While there is an abundance of research that shows a direct and positive relationship betweenentrepreneurial orientation (EO) and organizational performance the relationship is far from simpleand clear. Research suggest that the relationship is complex and is contingent on internal andexternal variables that affect this relationship. This study examines the effect of EO and itsdimensions on organizational performance in SMEs in Jordan. Further, the study examines themediating effect of internal and external contingency factors such as: market orientation, strategicflexibility and environment hostility on the EO-performance relationship. Using questionnairesurvey the study collected 137 usable questionnaires and utilized PLS to analyze the data. Thestudy found that EO significantly affects performance directly and positively. The study also founda mediating effect of environmental hostility on the relationship between EO and organizationalperformance. No evidence was found to support that MO and strategic flexibility have a mediatingeffect on the EO-performance relationship. With regards to the effect and mediation effect of EOdimensions; the study found that both innovativeness and proactiveness have a significant positivedirect effect on performance. While risk taking has a significant negative direct effect onperformance. With regards to the mediation effect of market orientation, strategic flexibility andenvironmental hostility on the relationships between EO dimensions (innovativeness,proactiveness and risk taking) the study found that only EH has a mediation effect while marketorientation and strategic flexibility have no mediation effect.Specifically, the study also found that EH mediates the relationship between innovativeness andperformance. The mediation is a full mediation since there are both direct and indirect effects ofinnovativeness on performance. The study found a partial mediation effect of EH on theproactiveness-performance relationship since the direct effect becomes insignificant when themediator is added. The study also found a partial mediation effect of EH on the risk takingperformance relationship since the direct effect becomes insignificant when the mediator is added.

As today’s world is becoming more digital, so is almost all business markets are becoming more and more digital and companies that choose to digitalize seem to not only increase efficiency and profitability. It also makes the company better at adapting to change. Despite these upsides, not all companies are digitalizing proven in some part by the panic among companies created by the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to look at if the categorist of management in companies can influence the company's ability to digitalize. This is done by measuring the dynamic capabilities and the entrepreneurial orientation in management and comparing it to the company’s digital maturity. The data was quantitatively by having managers in Sweden completes a survey. A theoretical framework is created to formulate the major theories of the study and relevant hypotheses. To analyze the collected data the multiple regression analysis method was used to see if the variables that any statistical relationship and if the variables have statistical relevance. The results showed that entrepreneurial orientation dint does not have any statistical relevance however dynamic capabilities had a statistical relevance and quite a big effect on the digital maturity of the company. However, a bigger sample for the questioner is suspected to show that entrepreneurial orientation could have had statistical relevance as the sample group for this study was quite small. This study has helpt to fill the gap in knowledge on how management characteristics affect digitalization in companies. The author of this study recommends future research teams conduct more quantitative approaches to get a better picture of how management affects digitalization, by looking at other categorists in management, the important part is that they use a bigger sample size.

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It is important for organizations to enforce corporate entrepreneurship in order to enable innovation and growth which can lead to more job opportunities and economic growth. Enforcing corporate entrepreneurship during growth is difficult and much of the current research contradicts each other by saying that growth is handled by formalizing and structuring while corporate entrepreneurship is enforced by having a simple and loose organization. This research aims to explore how a company can organize to prepare for growth while maintaining the ability to be innovative. An illustrative case study is conducted where a small company which is expecting growth in a rapidly changing industry is examined through interviews. The theory was thoroughly investigated and five central factors of entrepreneurial orientation (autonomy, proactiveness, innovativeness, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness) were cross examined with five central challenges that appear during growth (differentiation, heterogeneity, external complexity, internal change, internal turmoil). A framework is proposed which contains identified dilemmas of remaining entrepreneurial during growth and suggested guidelines of how to organize a firm to meet these challenges. The organizational structure is identified as one of the most important aspects which influence the entrepreneurial abilities of a firm and therefore the proposed guidelines are based on the central factors of organizational structure from the theory (formalization, centralization, complexity). The results point to formalizing rules and procedures, decentralizing some of the decision making and enforcing good integration in a low complexity (internal) environment in order to enable autonomy and proactiveness which allows the company to be innovative, even as internal and external changes are taking place. Future research is suggested for exploring the impact of the suggested guidelines and there is a possibility in elaborating the guidelines for other aspects of an organization than the structure. / Det är viktigt för organisationer att vara entreprenöriella för att möjliggöra innovation och tillväxt vilket kan leda till fler arbetsmöjligheter och ekonomisk tillväxt. Att införa intraprenörskap medan organisationen växer är svårt och mycket av forskningen är motsägelsefull. För att företaget ska kunna växa krävs det formalisering och struktur medan intraprenörskap främjas genom att ha en enkel och rörlig organisation. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka hur ett företag kan organiseras för att växa men samtidigt bibehålla förmågan att vara innovativa. Ett litet företag som förväntas växa i en snabbt skiftande industri undersöks genom en illustrativ fallstudie och intervjuer. Tidigare forskning visar på fem centrala faktorer av entreprenöriell orientering (autonomi, proaktivitet, innovativitet, risktagande, konkurrensvilja) och fem centrala svårigheter vid tillväxt (differentiering, heterogenitet, extern komplexitet, intern förändring, internt tumult). I ett ramverk korsexamineras svårigheterna med att vara innovativ under tiden företaget växer och dilemman identifieras samt besvaras med riktlinjer för hur man kan organisera företaget för att hantera dessa svårigheter. Organisationsstrukturen är identifierad som en av de viktigaste aspekterna som påverkar ett företags entreprenöriella förmåga och därmed är de föreslagna riktlinjerna baserad på de centrala aspekterna (formalisering, centralisering, komplexitet) av en organisationsstruktur. Resultaten visar att formalisera regler och rutiner, decentralisera vissa beslutsfattanden och upprätthålla god integration i en (intern) miljö med låg komplexitet främjar autonomi och proaktivitet. Detta tillåter företaget att fortsätta vara innovativa även när den interna och externa miljön förändras. Framtida forskning föreslås för att utforska riktlinjernas effektivitet. Det finns även möjligheter att utöka ramverket till andra aspekter än organisationers strukturer.

Yes / This paper draws on resource dependency theory to examine the impact of interfirm collaboration on CSR expenditure. In addition, we examine entrepreneurial orientation (EO) as a moderator of the relationship between interfirm collaboration and CSR expenditure. We test our research model using survey data from 230 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana. Results from our empirical analyses reveal that interfirm collaboration positively impacts CSR expenditure and this relationship is strengthened when entrepreneurial orientation is greater in turbulent environments. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. / University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Background:  Over the years, traditional entrepreneurs started businesses due to either pull or push factors within their environments. Research has been carried out in profiling different types of entrepreneurs and their characteristics. The social media influencers are new forms of entrepreneurs who recently appeared due to changes in the technological environments. The existence of social media platforms has enhanced the possibility of entrepreneurial activities online. The platforms are available for everyone, but some have more entrepreneurial orientation or characteristics than others.  Purpose: The aim of this research is to measure the entrepreneurial orientation and the characteristics of social media users, compare social media influencers with other social media users, to determine if differences exist. Methods:       This research uses the Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation scale (Bolton & Lane, 2012) and the Individual Personality Traits measuring scale (Al Mamun, Bin Yusoff, & Ibrahim, 2018). This is a deductive study, testing the above-mentioned theories on social media users, and a quantitative study aided using data collected from online survey. Conclusion:   The results of this study show that Social Media Influencer have higher entrepreneurial traits than non-Social Media Influencers.  The result also supports the three-factor structure and satisfactory reliability of the IEO scales and subscales. Subsequently, I found out that non-SMIs do create online contents and carry out entrepreneurial activities online too.

Figures show the unemployment rate in South Africa is increasing. Entrepreneurship is a very good solution to decrease the unemployment rate and increase the economic growth of South Africa. Very few studies have been done on entrepreneurship, including women entrepreneurs, as men have always been the leaders in this regard. More than 50% of South Africa‟s population is female and deemed as a very important factor for the country's economic growth. Women entrepreneurs have been understudied; there are also other factors and relationships that should be investigated and understood for the government to be able to establish programmes and assistance for women entrepreneurs to start and grow businesses. The research for this study was conducted in the Gauteng Province as poverty levels are high, despite large industries in this province and the fact that it is the most Gross Domestic Province for South Africa. The objective of this study is to investigate women entrepreneurship in the Gauteng and to make practical recommendations to enhance women entrepreneurship in this province. A survey including 41 women-owned businesses was conducted. A detailed profile of the woman entrepreneur in Gauteng was compiled, including the structure of the business. Factors such as the level of organisational commitment, dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, development needs as well as the perceived business success, have been investigated. The relationships between these factors have also been investigated in the empirical research. The most urgent needs of women entrepreneurs in Gauteng are marketing training, financial support, machinery, equipment and tools as well as infrastructure. It is recommended that these needs are addressed through a support initiative especially implemented for women entrepreneurs. These factors need to be understood by the government in order to establish and assist women entrepreneurs in South Africa. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Figures show the unemployment rate in South Africa is increasing. Entrepreneurship is a very good solution to decrease the unemployment rate and increase the economic growth of South Africa. Very few studies have been done on entrepreneurship, including women entrepreneurs, as men have always been the leaders in this regard. More than 50% of South Africa‟s population is female and deemed as a very important factor for the country's economic growth. Women entrepreneurs have been understudied; there are also other factors and relationships that should be investigated and understood for the government to be able to establish programmes and assistance for women entrepreneurs to start and grow businesses. The research for this study was conducted in the Gauteng Province as poverty levels are high, despite large industries in this province and the fact that it is the most Gross Domestic Province for South Africa. The objective of this study is to investigate women entrepreneurship in the Gauteng and to make practical recommendations to enhance women entrepreneurship in this province. A survey including 41 women-owned businesses was conducted. A detailed profile of the woman entrepreneur in Gauteng was compiled, including the structure of the business. Factors such as the level of organisational commitment, dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, development needs as well as the perceived business success, have been investigated. The relationships between these factors have also been investigated in the empirical research. The most urgent needs of women entrepreneurs in Gauteng are marketing training, financial support, machinery, equipment and tools as well as infrastructure. It is recommended that these needs are addressed through a support initiative especially implemented for women entrepreneurs. These factors need to be understood by the government in order to establish and assist women entrepreneurs in South Africa. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-08-13T13:44:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandro Vasconcelos Machado_.pdf: 681344 bytes, checksum: 69ffa82e6b820c2d6589c88223f69f15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T13:44:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandro Vasconcelos Machado_.pdf: 681344 bytes, checksum: 69ffa82e6b820c2d6589c88223f69f15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-23 / Nenhuma / O Empretec é uma metodologia para a capacitação ao empreendedorismo, desenvolvida pela ONU nos anos 1980, que se baseia nas pesquisas de McClelland (1972) sobre as características de comportamentos do empreendedor (CCE), com o pressuposto de que as habilidades relacionadas às atitudes empreendedoras podem ser desenvolvidas, formando um Perfil Empreendedor (PE). O conceito de Orientação Empreendedora foi desenvolvido por Miller (1983), com base em pesquisas sobre a correlação do desempenho de empresas orientadas para atuar de maneira empreendedora, explorando características como inovação, capacidade de assumir riscos e agressividade competitiva. Bolton e Lane (2012) avançaram e desenvolveram a Orientação Empreendedora Individual (OEI), que analisa construtos como: receptividade de assumir riscos, inovação e proatividade. Assim, esse trabalho objetiva analisar a relação entre a OEI e as características do Perfil Empreendedor, e seu impacto na intenção de empreender dos indivíduos bem como qual a relação que o Empretec tem para essas características e na intenção de empreender. A pesquisa é quantitativa, exploratória e descritiva, os dados foram coletados por uma survey. A amostra é do tipo não probabilística, intencional por conveniência, composta por clientes e interessados nas ações do SEBRAE no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, para a qual foi enviado um questionário auto administrado. O total de respondentes foi de 1.022 pessoas (405 realizaram o treinamento Empretec e 617 não). A análise dos dados foi realizada com tratamento estatístico e uso do software SPSS, sendo que a correlação de Pearson foi empregada para verificar a relação entre a OEI e as características do PE. Os resultados demonstraram que, a comparação entre as duas escalas que medem comportamentos e atitudes e que foram validadas com uma diferença aproximada de quarenta anos, há correlações moderadas entre os seus construtos. Características em destaque foram a receptividade de correr riscos e proatividade dos empreendedores. Mas as dimensões de inovação da escala de OEI não tiveram nenhuma correlação com a CCE. E, por fim, identificou-se que Empretec não apresentou influências no PE e na OEI. / Empretec is a methodology for entrepreneurship training, developed by the United Nations in the 1980s, based on McClelland's (1972) about on the characteristics of entrepreneur behavior (CEB), with the assumption that skills related to entrepreneurial attitudes can be developed, and are a part of an Entrepreneurial Profile (EP). The concept of Entrepreneurial Orientation was developed by Miller (1983), based on research about the correlation of the performance of companies oriented to act in an entrepreneurial way, exploring characteristics such as innovation, risk-taking and competitive aggressiveness. Bolton and Lane (2012) have gone further and developed Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO), which analyzes constructs such as willingness to take risks, innovation and proactivity. Thus, this study aims to analyze the relationship between the IEO and the characteristics of the EP, and its impact on the individuals' intention to undertaking, as well as the relation that Empretec has to these characteristics and the intention to undertaking. The research is quantitative, exploratory and descriptive, and the data were collected by a survey. The sample is non-probabilistic, intentional for convenience, based on clients and stakeholders of SEBRAE in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, for which a self-administered questionnaire was sent. The total number of respondents was 1,022 people (405 performed the Empretec training and 617 did not). Data analyses were statistical using SPSS software, and Pearson's correlation was used to verify the relationship between IEO and EP characteristics. Results showed that the comparison between the two scales that measure behaviors and attitudes and that were validated with a difference of approximately forty years, have presented moderate correlations between their constructs. Characteristics highlighted were the acceptance of risk taking and proactivity of the entrepreneurs. But the innovation dimensions of the IEO scale had no correlation with CEB. Finally, it was identified that the Empretec had no influence on EP and OEI.