This study analysed the entrepreneurial intentions of academic researchers to create spinoffs in a country where the phenomenon of academic spinoffs is emerging. The study consisted of a quantitative analysis of entrepreneurial intentions, performed within the context of South Africa’s Higher Education Institutions and Science Councils.The study drew from psychological and entrepreneurship research on intentionality to measure the level of entrepreneurial intentions using specific determinants (entrepreneurial self-efficacy, personal networks, perceived role models, number of years spent at the academic institution, number of patents/ copyrights/ designs, type of research, and cooperation with industry) that characterise the emergence of academic entrepreneurial intentions that lead academics to the creation of spinoffs. The study also aimed to determine if there were differences in the entrepreneurial intentions between researchers in technical and non-technical fields of expertise.A quantitative online survey was conducted amongst researchers in higher education institutions and science councils, followed by data analysis using a multiple linear regression to measure the entrepreneurial intentions. Thereafter a determination of factors associated with the higher levels of intention and a comparison of the level of intentions was conducted between researchers from the two study groups using an analysis of coefficients and significance tests respectively.The study showed that the entrepreneurial intentions of researchers in South Africa were very low. It was also shown that entrepreneurial self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of academic entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore it was found that there was no significant difference in the entrepreneurial intentions between researchers in technical and non technical fields of expertise. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to assess the process of early pre-internationalised and pre-market established born global company and to provide viable advice as to how to internationalise the Indian market which is psychically and geographically distant from the Swedish market. Design/methodology/approach - This study follows a qualitative research approach with an inductive single case study design in order to examine in-depth the Swedish start-up, TurtleCare AB, throughout its internationalisation process. In terms of data collection, a triangulation method has been employed comprising both primary and secondary data. Findings - The evidence suggests the entrepreneur partly acts under the effectuation logic, in the sense of reaching out and attempting to create network and partners, however, more notable is the market research and step-by-step causation process carried out by the decision-maker. Hence, the effectiveness of logic (causation or effectuation) applied is heavily dependent on the situation the company finds itself in. Among the possible market segments to be addressed in India, the most prominent ones are hospitality and tourism together with healthcare. In fact, the Indian market presents numerous opportunities for the foreign brand, however, crucial cultural factors influencing consumer behaviour must be considered when formulating a market entry strategy. Research limitations - Research biases stem from chosen method and nature of data gathering as well as the extent of company research on foreign market/market entry and short observation time might have limited the outcome. Practical implications - A real-life example of an entrepreneur's journey may not only serve as inspiration for future entrepreneurs but also, provide several insights for further research on born global internationalisation, particularly, in what concerns customer segmentation and market entry strategy within a challenging yet promising international business context. Originality/value - The originality dwells in the assessment of the processes happening in a pre-internationalised Swedish born global firm that attempts to enter the Far East market, with a focus on entrepreneurial actions, opportunity perception and decision-making logic.

有鑑於生物科技成為科技趨勢，以及其創造出的龐大價值，近年來台灣也開始大力推動生技產業的發展。產業是企業的組合，企業的成長與否正是驅動產業生態變化的主要原因。本研究主要探討台灣生技藥物研發公司的創業過程，希望透過研究成果對台灣生技公司的發展有所貢獻。 　　本研究的研究架構以Timmons Model做為主軸，以機會、資源、團隊做為主要的研究構面，先對個案公司進行靜態的研究構面探討，然後分析其發展的動態平衡過程。 / Because biotechnology sets a trend and creates great value, Taiwan government tries to develop his own biotechnology industry. However, an industry will bloom if most of companies related to the industry are operated well. The objective of this study is to observe and analyze the entrepreneurial process of biomedical R&D companies in Taiwan. 　　The research bases on Timmons Model that was developed by Timmons for analyzing an entrepreneurial process of a company and consists of three driving forces, opportunity, resource, and team. Every entrepreneurial process of companies in the thesis is observed first according to the three driving forces. Then it is analyzed by using the idea of constant balancing.

Cette thèse étudie les processus de création d’activité (PCA) réussis et les pratiques du raisonnement par effectuation (logique effectuelle) combinées ou non avec le raisonnement par causation – logique causale de la théorie des « causes à effet » chez les entrepreneurs. A partir de notre question de recherche : comment crée-t-on une entreprise réussie et comment résout-on les incidents critiques liés à la création d’activité, nous étudions les démarches que les entrepreneurs ont utilisées dans le 10ème arrondissement de Paris pour identifier des données socio-économiques et des caractéristiques territoriales inédites comme ressources et comme contingences pour réussir leurs processus de création d’activité (PCA). Notre problématique de recherche débouche en réalité dans un continuum logique cherchant à comprendre les processus par lesquels ont suivi les projets de création d’activité qui ont réussi ainsi que les méthodes de résolution d’incidents critiques liés à la création d’activité.Par incident, on entend une difficulté (par extension un problème, un obstacle) qui intervient au cours du projet de création et dont les conséquences peuvent être critiques ou graves si elle n’est pas résolue par les créateurs d’activités. Le caractère critique (ou grave) renvoie ici à ce qui n’est pas de leur routine. Cela veut dire que de tel incident peut entraîner l’abandon du processus de création en cours, voire le freiner ou induire à son renoncement. De ce fait, l’on peut supposer que leur survenance peut être liée au contexte du territoire (par exemple, aux facteurs institutionnels ou aux conditions structurelles du lieu d’installation), au type de ressources mobilisées en question ou aux outils et aux méthodes utilisés. Pour répondre à cette question de recherche nous avons retenu trois hypothèses de recherches, à savoir : L’hypothèse H1 qui correspond à la causation (approche décrite comme dominante dans les milieux des créateurs d’entreprise) où elle postule que l’entrepreneur réussit son processus de création d’activité (PCA) s’il est bien formé dans les business schools avec les bons outils (business model) et les bonnes méthodes (analyse de la valeur) qu’il suffit de répliquer ou de dupliquer dans n’importe quel contexte sans tenir compte des situations ou des contingences favorables ou pas. Autrement s’il est suffisamment qualifié et formé dans les milieux académiques. Ensuite vient l’hypothèse H2 de l’effectuation qui fragilise ou caricature l’hypothèse H1 où l’on considère cette fois-ci que l’entrepreneur réussit son (PCA) s’il sait construire une situation d’opportunité inédite ou imprévue du fait des qualités spécifiques qui lui sont propres tel que le charisme, la personnalité et des capacités individuelles rivales (c’est-à-dire des capacités individuelles presque inégales de par leur nature). Ces deux hypothèses H1 et H2 s’inspirent des travaux de Sarasvathy (publication 2001c, a, b et année suivante). Vient enfin l’hypothèse 3 qui intervient dans cette tension entre H1 et H2 pour leur remise en cause. Pour l’hypothèse 3 (Territoire) l’entrepreneur réussit son (PCA) lorsque celui-ci sait intégrer dans son plan de création d’activité le rôle du territoire disposant des ressources facilitantes (et/ou non contraignantes). Autrement dit, un cadre institutionnel habilitant ou des dispositifs facilitants tels que les politiques publiques de développement et de promotion de l’entrepreneuriat sur le territoire ou sur le lieu d’installation des activités en question. Et dans ce cas pour H3, la formation et les qualifications de l’entrepreneur (H1), son charisme et sa personnalité (H2) importent peu. / This thesis examines the business creation process (BCP) and successful practices reasoning effectuation (effectual logic) combined or not with the reasoning by causation - causal logic of the theory of "cause and effect" among entrepreneurs. From our research question: how do you create a successful business and how it solves-critical incidents related to business creation, we study the steps that entrepreneurs have used in 10th arrondissement of Paris to identify socioeconomic data and unpublished resources and territorial characteristics such as contingencies to succeed in business creation process (BCP). Our research problem leads actually in a logical continuum seeking to understand the processes that followed the activity creating successful projects and the methods of resolution of critical incidents related to business creation.By incident means a difficulty (by extension a problem, an obstacle) that occurs during the project creation and whose consequences can be critical or severe if it is not resolved by the creators of activities. The critical nature (or severe) here refers to what is not in their routine. This means that such an incident can result in the abandonment of the creative process in progress or slow down or lead to its cessation. Therefore, we can assume that their occurrence may be related to the context of the territory (eg, institutional factors or structural conditions of the installation place), type of resources mobilized in question or to the tools and methods used.To answer this research question we selected three research hypothesis, namely: The H1 hypothesis that matches causation (described as dominant approach in enterprise environments creators) where it assumes that the entrepreneur succeeds its business creation process (BCP) it is well trained in the business schools with the right tools (business model) and the right methods (value analysis) that simply replicate or duplicate in any context regardless of situations or contingencies favorable or not. Otherwise if it is sufficiently trained and qualifed in academic circles. Next comes the H2 hypothesis effectuation that weakens or caricature H1 should we consider this time that the entrepreneur succeeds his (BCP) if he can build a situation of unusual or unexpected opportunity of made specific qualities of its own such as charisma, personality and rival individual capacities (that is to say almost unequal individual capacities in nature). These two hypotheses H1 and H2 are based on the work of Sarasvathy (publication 2001c, a, b and following year). Finally comes the hypothesis 3 which is involved in this tension between H1 and H2 for their questioning. For hypothesis 3 (Territory) the entrepreneur succeeds his (BCP) when it can integrate into its business plan to create the role of territory with facilitative resources (not binding). In other words, an institutional framework enabling or facilitating of devices such as policy development and promotion of entrepreneurship on the territory or in the place of installation of these activities. And in this case for H3, training and entrepreneur's qualifications (H1), charisma and personality (H2) is irrelevant.

Forskning om entreprenörskap fokuserar på framgång som ignorerar den höga felfrekvensen av Nya företag. Många nya företag misslyckas så hur entreprenörer hantera det när deras företag misslyckas? Framgångsrika entreprenörer prisar fördelarna med misslyckande som en värdefull lärare. Resultatet av misslyckande regelbundet fylld med ekonomiska, sociala, psykologiska och fysiska hälsoproblem. Syftet med denna forskning är att bedöma företagets misslyckande upplevelser för företagare, från det ögonblick resultatet genom att  återhämtningen för att hantera företagande fel och avsluta för påverkan av den slutna företag.  I denna forskning aspekter av livet som påverka av entreprenörs fel undersöka ekonomiskt, socialt och psykologiskt att belysa faktorer som kan påverka mängden av kostnaderna för ett misslyckande. Därefter beskriver forskningen hur entreprenörer lära av misslyckanden. Den presenterar på resultaten av företagets misslyckande, inklusive hantera fel och återhämtning tillsammans med kognitiva och beteendemässiga utfall. / Research on entrepreneurship focuses on success which ignores the high failure rate of new ventures. Many new ventures fail so how entrepreneurs deal with it when their venture    fails? Successful entrepreneurs praising the advantages of failure as a valuable teacher. The result of failure is regularly filled with economic, social, psychological, and physical health disorder. The aim of this research is to assessment venture failure experiences for entrepreneurs, from the instant result through to recovery for coping with entrepreneurial failure and exit for impact of the closed venture. In this research, aspects of life affected by entrepreneurial failure examine economically, socially and psychologically in highlighting factors that may influence the amount of costs of failure. Next, the research describes how entrepreneurs learn from failure. It presents on the outcomes of venture failure, including coping with failure and recovery together with cognitive and behavioral outcomes. The main objective of the research study is to understand the failure from entrepreneurs    who have experienced it and also to make a theoretical framework of failure based on entrepreneurial venture failure experiences. Every entrepreneur starts up a venture with high expectations of achieving success. Failure can be emotionally disturbing, devastating,  painful, distressing and costly for the entrepreneur who may have to aspect the stigma of failure and the loss of reputation. The entrepreneur can get involved in grief, heartache, anxiety, depression, shame, rejection and discouragement (Politis & Gabrielsson, 2009). The purpose of the research is to investigate how entrepreneurs realize and react to venture  failure. Moreover, entrepreneurs are looking for positive aspects of failure as enhancing experiences that help their coping with entrepreneurial failure, learning from failure, the willingness to begin a new venture and also trigger changes in upcoming decision-making. The purpose of the research is to take a view of the existed experience of failure, taking into consideration impact from the entrepreneurship.