O objetivo desta pesquisa foi elucidar o modo como os sistemas de avaliação de sustentabilidade na arquitetura ponderam o impacto ambiental e as tecnologias referentes è energia, aos materiais e à água. Para este fim foram selecionados sete sistemas de avaliação de sustentabilidade, como o: BREEAM - Reino Unido, 1990; GBTool - Internacional, 1996; LEED - Estados Unidos, 1996; SPEAR - Inglaterra, 2000; HQE - França, 2002; CASBEE - Japão, 2002; e NABERS - Austrália, 2004. Paralelamente, fez-se uma pesquisa das tecnologias relacionadas à energia, materiais e água. Nesta etapa o enfoque da pesquisa nestes três campos foi em relação ao uso de tecnologias renováveis; os impactos ambientais associados à escolha de cada processo e suas atuais conjunturas no Brasil. O fato da pesquisa se tratar das tecnologias a serem inseridas no projeto de arquitetura incutiu a necessidade de conhecer a opinião de experientes profissionais que atuam hoje na área de sustentabilidade. Foram então, realizadas dez entrevistas com arquitetos, engenheiros e consultores ambientais na cidade de Londres, que atuam em projetos ao redor do mundo. Desta forma foi possível concluir a pesquisa com um conhecimento mais aprofundado em relação ao que se conhece na teoria e o que atualmente é feito na prática, no sentido de se construir edifícios e cidades de menor impacto ambiental. / The objective of this research was to elucidate how architecture sustainability assessment methods evaluates environmental impact and energy, materials and water management technologies. Seven assessment methods were therefore selected, which were: BREEAM - BRE EcoHomes (United Kingdom, 1990); GBTool (International, 1996); LEED (United States, 1996); SPEAR (United Kingdom, 2000); HQE (France, 2002); CASBEE (Japan, 2002) e NABERS (Australia, 2004). In addition, an investigation of technologies related to energy, materials and water was done. At this phase, the research focused the use of renewable technologies, as well as environmental impacts associated with the choice of each process and its current conjunctures in Brazil. Since the research deals with the insertion of technologies in the architecture design, which requires studying the opinion of experienced professionals who act today in the sustainability field, ten interviews were carried among architects, engineers and environmental consultants in the city of London, who act in international designs. Therefore, it was possible to conclude the research with a deeper knowledge of what is known as theory, and what is currently being done in practice, regarding buildings and cities construction that cause fewer environmental negative impacts.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-05-10T17:08:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUANA BARBOSA 1.pdf: 2486825 bytes, checksum: 885c15dce91c22870f7b1742cfae2a55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T17:08:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUANA BARBOSA 1.pdf: 2486825 bytes, checksum: 885c15dce91c22870f7b1742cfae2a55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 / The environmental impact of a river basin is responsible for most socio-environmental problems of a municipality, since water resources are intrinsic to urbanization. This work aims to perform an environmental diagnosis in the Baixa Funda stream basin in the municipality of Araguaína-TO. The methodology used consisted of a bibliographical survey and observational field analysis with a quantitative and qualitative approach of 10 points, through geoprocessing and collection of water samples planned for the months of March and September of 2017, comprising the rainy season and the dry season. water collection at three points (P1, P7 and P10): upstream end, intermediate point of the channel and downstream end of the stream. Where laboratory physicochemical analysis was performed of the following parameters: water temperature, pH, Turbidity, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, total residue, dissolved oxygen (DO); Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms, which were analyzed in the rainy season and in the drought period of the stream. The results showed technogenic deposits, severe environmental impact, with irregular disposal of solid wastes often in fragments, such as plastics, various metals, household waste, sewage, among others. It was concluded that the anthropic action showed to be the main active agent in the removal of the vegetation cover, in soil and subsoil contamination, being active in the acceleration of processes such as erosion, sedimentation and degradation. It is essential to assess the environmental consequences, their impacts and propose short- , medium- and long-term solutions. The data presented demonstrate that the studied area is in the process of environmental degradation, according to physicochemical evaluation, which shows the contamination of the water in the evaluated points. / O impacto ambiental ocorrido em uma bacia hidrográfica é responsável pela maioria dos problemas socioambientais de um município, uma vez que os recursos hídricos estão intrínsecos à urbanização. Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar diagnóstico ambiental na bacia hidrográfica do córrego Baixa Funda no município de Araguaína- TO. A metodologia utilizada constitui em levantamento bibliográfico e análise de campo observacional com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa de 10 pontos, através de geoprocessamento e coleta de amostras de água planejado para os meses de março e setembro de 2017, compreendendo o período chuvoso e de estiagem realizando a coleta de água em três pontos (P1, P7 e P10): extremidade montante, ponto intermediário do canal e extremidade jusante do córrego. Onde foi feito análise físicoquímica laboratorial dos seguintes parâmetros: temperatura da água, pH, Turbidez, Fósforo total, Nitrogênio total, Resíduo total, Oxigênio Dissolvido (OD); Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO), Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), Coliformes Totais e Coliformes Termotolerantes, estes em análise no período chuvoso e no período de estiagem do córrego. Os resultados apresentados constataram depósitos tecnogênicos, impacto ambientais graves, com disposição irregular de resíduos sólidos frequentemente em fragmentos, como plásticos, metais diversos, lixo doméstico, esgoto, dentre outros. Conclui-se que a ação antrópica se mostrou como sendo o principal vetor atuante na remoção da cobertura vegetal, na contaminação do solo e subsolo, sendo atuante na aceleração de processos como: erosões, assoreamentos e degradação. É fundamental avaliar as consequências ambientais, seus impactos e propor soluções a curto, médio e longo prazo. Os dados apresentados demonstram que a área estudada se encontra em processo de degradação ambiental, conforme avaliação físico-química, que mostra a contaminação da água nos pontos avaliados.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-03-23T13:00:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAISSA CAROLINE GOMES.pdf: 5053936 bytes, checksum: 900b2c6cce1752f18bec552c2fc33f39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T13:00:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAISSA CAROLINE GOMES.pdf: 5053936 bytes, checksum: 900b2c6cce1752f18bec552c2fc33f39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-01 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas ? PUC Campinas / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo - FAPESP / Recent urban growth has led to a significant reduction of permeable areas in the cities and consequently a degradation of water resources. The watershed are considered basic units of study and management in environmental planning; thus these study aimed to analyze the relationship between eight indicators of water quality (pH, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and total dissolved solids) and the environmental impacts at sampling points located in six different drainage areas in the Ribeir?o das Pedras watershed, Campinas/SP. The samplings were collected in 2015/October, January, April and July/2016 and the results were compared with CONAMA Resolution n.?. 357/2005 (Class II). The results showed that there is a direct relation between the land uses and occupations with the water quality, it comes as seasonal interferences verified by the precipitation in the period of study. Therefore, it?s important to schedule periodic analyzes of municipal water bodies in order to verify the interferences that are occurring in them, as well as it?s necessary to supervise the commercial venture with their own treatment plants, so that there?s no degradation of these water bodies. / O crescimento urbano verificado nos ?ltimos tempos vem promovendo uma diminui??o significativa das ?reas perme?veis nas cidades e consequentemente uma degrada??o dos recursos h?dricos. As bacias hidrogr?ficas s?o consideradas unidades b?sicas de estudo e gest?o no planejamento ambiental; assim o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a rela??o entre oito indicadores de qualidade da ?gua (pH, turbidez, temperatura, oxig?nio dissolvido, demanda bioqu?mica de oxig?nio, f?sforo total, nitrog?nio total e s?lidos totais dissolvidos) e os impactos ambientais em pontos de amostragem localizados no exut?rio de seis diferentes ?reas de drenagem na microbacia do Ribeir?o das Pedras, Campinas/SP. As amostragens foram realizadas nos meses de Outubro/2015, Janeiro, Abril e Julho/2016, sendo os resultados obtidos comparados com a Resolu??o n.? 357/2005 do CONAMA (Classe II). Com os resultados observou-se que h? uma rela??o direta entre os usos e ocupa??es do solo com a qualidade da ?gua, vem como interfer?ncias sazonais verificadas pela precipita??o no per?odo de estudo. Ressalta-se, portanto, a import?ncia da programa??o de an?lises peri?dicas dos corpos d??gua municipais, a fim de verificar as interfer?ncias ocorridas nos mesmos, assim como ? necess?rio que sejam fiscalizados os empreendimentos com esta??es de tratamento pr?prias, para que n?o haja degrada??o dos corpos d??gua por estes.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito das mudanças no uso e cobertura do solo nos últimos 37 anos (1972 a 2008) na resposta hidrológica da bacia do rio Piracicaba, SP. As principais mudanças de uso e cobertura do solo na bacia neste período foram aumento da área urbana, redução da área de pastagem e aumento do plantio de canade- açúcar. Além disso, a bacia conta com uma peculiaridade, que é a presença do Sistema Cantareira, que desvia água à região metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), desde 1974. Foi utilizado o Modelo Hidrológico de Grandes Bacias (MGB), que tem a vantagem de avaliar de forma distribuída a variação da cobertura, do tipo e uso do solo, além da própria propagação no escoamento. O modelo foi ajustado à bacia do rio Piracicaba (área de 12.245 km2) para simulação de vazões diárias. Para o processo de ajuste do modelo foram utilizados dados diários de 1972 a 2008, de 12 postos fluviométricos, 61 pluviométricos e 20 meteorológicos, modelo numérico do terreno, mapas de solos e uso e cobertura do solo (para os anos: 1978, 1983, 1985, 1997 e 2003), e parâmetros que são importantes para diferenciar tipos de solo e usos e coberturas do solo. O processo de simulação das vazões foi realizado em duas etapas: calibração dos parâmetros (entre 1972 a 1990) e verificação (1991 a 2008). Para avaliação da qualidade de ajuste foi considerada a análise visual dos hidrogramas (vazões observadas e calculadas) e os valores das funções objetivo (R2, Rlog e V). Foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade de cada parâmetro, a fim de verificar a influência de cada um. Os resultados mostram um bom ajuste entre as vazões diárias observadas e calculadas pelo modelo. Os melhores resultados das funções objetivo foram obtidos para as sub-bacias de maior área de drenagem. O Sistema Cantareira exerce forte influência na simulação das vazões diárias. As análises de sensibilidade dos parâmetros revelam que os resultados da simulação do modelo são extremamente sensíveis às variações dos parâmetros: capacidade de armazenamento de água no solo (Wm); parâmetro de forma da relação entre o armazenamento e saturação (b); parâmetros de drenagem subterrânea (KBAS) e sub-superficial (KINT); albedo e resistência superficial (rS). Cenários alternativos em relação às mudanças no uso e cobertura do solo foram testados e comparados a simulação do cenário atual da bacia do rio Piracicaba no período entre 1972 e 2008. Comparando o cenário atual ao cenário em que não ocorreu nenhuma alteração na bacia a partir de 1972, verificou-se uma redução das vazões: máxima de 2,5 m3/s; mínima de 2,1 m3/s; e média de 1,9 m3/s. Outros cenários alternativos foram testados e comparados ao cenário atual e foi verificado um aumento da vazão média de 17,2 m3/s para cenário de 100% agricultura; e maior redução da vazão média de 3,9 m3/s para o cenário de conversão da agricultura para pastagem. / This study aimed at to evaluate the effect of changes in land use and land cover over the last 37 years (1972 to 2008) on the hydrological response in the Piracicaba river basin, SP. The main changes in the land use and land cover in the basin over that period were the increase in the urban area, decrease in the pasture area, and increase in the sugarcane plantations. Moreover, the basin has a peculiarity, which is the presence of the Cantareira System, which diverts water to the metropolitan region of São Paulo (RSMP), since 1974. We used a hydrological model of Great Basin (MGB), which has the advantage of evaluating in the distributed form, the variation of the land use/land cover, besides the flow propagation. The model was adjusted to the Piracicaba river basin (12,245 Km2 in area) to simulate daily streamflow. Daily data, from 1972 to 2008, were used for the process of model fitting, from 12 streamflow stations, 61 rainfall and 20 meteorological, digital terrain model, maps of soils and land use and land cover (for the years 1978, 1983, 1985, 1997 and 2003), and parameters that are important to differentiate soil types and uses and land cover. The process of simulation of the streamflow was carried out in two stages: calibration of parameters (from 1972 to 1990) and verification (1991 to 2008). To assess the quality of fitting it was considered the visual analysis of the hydrographs (observed and calculated streamflows) and the values of objective functions (R2, Rlog and V). We performed a sensitivity analysis of each parameter, in order to verify the influence of each one. The results showed a good fitting between the daily observed and calculated streamflows. The best results of the objective functions were obtained for the sub-basins of larger drainage area. The Cantareira System strongly influences the simulation of daily streamflow. Sensitivity analysis of parameters revealed that the simulation results of the model are extremely sensitive to variations of the parameters: soil water storage capacity (Wm), form parameter of the relationship between storage and saturation (b), parameters of drainage underground (KBAS) and subsurface (KINT), albedo and surface resistance (rS). Alternative scenarios for changes in the land use and land cover were tested and compared the simulation of the scenario actual of Piracicaba river basin in the period between 1972 and 2008. Comparing the scenario with no changes in the basin since 1972 to the actual scenario, a reduction in streamflow was detected: maximum of 2,5 m3/s, minimum of 2,1 m3/s, and an average of 1,9 m3/s. Other scenarios were tested and compared to the actual scenario, and it was detected an increase of the mean streamflow of 17,2 m3/s for scenario 100% of agriculture, and a decrease of the mean streamflow of 3,9 m3/s for the scenario of conversion from agriculture into pasture.

Foi realizado um trabalho de pisoteio experimental na vegetação de dunas do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Picinguaba, Ubatuba, SP. Dez parcelas permanentes foram instaladas, cinco no verão e cinco no inverno, subdivididas em 6 tratamentos, que receberam pisoteio controlado nas intensidades de 25, 75, 200, 500 e 1000 passadas, além do controle (sem pisoteio). O procedimento foi repetido em dois anos consecutivos. A cobertura e a altura relativa da comunidade e a cobertura das principais espécies da área foram avaliadas periodicamente ao longo de cada ano. As diferenças entre os tratamentos foram analisadas através do Teste de Friedman. A comunidade apresentou redução na cobertura e na altura da vegetação, mas sua recuperação ocorreu rapidamente. Os efeitos do pisoteio variaram com a estação do ano e com o número de ciclo do impacto, sendo mais evidentes no inverno e no segundo ano independente da estação. A altura decaiu mais rapidamente que a cobertura e demorou mais tempo para se recuperar. Não houve diferenças significativas entre o controle e os tratamentos de menor intensidade (25 e 75 passadas) nem entre os de média e grande intensidade (200, 500 e 1000 passadas), indicando que o uso da capacidade de carga recreativa não é um bom parâmetro para a área estudada. Analisando os dados obtidos pode-se afirmar que a comunidade estudada apresenta alta resistência e resiliência aos efeitos do pisoteio. O número de espécies aumentou com os anos do experimento, mas a maioria delas tem características de plantas invasoras. Três meses após o impacto as espécies apresentavam cobertura semelhante à observada antes do pisoteio. Os dados indicam que as espécies apresentam diferentes padrões de resistência e de resiliência. A Poaceae Panicum racemosum foi a espécie mais resistente ao impacto, e foi classificada como indiferente ao pisoteio; Hidrocotyle bonariensis foi a mais sensível, mas se recuperou rápido e superou os valores iniciais, sendo identificada como favorecida pelo pisoteio. Blutaparon portulacoides apresentou resistência e resiliência intermediárias, mas foi, aos poucos, eliminada da área pelas outras espécies, sendo classificada como desfavorecida pelo pisoteio. Considerando os resultados obtidos, uma forma eficiente de manejo da área é a concentração do uso, direcionando a visitação nas áreas de ocorrência da espécie mais resistente, evitando o lado esquerdo da praia cuja vegetação permanece mais estruturada. Recomenda-se o monitoramento periódico da área para evitar alterações drásticas na estrutura e na composição da vegetação. / Experimental trampling was conducted in a coastal sand-dune community located at "Serra do Mar State Park" in Southeastern, Brazil. It was used 10 permanent plots, five trampled in summer and other five in winter. The trampling intensities were 25, 75, 200, 500 and 1000 passes besides a control area (without trampling) in each plot. The procedures were repeated in two years. Response to trampling was assessed by determining species composition, vegetation cover and height evaluation in six evaluations during each year. The differences between trampling intensities were accessed with Friedman Test. Although there was loss of vegetation cover and height the study area was recovered in a few months. There were on trampling effects between season and years of impact. Effects were more noticeable for winter plots and for the second year of trampling. Reductions in height occurred with less impact and it took longer to recover. Neither 200, 500 and 1000 pass interference showed statistical differences between them, nor the control and 25 or 75 pass interference did. This suggests that the Recreation Carrying Capacity is not a good parameter to control visitors' impact in the area. The data analyses showed that the community has good resistance and resilience. The species number increased during the study, but most of the plant species were intruders. After three months, species cover was round the same as before trampling. The species showed different patterns of resistance and resilience, Panicum racemosum was the most resistant species. It was classified as neutral to trampling impacts. Hidrocotyle bonariensis, classified as favored, was the most sensible one, but it was recovered very fast, reaching higher cover values. Blutaparon portulacoides was classified as injured because although it had an intermediate behavior on resistance, it was almost eliminated from the plots as other species showed up, A management option that comes form this work is to concentrate public use on areas where the most resistant specie occur, avoiding the beach left side where vegetation is more preserved. It is important to monitor vegetation periodically to avoid drastic changes on vegetation structure or composition.

La croissance démographique, l'amélioration de la qualité de vie, et l'intensification des activités énergivores influent fortement sur la demande en énergie au travers de la consommation d'électricité sur un territoire. Le recours aux énergies fossiles constitue la solution la plus adoptée dans les milieux insulaires pour satisfaire cette demande. L'envers de cette méthode réside dans la quantité d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre générée au cours de la production d'énergie et la vulnérabilité de ces territoires. Les politiques actuelles ambitionnent l'atteinte de l'autonomie énergétique dans les milieux insulaires à moyen terme, et favorisent l'utilisation des énergies renouvelables pour restreindre les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Ces travaux ont pour objet de quantifier les impacts environnementaux liés à la production d'électricité de La Réunion afin d'établir un diagnostic territorial. À partir de l'Analyse de cycle de vie et suivant les normes ISO 14044, les centrales de production d'électricité du territoire sont évaluées sous différents impacts environnementaux. La démarche adoptée a été de mettre en place un outil d'évaluation adapté à tout territoire, permettant d'identifier les étapes et les processus fortement contributeurs pour la production de 1 kWh électrique. Les résultats de ce diagnostic servent de points de repère pour élaborer les scénarios de production, établis dans une démarche de modélisation prospective. Huit scénarios proposés ont été développés pour répondre aux contraintes environnementales, techniques, sociales et économiques. / Population growth, the raising of the standard of living and quality of life, and energy-intensive activities are key parameters affecting the territory energy demand, through electricity consumption. To meet this demand, reliance on fossil fuels is the main adopted solution, particularly in insular context. The downside of this method is the large amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emitted, and vulnerability of the territories. Current policies are now in favor of the energy self-sufficiency as a medium-term objective, and put in place measures to support the use of sustainable energy sources to mitigate GHG emissions. This work aims to assess environmental impact of electricity production in Reunion island, to establish a territorial diagnosis. Based on a life cycle assessment approach, according to ISO 14044 standards, varying environmental impacts have been evaluated from existing power plants. An evaluating tool has been developed to identify the most emissive life cycle stage from 1 kWh electricity produced. The obtained results serve as a reference point to develop prospective scenarios. Eight scenarios have been presented and aim to satisfy environmental, technical, social and economic constraints.

Bien que les caractéristiques économiques, de l´offre, de la demande et de l´implantation territoriale soient différentes dans chaque cas, les politiques liées à la mobilité à Paris, Londres, Bogotá et Santiago partent de la conviction commune d´ un excès de circulation automobile qui est à l´origine d´externalités intolérables ; nuisances environnementales dans le cas de Paris et Santiago et congestion dans les cas de Bogotá et Londres principalement. Les interventions mises en place montrent une forte décision de la part des pouvoirs publics de s´attaquer à ses nuisances. Dans le cas de Londres, l´analyse économique des politiques se centre sur les effets du péage de congestion dans le centre de Londres. Le suivi, très détaillé, de la part des autorités londoniennes permet de confirmer un succès technique et politique. Cependant, le coût de collecte du péage est supérieur aux bénéfices économiques. A Paris, la mise en place des couloirs bus comme mesure de diminution de l´espace de la voiture, supporté par un système de TC de qualité, permet de diminuer son utilisation. Cependant la circulation ralentit. Le bilan économique est négatif, ce qui ne semble pas nuire au succès politique. A Bogota, le bilan économique est mitigé. L´amélioration des TC avec la mise en place de Transmilenio apporte des bénéfices importants. Cependant, l´interdiction de circulation crée une désutilité pour une minorité. Finalement, pour Santiago, les informations disponibles ne permettent pas d´être concluant. Cependant, le succès des autoroutes à péage et les problèmes de Transantiago font que le report modal se soit accentué vers une forte croissance de l´automobile. Des questions sur la pertinence de l´évaluation économique comme instrument d´évaluation de politiques de développement durable et l´utilisation d´autres démarches sont aussi développées dans cette recherche. / Even though characteristics regarding economic development, offer and supply of transportation and urbanization are different in each case, the politics linked to mobility in Paris, London, Bogota and Santiago start from the common conviction that there is a surplus in car flow which is at the origin of unbearable externalities ; pollution in Paris and Santiago , congestion in Bogotá and London mainly. The actions taken show a decision from public authorities to fight these nuisances. In London’s case, the economic analysis of policy is based on the results of the Congestion Charge in the city centre. The monitoring, very detailed, from London Authorities confirms a technical and political success. However the cost of charge collection is superior to the economic benefits. In Paris the implementation of bus lanes as a way of taking away space to cars, supported by a good quality Public Transportation System, allows to diminish the use of the car. However traffic has been slowed. The economic outcome is negative. In Bogota, the economic outcome is mixed. The improvement of Public Transportation with the implementation of Transmilenio brings important benefits. However, the restriction for car circulation creates a disutility for a minority. Finally in Santiago’s case, the available information isn’t conclusive. However, success of urban highway tolls and Transantiago’s problems suppose an evolution of modal share towards a strong growth in the use of the car. Questions regarding the role of the economic appraisal as an evaluating instrument of policy based on sustainable development and the use of other approaches are also developed in this research.

<p>From long ago, rivers have always sustained livelihoods of the peoples through the utilisation of different natural resources available in the basin. All over the world, many rivers have been dammed in the spirit of performing various purposes: agricultural irrigation, domestic water supply and power generation or flood control.</p><p>By the year 2001, the World Commission on Dams brought into focus the debate on damrelated impacts on local economies, societal cultures, livelihoods security and environmental conservation. The outcome of the World Commission on Dams consultation strongly recommended the governments to involve all stakeholders to address appropriately all issues associated with dams.</p><p>The overall focus of this master thesis is the projected Rusumo Falls dam in the Kagera River Basin (East Africa). Based on literature documentation completed by on-ground observations and qualitative interviews at Rusumo, various issues connected with the dam are presented.</p><p>In the first part, the Kagera River Basin background information is provided. It gives an overview of the physical and human characteristics of the Kagera watershed and subcatchments. A brief history and socio-economic indicators are given to enlighten the outsiders about the development challenges of the riparian countries of Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. Regional frameworks for the development and management of Kagera Basin natural resources are presented: The Kagera Basin Organisation and the Nile Basin Initiative.</p><p>Section two analyses the likely social problems around the Rusumo Hydro Electric Project resulting from the land issue and the electricity needs and posing a dilemma for the governments committed to reverse the poverty and developing the economies. Benefits and drawbacks of the dam as perceived by the beneficiaries are thoroughly listed.</p><p>Based on the overwhelming supports from the Rusumo people, the governments of Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania together with the international community, a public participation scenario is suggested in the last chapter. It encourages the governments to come together with all interested groups and the affected people of Rusumo and address any matters associated to the dam management process.</p><p>The conclusion of this study draws some strategies and methods to ensure full popular participation in the dam management. It provides some ways to involve all stakeholders to address the related issues. As the Rusumo people perceptions of the dam possible effects might not be realistic, the popular participation can offer them a good opportunity to handle socio-economic problems such as the land issue, the economy restructure and the nature conservation. In this case study, the government of Rwanda is therefore responsible for the establishment of platforms for a broad popular consultation.</p>

La tesi ha un filo logico che inizia con la quantificazione e caratterizzazione degli impatti ambientali della produzione del latte. La ricerca prosegue con l'analisi delle opzioni per mitigare questi impatti, tra cui la produzione di biogas da reflui zootecnici. Il passo successivo è stato quello di analizzare la sostenibilità ambientale della co-digestione della biomassa da colture dedicate e reflui zootecnici. La digestione anaerobica dei reflui zootecnici per la produzione di biogas e la sua combustione per produrre energia elettrica è risultata un approccio tecnologico efficace per ridurre le emissioni di gas serra in quanto riduce le emissioni dallo stoccaggio dei liquami e sostituisce la produzione di energia elettrica da combustibili fossili. La produzione di biogas da biomassa da colture dedicate, anche se non fornisce benefici ambientali di per sé, può essere considerata come una opzione per facilitare e incrementare la digestione dei reflui, ma la biomassa da colture dedicate deve essere utilizzato in modeste quantità. I risultati di questa tesi - realizzati utilizzando la metodologia LCA - possono aiutare i responsabili politici nella pianificazione delle misure volte ad aumentare la sostenibilità della produzione del latte e del biogas nelle aziende zootecniche. / The thesis has a logical thread that starts with the quantification and characterization of the environmental impacts of milk production. The research continues with the analysis of the options for mitigating these impacts, among which biogas production from manure results very effective. The next step was to analyse the environmental sustainability of co-digestion of manure and energy crops. The anaerobic digestion of manure to biogas and its combustion to produce electricity resulted as an effective technological approach to mitigate GHG emissions because it reduces the emissions from slurry storage and contributes to the displacement of electricity generation from fossil fuels. Biogas production from energy crops, although not providing environmental benefits per se, may be regarded as an option to facilitate and increase the digestion of manure, if allowed only in small shares. The results of this thesis – achieved using LCA methodology – can assist policy makers in the planning of measures aimed at increasing the sustainability of milk and biogas production from dairy farms.

In this thesis the impact of the Atat&uuml / rk Dam on social and environmental aspects of the Southeastern Anatolia Project has been discussed in terms of planning and policy making, institutional arrangements, infrastuctural development and human resources development. In order to analyse the impacts of Atat&uuml / rk Dam data related to several components are collected. These components can be listed as resettlement, land acquisition and land consolidation, education, health, gender issues. The results show that the Atat&uuml / rk Resettlement has been done involuntarily. The people mostly have their compensation. However the management abilities of the resettlers for the compensations were poor. Generally the Southeastern Anatolia Project as a large scale multi sectoral projects have positive impacts on the literacy ratio and health standards. Actually the social and environmental aspects of this kind of large scale projects are difficult to predict and measure. Therefore reasonable studies on prediciting the problems related to the environemental and social issues and producing sufficient solutions become more and more important day by day. The Southeastern Anatolia Project becomes an important example for similar projects by considering its both positive and negative impacts