Although there is research about the use of enterprise resource planning (ERP) from a management perspective, the research is not clear as to whether the ERP benefits justify the costs, not only in dollars, but also in effort, from the end user's perspective. Using the theory of diffusion of innovation (DOI), the purpose of this quantitative research was to identify the set of postimplementation sustainability factors that maximized ERP user value, which are major issues for management, and measured their relative significance. The study's structural model incorporated the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework, which is a conceptualization of the theory of diffusion of innovation, to predict the postimplementation sustainability factors from the ERP user's point of view. The partial least squares structure equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach provided the needed explanatory analysis to test the predictive power of the structural model. The target population was organizational employees who had used an operational ERP system for at least 4 years in the state of Colorado. A convenience sample of 163 cases responded to the online questionnaire. Hypotheses testing indicated that the independent variables of ERP information quality, ERP system quality, ERP knowledge and learning, shared beliefs, job relevance, and coordination significantly impacted the dependent variable ERP user value. The positive social change implications of this study include a better understanding of ERP postimplementation sustainability factors from the users' perspectives and their social impact on organizational performance, which could lead to increased employee effectiveness, productivity, efficiency, and individual satisfaction due to ERP usage.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is established among a majority of small and medium sized companies in Kista Science City and seems to have a positive effect on organizational effectiveness. Kista Science City is Sweden’s largest corporate centre, with more companies and employees in a limited area than anywhere else in Europe. This study looks at the level of adoption of ERP functions, perceived organizational effectiveness and critical success factors. The most common use of ERP is for financial control and reporting, followed by order entry and purchasing. A significant relationship between the level of adoption and organizational effectiveness was found. Although Enterprise Resource Planning has become an established phenomenon the investments in ERP software are far from fully utilized. Most companies have started to use ERP to integrate functional areas but few companies have moved to extended ERP (ERPII). The adoption of functionality for customer relationship management seems to have started, but the use of e-commerce, business intelligence and supply chain management is very low. Different reasons for the low level of adoption are discussed and it is suggested that the interrelationship between SMEs and ERP-consultants be investigated further. ERP-consultants are important change agents and knowledge transfers for ERP and one way to interpret the data is that ERP-consultants are caught in a negative spiral where they focus on installations and technical maintenance of core ERP, which prevents them from developing new, extended ERP competence. An analysis of critical success factors showed that although technical competence was important socially oriented factors such as project teamwork and composition as well as communication had a greater effect on organizational effectiveness. Surprisingly enough, project management did not have any effect on organizational effectiveness. Common implementation methods for ERP focus on project management. It is suggested to further analyse if these methods could be improved by an increased adaptability to differences in company settings and requirements as well as through a better use of critical success factors. Organizational effectiveness can be measured in many ways and it was found that the success factors varied in terms of how they correlated with different measures. In the next step, the doctorial thesis, it is suggested that a prototype environment is developed to stimulate an increased use of extended ERP among small and medium sized companies. Several actors, such as SMEs, consultants, vendors and students would be involved. The prototype environment could facilitate enhancements of implementation methods and reduction of implementation costs through the development of reusable objects such as add-on solutions, process maps and system configurations. It could also help small and medium sized companies to investigate the business benefits of ERP by increasing involvement and familiarity while on the same time decrease costs and risks. / QC 20100713

The manufacturing industry has an important role in Sweden's economy and has been producing high quality goods that are exported all over the world for a long time. By using modern technologies such as advanced warehouse systems and digital tools, companies can increase productivity and reduce costs. An example of such modern technology is Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). Most of the previous research conducted in the field of ASR has focused on analyzing and addressing various kind of problems related to the performance of an ASR-system. Furthermore, there are also a number of studies regarding how ASR has been used in the manufacturing industry, and more specifically, to facilitate order picking. In this work, the use of speech recognition was investigated as a possible method to facilitate and streamline the inventory process. To investigate this, a prototype for a web application has been developed. The application enables a user, through speech recognition, to speech the article number together with the available quantity in the warehouse. Subsequently, the user receives a confirmation both visually and through sound of which the application automatically registers it in the Monitor ERP software. Data has been collected by observing user tests and conducting interviews with indi-viduals who all have some connection to the warehouse at different manufacturing companies. The results indicated that the inventory process could become more ef-fective by using the application. However, some deficiencies were identified during the user tests, which means that the prototype needs further development and increased robustness to be used as a tool during inventory management. / Tillverkningsindustrin är viktig del av Sveriges ekonomi och har under en lång tid producerat högkvalitativa varor som exporteras över hela världen. Genom att använda moderna teknologier som avancerade lagersystem och digitala verktyg, kan företagen öka produktiviteten och minska kostnaderna. Ett exempel på en sådan modern teknologi är Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). Inom området ASR har en betydande del av den tidigare forskningen ägnats åt att analysera och adressera olika problem relaterade till prestandan hos ett ASR-system. Vidare så finns det även ett antal arbeten kring hur ASR använts inom tillverknings-industrin, och mer specifikt, till att effektivisera orderplockningsprocessen inom in-dustrin. I det här arbetet undersöktes huruvida röststyrning kan användas som ett verktyg för att underlätta samt effektivisera inventeringsprocessen. Detta genomfördes tillsam-mans med företaget Monitor ERP, där en prototyp till en webbapplikation har utvecklats. Prototypen ska med hjälp av röststyrning möjliggöra för en användare att säga artikelnummer samt vilket antal som finns i lagret. Därefter ska användaren få en bekräftelse både visuellt och genom ljud, varav applikationen automatisk registrerar in det till Monitors system. Data har samlats in genom att observera användartester samt utföra intervjuer med personer som alla har någon koppling till lagret på olika tillverkningsföretag. Resultatet visade på att inventeringsprocessen kan bli effektivare genom att utföra inventering med hjälp av applikationen. Däremot upptäcktes en del brister under användartesterna vilket betyder att prototypen behöver utvecklas och bli mer robust för att kunna användas som verktyg under inventering.

No description available.

Purpose. Real-time Locating Systems (RTLS) are used to identify and locate physical assets in real-time. Essentially, the aim of RTLS is to increase process visibility and thus provide accurate process data concerning for example, lead times, cycle times and inventory control. Today, process visibility is one of the most critical aspects for manufacturing companies in their quest for higher quality and shorter lead times. Since the introduction of Industry 4.0, RTLS has received an upswing in attention in the literature. However, despite the technical advances, enterprises are struggling to fully comprehend the entire impact of RTLS. Further, when integrating RTLS and other IT systems, such as the ERP, business operations can be carried out based on real-time information, providing more value than a standalone RTLS. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system is the core IT system for enterprises. The ERP is in turn divided into several modules: Manufacturing, Warehouse, Human resources, Sales & Distribution, and Finance & Accounting. Evaluating the applicability for each module will provide a holistic view on RTLS and ERP integration that has a wider perspective than previous studies on the topic. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to examine and evaluate the applicability of integrating RTLS with the various ERP modules and present a set of guidelines for RTLS and ERP integration. The guidelines will be created based on the following research questions. RQ1: How can the various ERP modules utilize RTLS data? RQ2: What barriers and enablers are there when integrating RTLS and ERP? Research method. An extensive literature review and interviews with industry experts were conducted. Thematic analysis and thematic narrative analysis were applied to extract relevant information form the literature review and industry expert interviews. Thematic synthesis was applied to synthesize the information received from the result of the thematic analysis and thematic narrative analysis, thence answer the research questions, and create the guidelines. Findings. Applicability was found for all ERP modules and the main barriers identified was lack of mature processes, knowledge, and cost. The guidelines created in the study included five main steps. 1) organizational enablers, 2) IT structure enablers, 3) ERP module applicability, 4) knowledge and understanding, and 5) business case generation. The guidelines were presented in text and as a picture. Contributions. This study has contributed to research by expanding the perspective on RTLS and ERP integration further than previous studies on the topic. The study showed that all ERP modules can utilize the RTLS data to provide value for that particular module. This study contributes to industry by providing guidelines that can be utilized by managers and decision makers in their process of evaluating RTLS implementation Managers and decision makers can use these guidelines to create a fundamental understanding of how RTLS can create value for all ERP modules. This knowledge is a key to create profitable business cases. The guidelines will therefore facilitate enterprises to overcome the initial knowledge barriers and thus, contribute to the acceleration of the RTLS expansion within the industry.

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2017-08-23T15:38:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Antonio_Cesar_Polo.pdf: 2722503 bytes, checksum: e2d32aeb4ecefc90cc5bdb5c422e9ed3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T15:38:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Antonio_Cesar_Polo.pdf: 2722503 bytes, checksum: e2d32aeb4ecefc90cc5bdb5c422e9ed3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-27 / The 1990s demonstrated a growth of ERP (enterprise resource planning) adoption amongst organizations, and among scholars it has been studied in a series of aca-demic publications, that defined ERPs as a contributor to obtain competitive advan-tage and organizational performance. The present study encompasses the new ERP configuration, dedicated to support companies in its front end operations and value chain integration, so called ERPII model, and investigates the relationship with the Dynamic Capabilities during the post-implementation phase. In order to ac-complish this objectives, a conceptual Framework is developed, to articulate the construct variables with the level of market turbulence. Furthermore, a quantitative field research is executed, based on a survey, and the research results are interpreted under the Framework perspective, where the results are validated through statistical tests such as Spearman correlation, Mann-Withney and Kruskal-Wallis, in order to obtain an explicative analysis of the Dynamic Capabilities role in the sustenance of ERPII. The results, evidenced Dynamic Capabilities in all presuppositions articulated by the Framework, with positive impacts in reconfiguration of routines responsible for ERPII sustenance and its organizational performance contribution. In this sense, the major effects were identified in sensing and seizing of market opportunities focused on evolving ERPII, management initiatives to encourage tacit and explicit learning processes, coordination of ERPII quality and performance metrics, and level of uncertain of business market related to ERPII context. / Os anos de 1990 apresentaram um crescimento na ado????o dos sistemas de gest??o empresarial (ERPs) pelas organiza????es, e o tema foi estudado em um grande n??me-ro de publica????es acad??micas, que apontaram o mesmo como um impulsionador da obten????o da vantagem competitiva e desempenho empresarial. A presente disserta-????o aborda a configura????o contempor??nea dos sistemas ERPs, dedicada a suportar as empresas em suas opera????es de linha de frente e integra????o com a cadeia de valor, dentro do modelo conceitual chamado ERPII, e analisa suas rela????es com as Capacidades Din??micas em sua fase de p??s-implementa????o. Para tanto, um Fra-mework conceitual ?? proposto, com o objetivo de articular as vari??veis relativas aos constructos, agregando-as a indicadores concernentes ao n??vel de incerteza do am-biente. Em continuidade, o trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa de campo, executada por meio de um instrumento de pesquisa de natureza quantitativa. Por fim, sob a ??ti-ca do Framework desenvolvido, os resultados da pesquisa s??o validados estatisti-camente por meio de testes de correla????o de Spearman, Mann-Withney e Kruskal-Wallis, visando obter uma an??lise explicativa do papel das Capacidades Din??micas na sustenta????o do ERPII. Como resultados, observou-se a presen??a das Capacida-des Din??micas em todos os pressupostos articulados por meio do Framework, com impacto positivo na reconfigura????o de rotinas respons??veis pela sustenta????o do ERPII e consequente contribui????o para o desempenho organizacional. Nesse senti-do, os fatores que exerceram maior influ??ncia foram os relacionados a mecanismos de prospec????o e tratamento de oportunidades e atualiza????es do ERPII, seguidos por a????es gerenciais de incentivo ?? aprendizagem t??cita e expl??cita, coordena????o de in-dicadores de qualidade e desempenho, e n??vel de dinamicidade do mercado de ne-g??cios no contexto do ERPII.

This study investigates whether a relationship exists between two constructs, namely sense of coherence (SOC) and organisational commitment, and their relationship with specific biographical attributes of consultants working in the enterprise resource and planning (ERP) industry. The results of the study indicate that, overall, a relationship at a significant level could not be established between the two constructs. However, some of the correlations in this study showed that a few relationships could be established at a significant level between age and tenure and some of the subscales of the two constructs. On the basis of the results of the study, recommendations could be made that apply in the ERP industry. Suggestions were also made for possible further research in other areas such as recruitment, employee development, employee reward, compensation and recognition, employee retention, succession planning, employee wellbeing and talent management. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Modern companies need to compete on a global level to obtain sufficient capital from investors. That is why it is becoming increasingly important for companies to concentrate particularly on fulfilling the expectations of the investment community. With this in mind, companies have begun to optimise their operational business processes in order to gain a greater degree of efficiency and in doing so greater security. This movement started in the early nineties with intensive Business Process Reengineering (BPR) exercises. A key enabler for increased efficiency through Business Process Reengineering was the infrastructure provided by the development of integrated software packages called Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. BPR exercises are normally part and parcel of an ERP implementation project. After the implementation of an ERP system in any business, management will also be in a vastly better position to control the business operations through better information delivery. Most companies are still controlled and managed on the basis of historical financial figures such as profit. Traditional financial statements are increasingly being viewed with distrust due to the perceived ease with which they can be manipulated. As many investors value companies and their performance on the basis of expected "future free cash flows" (excess cash after investment in all positive NPV projects), many companies are now switching from profit-based management to the more comprehensive Value Based Management principles, that takes this into account. A key enabler of the Value Based Management approach is the development of a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) that contains the measures whereby the business should be controlled and measured. With the BSC, a business strategy is translated into a strategic measurement system that focuses on more than just the traditional financial aspects by including measures in other areas of a business, such as customer satisfaction or internal efficiencies. In the BSC financial view the primary indicator of business success is Economic Value Created (EVe). Eve is a true indicator of shareholder wealth created and takes the cost of capital into account. EVC performance becomes the ultimate barometer of business success. Value Based Management companies that invested heavily in the implementation of ERP systems want a good return but normally don't know how best to achieve this. They are wondering how to best make use of the wealth of information that is suddenly at their disposal. In driving shareholder value they are faced by the following questions: • How to translate investor expectations into business strategy and how to link this strategy to day to day operations. • How to use the acquired ERP system in support of this Value Based Management approach to enable maximum return on the investment. In this study project a real South African company, XX Automotive (fictitious name), that recently implemented SAP R/3 as an ERP system is covered as an example to illustrate how these questions can be answered. In Part I, this study project begins by describing all the elements and basic principles of a Value Based Management System such as a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) with EVC as prime measure. Part II illustrates how the XX Automotive financial strategy is translated into a Balanced Scorecard with Economic Value Created (EVC) as main financial measure and how these defined measures were represented by SAP reports that were specifically developed for this purpose. The Balanced Scorecard represented by the SAP reports serves only as a one way measurement system. The next critical step is to determine how to influence the results. The information that populates the SAP reports in XX Automotive's Balanced Scorecard is generated all over the business by the end users in their respective departments. The influence on EVC through business actions by these individual units is discussed in depth as it provides the keys that illustrate how the value of EVC can be impacted positive or negatively by each. Giving individuals the power to influence EVC through incentive schemes is crucial for long term success. It is illustrated how improving EVC became the new business focus at XX Automotive and how each individual employee can visually see his role in influencing the outcome. Meeting the value-based "Expected EVC Improvement" targets will generate target level bonus payments. Each XX Automotive employee is encouraged to think and act like an owner because he is going to be paid like one. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Moderne maatskappye moet op globale skaal kompeteer vir genoegsame kapitaal vanaf beleggers. Daarom word dit al hoe meer belangrik vir maatskappye om te konsentreer daarop om aan die verwagtinge van die beleggers gemeenskap te voldoen. Met dit in gedagte, het maatskappye begin om hulle operasionele besigheidsprossesse te optimeer om sodoende 'n beter vlak van effektiwiteit te bereik en daardeur groter sekuriteit aangaande hul eie voorbestaan te verseker. Hierdie beweging het in die negentigerjare begin met intensiewe besigheidsherontwerp, die sogenaamde 'Business Process Reengineering' (BPR) oefeninge. 'n Belangrike katalisator vir verbeterde effektiwiteit deur BPR is die infrastruktuur wat voorsien is deur die ontwikkeling van geintegreerde besigheidssagtewarepakkette nl. 'Enterprise Resource Planning' (ERP) stelsels. Met 'n ERP implementeringsprojek word gewoonlik intensiewe BPR gedoen. Nadat 'n ERP pakket geimplimenteer is behoort bestuur ook in 'n baie beter posisie te wees om besigheidsoperasies te beheer deur die verbeterde inligting verkry uit die ERP sagteware. Dit word ook duidelik dat die meerderheid van maatskappye steeds beheer en bestuur word op die basis van historiese finansiële maatstawwe soos wins in die inkomstestaat. Weens die feit dat baie beleggers maatskappye waardeer op grond van hul sogenaamde "future free cash flows" (oorblywende kontant na investering in alle NPV positiewe projekte), skakel maatskappye oor van 'n winsgebaseerdebestuurstelsel na die meer omvattende' Value Based Management' stelsel, waarvan 'Economic Value Created' (EVC) die hoofkomponent is. 'n Belangrike skakel in die 'Value Based Management' initiatief is die ontwikkeling van 'n 'Balanced Scorecard', 'n bestuurskonsep waarin die maatstawwe opgesluit lê waarmee die besigheid beheer en bestuur moet word. 'Value Based Management' gedrewe maatskappye wat groot investerings gemaak het in die implementering van ERP sagteware wil 'n goeie opbrengs op die belegging hê maar weet gewoonlik nie wat die beste manier is om dit te doen nie. Hulle wonder hoe om die maksimum voordeel te trek uit die skatkis van besigheidsinligting wat skielik tot hulle beskikking is. In 'n strewe om beleggers waarde te verbeter kom hulle voor die volgende vraagstukke te staan: • Hoe om beleggers verwagtinge om te skakel in besigheids strategie en hoe om hierdie strategie te skakel met daaglikse besigheids operasies. • Hoe om die ERP stelsel te gebruik ter ondersteuning van die 'Value Based Management' prinsiep om die maksimum opbrengs op belegging te kry. In hierdie studieprojek word 'n Suid Afrikaanse maatskappy, XX Automotive (fiktiewe naam), gedek wat onlangs SAP R/3 as 'n ERP stelsel geimplimenteer het as 'n voorbeeld gebruik om te illustreer hoe hierdie vrae in die praktyk beantwoord kan word. In Deel I van hierdie studieprojek word al die elemente en basiese beginsels van die 'Value Based Management' sisteem bespreek. Deel II illustreer hoe die XX Automotive finansiële strategie omgesit is in 'n 'Balanced Scorecard' met Economic Value Created (EVC) as die hoof maatstaf en hoe al die finansiële maatstawwe in die Balanced Scorecard deur middel van SAP verslae, wat spesifiek vir hierdie doel ontwikkel is, weergegee word. Die 'Balanced Scorecard', soos voorgestel deur die verslae in SAP, vorm net 'n metings instrument. Wat van groter belang is, is om te bepaal hoe die resultate beinvloed kan word. Die bestuursinligting waaruit die SAP verslae in die XX Automotive 'Balanced Scorecard' bestaan word gevorm deur die besigheidseindgebruiker op die SAP stelsel elke keer wanneer 'n besigheidstransaksie uitgevoer word. Die invloed op EVC deur individuele besigheidseenhede word in diepte bespreek aangesien dit deurslaggewend is ter illustrasie van hoe die EVC waarde positief of negatief geraak word deur hul besigheids aksies. Om individue die mag te gee om die waarde van EVC te beinvloed deur middel van 'n aansporingstelsel is kritiek vir lang termyn sukses. Elke XX Automotive werknemer word aangespoor deur 'n bonus stelsel om soos 'n aandeelhouer op te tree aangesien hy soos een vergoed sal word.

Thesis (MAcc (Accountancy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The successful implementation of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System can help an organisation to redefine its business processes and enhance its competitive advantage. An ERP System Implementation is a transformation project, which changes the way an organisation thinks and acts about its business. An ERP System implementation is also a complex endeavour, and as such, it requires rigorous risk management. The understanding and management of risks relevant to ERP System Implementation Projects are critical in order to ensure that the project delivers on its objectives within the specified budget and timelines, and eventually realises the envisaged business benefits. The purpose of this study is to discuss how key risks relevant to ERP System Implementation Projects could be addressed by applying project management disciplines derived from the PRINCE2 (PRojects IN Controlled Environment) project management methodology. This methodology was developed by the Office of Government Commerce in the United Kingdom. This study also provides a framework that could be applied at the outset and during an ERP System Implementation Project by business management, to understand the risks (“what could go wrong?”) and project management disciplines that should be applied to address these risks (“what must go right?”). This framework was derived by: • Identifying key risks relevant to ERP System Implementation Projects; • Mapping these key risks onto SAP Implementation phases to highlight where these risks could materialise in the SAP Implementation process; • Then mapping these key risks across PRINCE2 project management processes and SAP Implementation phases by creating the SAP Implementation Key Risks Map; and finally • Providing a detailed description of how to apply PRINCE2 project management disciplines to address each risk in the SAP Implementation Key Risks Map.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:40:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RICHARD ANTONI TELLES.pdf: 14102025 bytes, checksum: ddb77df888eff2cdb38c013e4740ee56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / The research aimed to develop a tool to automate the audit process. From the reading of a database of an integrated business management software - ERP, object of study of this research were applied previously set auditing rules and the result is that the tool presented the software failures, either by parameterization inconsistencies, the result of an improper deployment software, either by inconsistencies of operations by the end users, the result of inadequate guidance or lack of training in software operation process. With the information of nonconformities generated by the audit tool, you can take corrective decisions about the root cause of the failures identified and consequently improve the management software operations. The tool presented greater efficiency in the audit process and improved effectiveness in control of the operations in a business management software, the research object of study. From the results of this research, software house companies or companies using the ERP Software can use the audit tool developed to implement improvements in the management process of transactions in the ERP Software. The tool also allows you to reduce the operating cost audit and minimize business risks. Furthermore, the tool is easy to use, and requires no technical knowledge from the end user. This research used the method known as Design Science Research (DSR), the research method that aims to develop the valid general knowledge to support the design of solutions for field problems, using a focused research approach to creation a new artifact. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver uma ferramenta para automatizar o processo de auditoria. A partir da leitura de um banco de dados de um software de gestão empresarial integrado - ERP, objeto de estudo desta pesquisa, foram aplicadas as regras de auditoria previamente definidas e o resultado é que a ferramenta apresentou as falhas do software, seja por inconsistências de parametrização, fruto de uma inadequada implantação do software, seja por inconsistências das operações realizadas pelos usuários finais, fruto de uma inadequada orientação ou por falta de treinamento no processo de operação do software. Com as informações das não-conformidades geradas pela ferramenta de auditoria, pode-se tomar decisões de correção sobre a causa raiz das falhas apontadas e consequentemente melhorar as operações do software de gestão. A ferramenta apresentou maior eficiência no processo de auditoria e melhor eficácia no controle das operações realizadas em um software de gestão empresarial, objeto de estudo da pesquisa. A partir dos resultados desta pesquisa, as empresas produtoras ou empresas usuárias deste software ERP poderão utilizar a ferramenta de auditoria desenvolvida para implantar melhorias no processo de gestão das operações realizadas no software ERP. A ferramenta permite ainda reduzir o custo operacional de auditoria e minimizar os riscos para o negócio. Além disso, a ferramenta é fácil de utilizar, e não requer conhecimentos técnicos do usuário final. Esta pesquisa utilizou o método conhecido como Design Science Research (DSR) ou Pesquisa para Avanço da Ciência, método de pesquisa que tem como objetivo desenvolver o conhecimento geral válido para apoiar a concepção de soluções para problemas de campo, utilizando uma abordagem de pesquisa voltada para criação de um novo artefato.