia o engenheiro de software na aplicação das refatorações em diagramas de classe UML; (ii) o segundo consiste em um módulo de propagação de mudanças, permitindo manter modelos internos do KDM sincronizados; (iii) o terceiro fornece apoio à importação e reúso de refatorações disponíveis no repositório. Além disso, o terceiro módulo também contém uma linguagem específica de domínio, a qual é utilizada para auxiliar o engenheiro de software a instanciar o metamodelo SRM. Foi realizado um experimento, buscando reproduzir os cenários em que engenheiros de software realizam refatorações em instâncias do metamodelo KDM. Os resultados mostraram que a abordagem, bem como o apoio ferramental podem trazer benefícios para o engenheiro de software durante a atividade de aplicação de refatorações em sistemas, representados pelo metamodelo KDM. / Architecture Driven Modernization (ADM) is an initiative of the Object Management Group (OMG) whose main purpose is to provide standard metamodels that enable the conduction of modernization activities as reverse engineering and software transformation. In this context, the most important metamodel is the Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM), whose objective is to represent software artifacts in a language- and platform-agnostic fashion. A fundamental step during software modernization is refactoring. However, there is a lack of approaches that address how refactoring can be applied in conjunction with ADM. In addition, few efforts have investigated how refactorings can be reused and systematically applied within the context of KDM representations. We propose an approach for creating and cataloging refactorings tailored to KDM. Our approach is twofold: (i) the first part comprises steps that help the software modernization engineer create KDM-compliant refactorings; (ii) the second part has to do with turning these refactoring descriptions into Structured Refactoring Metamodel (SRM) and making them available to be reused. To automate these activities, we developed a tool that makes it possible to apply refactorings to Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagrams. Our tool, named KDM-RE, comprises three Eclipse plug-ins, which can be briefly described as follows: (i) a set of Wizards aimed at supporting the software modernization engineer during refactoring activities; (ii) a change propagation module that keeps the internal metamodels synchronized; and (iii) a plug-in that supports the selection and reuse of the refactorings available in the repository. Moreover, we developed a domain specific language to minimize the effort required to instantiate SRMs. We carried out an evaluation that simulates how software modernization engineers would go about refactoring KDM instances. Our results would seem to suggest that our approach, when automated by our tool, provides several advantages to software modernization engineers refactoring systems represented by KDMs.

Este trabalho pretende aclarar a participação de engenheiros e artífices alemães, na construção da cidade de São Paulo, entre 1820 e 1860. Para tanto, foram utilizados documentos referentes à imigração e obras públicas, como fontes principais da pesquisa. A imigração de povos germânicos para São Paulo teve três momentos importantes, até meados do século XIX. A primeira entrada de imigrantes alemães ocorreu em 1828 e foi subsidiada pelo governo imperial. Tinha por objetivo colonizar o interior, próximo à capital. A imigração de 1838, organizada por João Bloem e financiada pelo governo provincial, tinha o intuito de trazer artífices para construção de estradas e para trabalhar na siderúrgica de Ipanema, em Araçoiaba da Serra. Naquela ocasião, pretendeu-se montar uma companhia de operários, com esses profissionais. A terceira fase do processo imigratório de povos germânicos se deu na década de 1850, quando o governo provincial auxiliou financeiramente a Casa Vergueiro, para angariar agricultores, para as fazendas do interior do estado, e artífices, para montar a segunda companhia de operários da construção civil da província. Esses profissionais foram protagonistas da construção da cidade de São Paulo, na década de 1850, período em que se investiu consideravelmente em reformas urbanas na capital. Em termos quantitativos, é expressivo o número de alemães que atuaram na década de 1850 em São Paulo, no ramo da construção civil, trazendo melhoramentos urbanos importantes. O que de relevante foi feito nesse período, tanto no âmbito da infraestrutura urbana, como em arquitetura ou projeto, teve participação fundamental desse grupo de imigrantes. Podemos afirmar que engenheiros e artífices alemães atuaram em todos os setores da construção civil, em São Paulo, elaborando mapas da cidade, projetando edifícios públicos, propondo novas soluções para o abastecimento de água, construindo pontes, ou simplesmente trabalhando como artífices tecnicamente bem preparados. / This work intends to elucidate the participation of the German engineers and artificers in the edification of the city of São Paulo since 1820 to 1860. The main sources of the research were documents relating to immigration and public works. The immigration of the German people to São Paulo had three important moments, until the middle of the XIX century. The first German immigrants entrance happened in 1828 and was subsidized by the imperial government. It had the intent of colonizing the country - side close to the capital. The immigration of 1838, organized by João Bloem and supported by the provincial government had the purpose of bringing artificers for the construction of roads and to work in Ipanema siderurgy in Araçoiaba da Serra. At the time there was a plan of organizing a company of workers with these professionals. The third phase of the immigratory process of the German people happened in the decade of 1850, when the provincial government helped financially the Vergueiro House to recruit agricultural workers for the farms in the country - side of the state and artificers to organize the second company of civil architecture workers of the province. These professionals were the protagonists of the edification of the city of São Paulo in the decade of 1850, a time of great investments in urban reformation in the capital. In quantitative terms it is expressive the number of German workers who actuated in the decade of 1850 in São Paulo in the branch of civil architecture bringing important urban improvements. The participation of this group of immigrants in urban substructure, architecture and project in this period was considerable. We can asseverate that German engineers and artificers acted in all branches of civil architecture in São Paulo, elaborating maps of the city, projecting public buildings, presenting new solutions for the water provision, building bridges, or just working as artificers technically well prepared.