Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-01T11:24:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Ernani Litig.pdf: 49657709 bytes, checksum: 07cd53d4807b9282121d0fc9ecac6333 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-01T11:24:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Ernani Litig.pdf: 49657709 bytes, checksum: 07cd53d4807b9282121d0fc9ecac6333 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-16 / This research investigated the social, cultural and economic impacts suffered by indigenous nations in the state of Espírito Santo, because of the new demarcation and ratification of their land and the process of struggle and resistance that intend to redeem the collective rights of these people. The study was developed in third time: In the first time, the study analyzed the academic literature, lifting of indigenous historic informations, the implantation process of the industrial complex of COFAVI and Aracruz Cellulose and the process of demarcation and ratification of indigenous land. The second time investigated the governmental documents to evaluate environmental, social, cultural and economic impacts caused by the eucalyptus monoculture and the impacts at institutions and public services. The third time executed a field research, identifying and registering impacts resulted by eucalyptus monoculture and the impacts at institutions and public service with reflex on indigenous land. It was found damage for all extension of indigenous land. The research allowed conclude that, to recover the indigenous' collective rights it's necessary to pressure the government of Espírito Santo and the City Hall of Aracruz to evaluate the environmental, social, cultural and economic impacts caused by private companies and the public power itself / Esta pesquisa investigou os impactos ambientais, sociais, culturais e econômicos sofridos pelos povos indígenas no Espírito Santo com a nova demarcação e homologação de suas terras e o processo de luta e resistência que visa o resgate dos direitos coletivos destes povos. O estudo foi desenvolvido em três momentos: No primeiro momento analisou-se a bibliografia acadêmica, levantando as informações históricas dos povos indígenas, do Brasil ao Espírito Santo; o processo de implantação de complexo industrial: Da COFAVI a Aracruz Celulose e o processo de luta pela demarcação e homologação das terras indígenas. No segundo momento, foram investigados os documentos governamentais para avaliar os impactos ambientais, sociais, culturais e econômicos decorrentes da monocultura do eucalipto e os impactos de estruturas e serviços públicos. No terceiro momento realizou-se pesquisa de campo, identificando-se e registrando-se os impactos decorrentes da monocultura do eucalipto e os impactos de estruturas e serviços públicos com reflexos nas Terras Indígenas. Constataram-se danos por toda extensão da área indígena. A pesquisa permitiu concluir que para resgatar os direitos coletivos dos índios de Aracruz é necessário cobrar a responsabilidade do Estado do Espírito Santo e da Prefeitura Municipal de Aracruz de avaliação dos impactos ambientais e o consequente dano social, cultural e econômico gerado pelas empresas privadas e pelo próprio poder público (Estado e Município)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Andrade de Souza.pdf: 2758545 bytes, checksum: 134ca246bbd2fb13b10e25c008e115d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-17 / Brazilian speleological patrimony is formed by a set of material and immaterial goods of invaluable natural and cultural values, and it`s preservation is essential to guarantee to present and future generations a healthy environment. Until recently, this environmental patrimony benefited from an efficient protection from the Brazilian substantive law. Nevertheless, this condition has been profoundly changed by Decree n. 6.640/2008, which modified the structure of Decree n. 99.556/1990, our most effective cave protection rule. This change had the purpose of introducing a new legal framework, that jeopardizes the integrity of most part of caves located in national territory, and, for that reason, demands efficient interpretations in order to minimize the noxious impacts on the environment. Answering that call, this work aimed to analyze not only the Decree in case, but also, in a general way, the Brazilian substantive law available to protect the natural underground cavities. To achieve such goal, law doctrine, case law, as well as deductive, inductive and analogical reasoning has been used. Federal Constitution and Federal rules have been examined: either those rules designed especially to protect the speleological patrimony or those which are useful for cave protection despite not being issued for that very reason. Some of the main State cave protection rules, especially the ones based on States Constitutions, have also been seen. At the end, an expressive range of the national rules available to protect the speleological patrimony has been explored. Concerning specifically to the changes in the Decree n. 99.556/1990, it has been shown that they couldn t have been made by another decree, which consisted violation of the Brazilian Constitution. Regarding the substantive aspects of the changes, an interpretation track has been chosen in order to, as much as possible, minimize the environmental losses and keep compatibility with the Federal Constitution / O patrimônio espeleológico brasileiro é formado por um conjunto de bens materais e imateriais de inestimável valor natural e cultural, e a sua preservação é fundamental para garantir às gerações presentes e futuras um meio ambiente saudável. Até rescentemente, esse patrimônio ambiental gozava de proteção eficiente no direito material brasileiro, mas esse status foi profundamente alterado com a edição do Decreto n. 6.640/2008, que modificou a estrutura da nossa principal norma especificamente dirigida à tutela de cavernas: o Dec. n. 99.556/1990. Essa mudança visou a implantar, no âmbito infraconstitucional, um novo regime jurídico, que ameaça por em risco a integridade da maior parte das cavernas sitas em território nacional, e, por tal razão, clama por interpretações que miniminizem os resultados nocivos ao meio ambiente. Atendendo a esse chamado, este trabalho visou a analisar não apenas o decreto em questão, como, de uma forma geral, as normas brasileiras de direito material à disposição do aplicador do direito para a proteção das cavidades naturais subterrâneas. Para tanto, valeu-se do estudo da doutrina e da jurisprudência, bem como se utilizaram os métodos dedutivo, indutivo e analógico. Examinaram-se a Constituição Federal, as normas federais e especificamente destinadas à proteção do patrimônio espeleológico ou aquelas que, mesmo não tendo esse propósito específico, podem ser utilizadas em seu proveito, bem como algumas das principais normas estaduais voltadas à tutela de cavernas, sobretudo as previstas nas respectivas Constituições. Ao final, conseguiu-se percorrer significativo espectro do instrumental normativo nacional disponível à proteção do patrimônio espeleológico, e, especificamente no que diz respeito às alterações no Decreto n. 99.556/1990, evidenciou-se sua inconstitucionalidade formal, e, no que diz respeito ao conteúdo material do decreto, apresentou-se uma linha de interpretação que, tanto quanto possível, minimizasse as perdas ao meio ambiente, e mantivesse compatibilidade com a Constituição Federal

This paper on the environmental impacts of transport purchasing in road freight is to highlight how the adaptive capability of transport chains are affected through collaboration and the aim for sustainability through political regulations and societal demands.This paper is divided into a theoretical framework and an empirical study, followed by the analysis, conclusions and discussions based on the framework and empirical study.The theoretical framework will discuss the different aspects of road freight transport which impact the environment and show the interdependencies of each aspect.The analysis will highlight the empirical chapter with a comparison of the theoretical framework in order to make substantial conclusions.Conclusions among others are that standardization is needed although flexibility and agility is also needed. By standardizing processes, routine measures can be implemented and it creates a sense of certainty within the company. Agility and flexibility can be achieved by adding modular processes which can be implemented if the need for customization arises.Governmental involvement is necessary for the development of infrastructure to minimize traffic congestion and improve the infrastructure for increased reliability, accessibility, and flexibility. By developing the rail infrastructure, a larger share of goods can be transferred via railway and thus reduce the environmental impacts of road freight through intermodal transportation. / Program: Industrial Engineering – Logistics Management

Com a crescente preocupação mundial em torno da questão ambiental, a sociedade passa a exigir dos diferentes setores práticas ambientalmente responsáveis. Com esta exigência, as empresas procuram adotar melhores práticas e assim construir uma imagem ambiental positiva. Esta dinâmica entre ação ambiental realizada e imagem ambiental divulgada vem sendo estudada por autores que tem um olhar crítico em relação à distância entre ação e divulgação. Atualmente o setor sucroenergético vem enfrentado mais de perto estas exigências e questões. Com a preocupação pela busca de melhores práticas ambientais visando reduzir a poluição através de alternativas ao uso de combustíveis não renováveis, há aumento na procura por biocombustíveis alavancando o setor no país. Deste modo, visando à ampliação de suas atividades, as usinas de açúcar e etanol no Brasil passam a buscar novos investimentos por meio da abertura de capitais, fusões e aquisições. Este novo cenário traz consigo alterações no trato com a questão ambiental e social. O setor, ligado a conflitos referentes a estas questões, passa a sofrer pressões dos investidores e a concentrar esforços na construção de ações responsáveis procurando atingir uma imagem positiva em relação a este tema. O Grupo Cosan, um dos maiores representantes do setor, partilha das mesmas questões. Para compreender a dinâmica entre ação e divulgação, a pesquisa estudou as ações de Gestão Ambiental e as ações de comunicação do Grupo, procurou desenhar o contexto em que o Grupo insere-se e as contradições por ele vivenciadas. Foi descrita também suas ações no Município de Piracicaba-SP por meio da Usina Costa Pinto. Para tal, foi utilizada pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores que demonstraram interesse, direto ou indireto, nas ações do Grupo e do setor sucroenergético em Piracicaba-SP. Foi identificada uma mudança na divulgação das ações ambientais da Cosan, que antes de 2010 não trazia muito detalhes e, após esta data, buscou divulgar dados concretos e numéricos sobre seus aspectos ambientais. Apesar disto, o Grupo sofre denúncias e tem suas ações constantemente questionadas por seus stakeholders. Em Piracicaba-SP o Grupo divide opiniões quanto a suas ações, embora uma mudança de comportamento do Grupo perante o ambiente e a sociedade seja indicada pelos entrevistados. / With the global increasing concern around the environmental issue, the society starts to demand environmental responsible practices to the different sectors. To this demand, the companies are seeking to adopt best practices to build an environmental positive image. This dynamic between environmental action performed and environmental image publicized has been studied by authors who have looking critically regarding to the distance between action and publicized. Nowadays the sugarcane sector has faced closely these demands and issues. To concern for seeking better practices to reduce environmental pollution by means of alternatives to the non-renewable fuels, there is increased the demand for biofuels boosting the sector in the country. Thereby, aiming the activities expansion Brazilian sugar and ethanol mills start to seek new investments through initial public offer, merger and takeover. This new setting brings changes in dealing with social and environmental issues. The sector, linked to conflicts related to these issues, begins to suffer pressure from investors and to focus efforts on construction of responsible actions seeking to reach a positive image regarding this topic. The Cosan Group, one of the greatest representatives of the sector, shares the same issues. To understand the dynamics between action and disclosure, the research studied the Group Environmental Management actions and communication actions, sought to design the context where the Group belongs and contradictions lived deeply by it. It was also reported its actions by Costa Pinto mill in Piracicaba-SP. For such, it was used bibliographical research, documental and semistructured interviews with actors who have expressed interest, direct or indirect, in the Group actions and sugarcane sector in Piracicaba-SP. It was identified a changing in the disclosure of the environmental actions of Cosan, which before 2010 brought no much detail and, thereafter, seek to publicize concrete and numerical data about its environmental aspects. Nevertheless, the Group suffers denounces and has their actions constantly called into question by its stakeholders. The Group in Piracicaba-SP splits opinions as to its actions, although the interviewees indicated a Group behavior change to the environment and society issues.

O impacto da certificação foi o tema central desse projeto de pesquisa que consistiu em identificar o seu efeito sobre variáveis de interesse, isolado de outras fontes de variação. Para isso, uma metodologia de avaliação de impacto foi adaptada e testada para analisar a Certificação Socioambiental Rainforest Alliance da Rede de Agricultura Sustentável RAS na cafeicultura em Minas Gerais. A Certificação Socioambiental cresceu significativamente em fazendas produtoras de café no Brasil e no mundo desde sua criação em 1998 até o ano 2007. Os produtos vendidos com essa certificação carregam consigo a mensagem que vêm de sistemas de produção que promovem mais desenvolvimento humano e mais conservação da biodiversidade quando comparados aos sistemas convencionais. Contudo, o processo de Certificação Socioambiental não mede diretamente essas diferenças. Na rotina da certificação, o auditor avalia a conformidade dos sistemas de produção a padrões pré-estabelecidos. A ausência de avaliações de impactos pode acarretar questionamentos referentes às reais transformações decorrentes da certificação. Outro questionamento refere-se à elaboração das normas, as quais foram formuladas em processos de consulta pública com as partes interessadas, as quais estabelecem uma referência do que é desejável segundo a percepção de cada participante. Esses atores, num determinado momento ou contexto, podem ter dado maior ênfase a alguns aspectos que outros e não explicitam quais os problemas dos sistemas de produção conve ncional que pretendiam superar. Além disso, podem ocorrer mudanças de conduta e paradigmas nos sistemas convencionais que podem afetar no tempo as decisões das consultas públicas. Como parte do objetivo desse projeto pretendeu-se obter uma referência de sistemas de produção com e sem certificação como subsídio para elaboração das normas de certificação e para orientação dos trabalhos dos auditores. O método de avaliação de impacto utilizado foi comparar os empreendimentos agrícolas certificadas com os nãocertificados de forma a obter o cenário contrafactual, isto é, qual seria a situação dos empreendimentos certificados se, hipoteticamente, não tivessem passado pelo processo de certificação. A amostra foi de seis empreendimentos agrícolas do Sul de Minas e dez do Cerrado Mineiro, um total de 444 trabalhadores entrevistados. Os resultados foram gerados por meio da análise quantitativa dos dados primários obtidos por meio de entrevistas com os trabalhadores e com a administração da fazenda, análise de imagens de satélite e observações de campo. Os três temas selecionados para testar a metodologia foram bem estar dos trabalhadores, preservação da biodiversidade e conservação dos recursos hídricos e redução da poluição. Os resultados afirmaram a importância da Certificação Socioambiental para promoção da conservação da biodiversidade e do desenvolvimento humano no curto e longo prazo. Porém, não foram identificados impactos em alguns aspectos analisados, bem como uma manifestação distinta dos impactos nas regiões. A metodologia mostrou-se apropriada para identificar os impactos da certificação e para definir uma referência que contribua substancialmente para construção das normas e para orientar o trabalho de auditoria de forma a acentuar a contribuição da Certificação Socioambiental para promover a conservação da biodiversidade e o desenvolvimento humano. / The impact of certification was this research project´s major focus, which consisted of the identification of the effect of certification over interest variables, isolated from other sources of variation. Specifically in this dissertation, an impact assessment methodology was adapted and tested to analyze the impact of Rainforest Alliance socioenvironmental certification scheme, utilized by the Sustainable Agriculture Network - SAN (in Portuguese, RAS), in coffee plantations located in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Socio-environmental certification has increased significantly in coffee-producing farms in Brazil, as well as worldwide, since its creation in 1998 up to 2007. Commercialized products with this type of certification carry a message that they are rooted in production systems which promote greater human development and biodiversity conservation values when compared to conventional systems. However, the socio-environmental certification process does not currently measure these differences in a direct way. During certification procedures, an auditor assesses whether production systems are accomplishing pre-established standards. The absence of impact assessments might raise doubts regarding real transformations provoked by certification. Another doubt relates to the establishment of such standards, which were elaborated in public meetings among interested parties that established a reference about what is desirable according to each participants perception. These stakeholders, in a given moment or context, may have emphasized some particular aspects without clarifying which of the problems of the conventional systems they intended to solve. Moreover, changes might occur in the conduct or paradigms of conventional systems which can affect decisions made in public meetings. As part of this projects objective, it was intended to obtain a reference for production systems with and without certification, to subsidize the establishment of standards and to guide auditing procedures. The impact assessment method utilized was based on comparing certified and non-certified agricultural enterprises in such a way as to obtain a non-factual scenario, in other words, what would occur in the certified enterprises if, hypothetically, they had not been targeted by certification. The sample consisted of sixteen agricultural enterprises in Brazil. Results were generated through quantitative analyses of primary data gathered through interviews with farm workers and managers, satellite image analyses, and field observations. There technical issues selected to test the methodology were worker welfare, biodiversity preservation and water resource conservation, and pollution impact. Results indicate an important role of Socio-environmental Certification in promoting conservation of biodiversity and human development in the short and long run. Some analyzed aspects did not present impacts, however, and some impacts presented a differentiated response in different regions. The methodology used was concluded to be suitable for identifying certification impacts and for defining a reference to substantially contribute to building standards, as well as guide auditors´ work in such a way as to increase the contribution of socio-environmental certification to biodiversity conservation and human development.

Among efforts to develop sustainable approaches towards the intensive rearing of finfish within open marine waters, is the development of integrated aquaculture techniques. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), has been promoted as a way to reduce unwanted environmental impacts associated with the intensive production of marine finfish within net-pens. The principle aim of this concept, is the bioremediation of nutrient discharges from fish aquaculture. This is to be achieved by integrating fish cultivation with the growing of species from lower trophic levels, which use the nutrient discharges as a food source. Many studies have been performed that investigate the ability of various species of macroalgae to remove dissolved nutrient discharges, and the ability bivalves to remove solid-bound nutrients, presented as either fish faeces, or an enhanced production of phytoplankton that may be promoted by nutrients emitted by fish-farms. IMTA has also been suggested as a means to improve overall productivity per unit of feed applied to fish, through the conversion of nutrient emissions into additional biomass, such as the tissues of macroalgae or bivalves. Within the research community which focuses upon the environmental impacts of aquaculture, there is a growing awareness that sustainable solutions to aquaculture production cannot be realised through a focus restricted to the growing-phase, and to a limited set of environmental impacts which may this activity may produce. This is because changes to a specific production phase often promote changes at phases located elsewhere along a products value chain. Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA), is a method employed for modelling the environmental impacts that may potentially be generated across the value chain of a product. It is particularly useful for identifying instances of environmental impact shifting; a term used to describe situations where efforts to reduce the contribution of a specific production phase towards one or more environmental impacts, has the effect of either displacing this contribution to another phase, or increases the contribution of production towards different environmental impacts. Despite its apparent suitability, LCA has not previously been fully applied to the environmental impact modelling of open-water IMTA systems. The work presented in the following thesis advances this research front, by using LCA to explore the potential for environmental problem shifting occurring as a consequence of replacing intensive monoculture production, with IMTA. Comprehensive datasets have been acquired from the Chilean aquaculture industry, describing the production of aquafeed and Salmo salar, as well as for the production of the Phaeophytic macroalga, Macrocystis pyrifera, and the molluscan bivalve, Mytilus chilensis. Using LCA methodology, the production of salmon feed, and the production of S.salar, M.pyrifera and M.chilensis, have been assessed for their capacity to contribute towards a variety of global-scale, environmental impacts. IMTA consisting of either S.salar and M.pyrifera, S.salar and M.chilensis, or all three of these species, and combined at ratios required for a bioremediation efficiency of 100 %, 50%, or 20 % of either nitrogen or phosphorous emission from fish, is compared to the monoculture production of S.salar. The comparison is based upon a standardised functional unit, with each species produced through IMTA, being modelled as part of the reference flow required to fulfil the functional unit. Monoculture is compared to IMTA upon the basis of nutritional function, by using a functional unit of mass-adjusted protein content, and mass-adjusted economic value. The use of economic value is based upon the ‘best-case’ assumption, that it serves as a proxy for the total nutritional function that each product offers to human society. The LCAs presented in this study have produced a number of results. Salmon ingredients derived from agricultural crops and animals account for the majority (between 71 % to 98 %) of contributions towards the impacts of compound salmon feed. In general, agricultural crops ingredients contribute more to these impacts than do agricultural animal ingredients, and account for between 31 % and 87 % of the contributions from all ingredients and inputs. In contrast, the combined supply of fish meal and fish oil from capture fisheries is responsible for between 0.13 % and 11 % of all impacts. Vegetable oil accounts for the vast majority of contributions from ingredients derived from agricultural crops. Vegetable oil is modelled as a 50 : 50 blend of sunflower oil and rapeseed, oil, but sunflower oil accounts not only for most of the contributions from vegetable oil, it is responsible for over 50 % of the contributions that all agricultural crop based ingredients contributes towards some impact categories. Replacing sunflower oil with rapeseed oil reduces the contributions of salmon feed by between 6 % and 24 % across 10 out of the 11 impact categories. When compared upon the basis of equal weight, the contributions of fish oil are between 18 % and 99 % lower than those from rapeseed oil. The production of feed is responsible for the majority of contributions (between 32 % and 86 % ) to all impacts of salmon grow-out production. The production of salmon-smolts accounts for between 3 % and 18 %. The majority (64 %) of contributions towards the eutrophication potential of salmon production are from nutrient emissions, which are the result of fish metabolism, whilst nutrients released through the production of feed, the majority of these being from the agricultural production of crop and animals, account for 32 %. Feed production is also a major contributor to the impacts of land-based smolt production, but these contributions (between 12 % and 37 % across all impact categories) are of a lower magnitude than those from the supply of feed to the grow-out phase. Inputs of salt, and inputs of both electricity produced in a diesel power generator and obtained from the national electricity network, are also notable contributors (between 5 % and 67 %, 4 % and 29 %, and 2 % 47 %, respectively) towards the impacts of smolt-production. The main contributors towards the potential impacts of kelp grow-out production (excluding eutrophication potential) are the supply of infrastructure (between 14 % and 89 %), operation of a diesel-powered motorboat for maintenance purposes (between 1 % and 89 %), and the supply ‘of seeded cartridges’ (between 9 and 49 %). The major contributors from the production of ‘seeded cartriges’ in a land-based facility are the supply of electricity from the national electricity network, the supply of fresh water, and the treatment of waste water. The impact potentials of producing seed in this facility might be reduced if the scale of operation is increased. Removal of nitrogen and phosphorous upon the harvesting of kelp is calculated based upon kelp tissue contents of these nutrients. The harvesting of 200 tonnes ha / yr-1, results in a eutrophic potential with a negative value (-376.51 kg of phosphate equivalents). The removal of such a quantity of nutrients might be beneficial if the local marine environment is at risk of hypernutrification, but when no such problem is present, the potential for undesirable consequences of nutrient sequestration should be considered. The major contributor towards the impacts of mussels is the provision of infrastructure (between 25 % and 99.5 %, excluding eutrophication potential). Infrastructure is also responsible for the majority of contributions from mussel seed production. The provision of cotton mesh bags, which are used to aid attatchment of seed to drop-ropes in the grow-out phase, account for between 37% and 99 % of the contributions from the infrastructure from the grow-out phase. This result suggest that either the impacts of mussel production can be reduced by using an alternative material with lower environmental impact potentials, or the inventory data describing the producing of cottonmesh bags requires some improvement. The outcomes of the LCAs of the different IMTA scenarios, are interesting. The results show that choice of species, and the ratios of their combination as required for the different efficiencies of bioremediation, can have a significant effect upon the comparison between IMTA and monoculture. / The study demonstrates a potential for environmental problem shifting as being a consequence of IMTA, especially when the functional unit is mass-adjusted economic value. As bioremediation efficiency increases, contributions towards eutrophication decrease. However, this reduction is achieved at the cost of increasing the contributions of IMTA towards those impact categories, such as ‘ozone layer depletion,’ for which it has a greater contribution than does monoculture. In general, it cannot be concluded from these results that open-water IMTA represents a more sustainable alternative to the monoculture production of Atlantic salmon. The sustainability of IMTA is shown to be dependent upon a variety of trade-offs, between individual environmental impacts, and between these impacts and the nutritional function that the system is capable of providing.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-02-04T14:42:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Winder Rodrigues Pires - 2014.pdf: 4503535 bytes, checksum: ddebcb242e4cbf591f49648569b6ee6e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-11T11:40:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Winder Rodrigues Pires - 2014.pdf: 4503535 bytes, checksum: ddebcb242e4cbf591f49648569b6ee6e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-11T11:40:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Winder Rodrigues Pires - 2014.pdf: 4503535 bytes, checksum: ddebcb242e4cbf591f49648569b6ee6e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-03 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The sugar cane plantation is present in Brazil since the Portuguese colonization beginning. The techniques used by the sugar cane industry toward production of sugar, and then alcohol, were not worried with preservation of natural resources, being associated, along its history, with environment damages as deforestation, fires, natural biodiversity injuries, water and soil contamination, among others. However, with the growth of social mobilization and the State rules around natural resources preservation and environmental quality, since the mid-twentieth century, the field and the industry suffered a technical reformulation to reduce their environmental liabilities and increase its scale production, at the same time. The growing demand for renewable fuels originated with international agreements to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases intensified the expansion of the sugar cane industry in the areas of Cerrado in Brazil. The adequate climate (settings), soil and topographical conditions of this biome- territory made the success and intensification of this plantations, reconfiguring the areas an restructuring the environmental where they were planted. In micro south-west of Goiás State works ten sugar cane industries and another one being implemented. The goal of this study is set up a series of information about this sector, its transformations in a technical way, passing trough different phases (sugar cane, than alcohol and energetic cane at least) until nowadays, when incorporates the fame of sustainable development provider. In this search, the relationships between environmental policies, especially post-Kyoto, and the expansion of the sector are emphasized. Inside this, we sought to understand how the installation of the sugarcane industry in the micro region of south-west Goiás could offer empirical subsidies, from a socio-spatial analysis of territorial dynamics and legitimacy of the environmental speech made by the environmental sector. The methodology used was semi-structured interviews with those responsible for environment part and with the mill workers; lifting of the environmental legislation related; analysis of the studies and reports of environmental impacts of installed plants; and research of environmental public Agencies assessments. It was found that technological standard used by new plants installed in the micro south-west Goiás allowed minimize some environmental liabilities historically rooted to the sector. However, the intensification of sugar cane cultivation at this micro region can result in new impacts as increase the use of water for irrigation, soil compaction and monoculture. It is necessary therefore, an environmental regulation that covers the specific situation of the sector and consider the situations experienced by local actors in order to preserve environmental quality. / A cultura da cana-de-açúcar está presente no Brasil desde o início do processo da colonização portuguesa. As técnicas utilizadas pela atividade canavieira voltadas para produção do açúcar e posteriormente do álcool não tiveram como base uma preocupação com a preservação dos recursos naturais, sendo associadas, ao longo de sua história, a grandes prejuízos ambientais, como desmatamento, queimadas, perda da biodiversidade natural, contaminação hídrica e dos solos, entre outros. No entanto, com o crescimento da mobilização social e do Estado em torno da preservação dos recursos naturais e da qualidade ambiental a partir de meados do século XX, houve uma reformulação técnica por parte deste setor, tanto no campo como na indústria, com o intuito de diminuir seus passivos ambientais ao mesmo tempo em que aumentava sua escala de produção. A crescente demanda por combustíveis renováveis, originada com os acordos internacionais para diminuir as emissões de gases do efeito estufa, intensificou a expansão do setor sucroenergético nas áreas de Cerrados no Brasil. Devido às condições (configurações) climáticas, pedológicas e topográficas deste bioma-território serem adequadas ao cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, houve uma reconfiguração espacial e uma reestruturação socioambiental nos locais onde este plantio foi implantado ou intensificado. Na microrregião do Sudoeste de Goiás, estão em atividades dez usinas sucroenergéticas e uma em fase de implantação. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a estruturação do setor nesta microrregião e as consequências ambientais que se estabeleceram. O trabalho procura estabelecer, inicialmente, um conjunto de informações sobre como o setor foi se transformando na perspectiva técnica, passando por diferentes fases (açucareiro, sucroalcooleiro, sucroenergético), até chegar aos dias atuais, quando incorpora no seu portfólio de “provedor do desenvolvimento sustentável”. Dentro desse itinerário, dá-se ênfase entre as relações das políticas ambientais, especialmente pós-Kyoto, e a expansão do setor. E dentro dessa expansão, procurou-se compreender como a instalação do setor sucroenergético na microrregião do Sudoeste de Goiás poderia oferecer subsídios empíricos, a partir de uma análise socioespacial, da articulação da dinâmica territorial e sua legitimação do discurso ambiental feito pelo setor. Para isso, utilizou-se como metodologia entrevistas semiestruturadas com os responsáveis da parte ambiental e operários das usinas; levantamento da legislação ambiental que abrange o setor; análise dos estudos e relatórios de impactos ambientais das usinas instaladas; e levantamento das autuações ambientais nos órgãos públicos. Verificou-se que o padrão tecnológico utilizado pelas novas usinas instaladas na microrregião Sudoeste de Goiás permitiu minimizar alguns passivos ambientais historicamente arraigados ao setor. No entanto, a intensificação do cultivo canavieiro na microrregião pode acarretar novos impactos, como a intensificação do uso da água para irrigação, a perda de área para outras culturas, compactação dos solos e a monocultura. Faz-se necessária, assim, uma normatização ambiental que abranja as situações específicas desse setor e que leve em consideração as situações vivenciadas pelos agentes locais, no intuito de preservar a qualidade ambiental.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:06:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEX_GONCALVES.pdf: 1200334 bytes, checksum: d88f52a9c61abd36247626ef3528ba98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The EEEV and WEEV are Arboviruses of the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, which measure 60-70 nm in diameter and is composed of transmembrane glycoproteins E1 and E2, the capsid protein or the nucleocapsid, which is derived from the lipid bilayer of the host, and a single molecule single-stranded RNA and positive polarity. They are transmitted by mosquitoes, primarily Culex, Aedes, whose natural reservoir of birds and humans as accidental hosts, horses and other small mammals. Infected individuals are asymptomatic or develop flu-like illness that may progress to severe neurological disease with a prevalence in humans in North America and horses across America. The fatality rate for EEE in humans is 30% and 40% for WEE is 10%. The study was observational, cross-sectional analytical study carried out in individuals of both sex, aged over 18, resident of the lake Tucuruí power plant and from the RDS and Alcobaça Pucurui-Ararão. The collection of blood samples and filling in the questionnaire were performed at two different times, in September/2008 and March/2009. All samples were analyzed by the Evandro Chagas Institute where they were tested with hemagglutination inhibition for detection of antibodies against 19 types of Arboviruses. Data analysis was descriptive and analytical, and used the chi-square or Fisher exact test to verify the statistical significance of associations between variables of the study with an alpha level of 0,05. Altogether 365 samples were analyzed, which showed 1.1% positive for EEE and 1.6% for WEE. Most positive cases had poor sanitary conditions (100% for EEA and 83.3% for WEE) using cesspits (75% to 100% for EEE and WEE) and water from rivers and / or lakes ( 100% to 83.3% for EEE and WEE). The positive cases for EEE and WEE were related to other Arboviruses, where 100% of EEE and WEE were positive for HI-Flavivirus, 25% for EEE virus Maguari, HI-Mayaro and HI-Oropouche and 33.3 % of WEE to HI-Mayaro and 16.7% for the virus Guaroa. The study confirmed the presence of EEE virus and WEE in the region and some socio-environmental factors such as use of cesspits and poor sanitation conditions, conducive to public exposure to vectors and raised the possibility of cross protection with other alphaviruses. / O EEEV e o WEEV são Arbovírus da família Togaviridae, gênero Alphavirus, que medem 60 a 70 nm de diâmetro e é composto por glicoproteínas transmembrana E1 e E2, o capsídio ou proteína do nucleocapsídio, que deriva da bicamada lipídica do hospedeiro, e uma única molécula de RNA de fita única e de polaridade positiva. São transmitidos por mosquitos, principalmente Culex e Aedes, tendo como reservatório natural os pássaros e como hospedeiros acidentais os humanos, equinos e outros pequenos mamíferos. Os indivíduos infectados são assintomáticos ou desenvolvem síndrome gripal que podem evoluir para doença neurológica graves com predominância em humanos na América do Norte e em equinos em toda América. A taxa de letalidade em humanos para EEE é de 30% a 40% e para WEE é de 10%. O estudo foi observacional do tipo transversal analítico, realizado em indivíduos de ambos os sexos, maiores de 18 anos, residentes do lago UHE de Tucuruí e proveniente das RDS de Alcobaça e Pucuruí-Ararão. A coleta das amostras de sangue e o preenchimento do questionário foram realizados em dois momentos distintos, em setembro/2008 e março/2009. Todas as amostras foram analisadas pelo Instituto Evandro Chagas onde foram submetidas ao teste de Inibição da Hemaglutinação para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra 19 tipos de Arbovírus. A análise dos dados foi descritiva e analítica, sendo empregado o teste qui-quadrado e/ou exato de Fisher a fim de verificar a significância das associações estatísticas entre as variáveis do estudo com um nível alfa de 0,05. Ao todo foram analisadas 365 amostras, que mostraram positividade de 1,1% para EEE e de 1,6% para WEE. A maioria dos casos positivos tinha condições de saneamento ruim (100% para EEE e 83,3% para WEE), com uso fossa negra (75% para EEE e 100% para WEE) e abastecimento de água de rios e/ou lagos (100% para EEE e 83,3% para WEE). Os casos positivos para EEE e WEE tiveram relação com outros Arbovírus, sendo que 100% de EEE e WEE eram positivos para HI-Flavivírus, 25% de EEE para o vírus Maguari, HI-Mayaro e HI-Oropouche e 33,3% de WEE para HI-Mayaro e 16,7% para o vírus Guaroa. O estudo confirmou a presença dos vírus da EEE e WEE na região e que alguns fatores sócio-ambientais, como uso de fossa negra e condições de saneamento ruins, favorecem a exposição da população aos vetores e levantou a hipótese de proteção cruzada com outros Alphavírus.

A queimada da palha da cana-de-açúcar como método preparatório à colheita é prática bastante polêmica e combatida, que está amparada por vários atos legislativos e conta com o apoio de setores dos três poderes constituídos. Contudo, esta proteção legislativa específica não outorga a ela a licitude, que é a harmonia com os princípios legais e sociais e com a aprovação da sociedade, que devem nortear qualquer lei e é necessária à sua subsistência. Neste trabalho é examinada a licitude das queimadas da palha da cana-de-açúcar, considerando diversos impactos que elas provocam no meio ambiente (flora, fauna, saúde humana, ar, água, solo, clima e meio de trabalho) e na economia. São analisados os argumentos favoráveis e contrários às queimadas, expostos por juízes, promotores de justiça, doutrinadores, entidades ambientais, pesquisadores, usineiros, cortadores de cana e profissionais de diversas áreas de interesse à matéria. Com a análise é possível concluir que a queimada da palha da cana-de-açúcar, apesar de sua econômica e social, é prática nociva ao meio ambiente e contrária a princípios sociais e legais relevantes e, por isso, deve ser reputada ilícita e não pode continuar a ser praticada. / Burned sugar cane husk as a harvest preparatory method is a very polemic and combated practice, although it is being sustained by many law acts and is supported by departments of the three Powers. However, this specific legislative protection doesn\'t award to this action the necessary lawful, which means having the harmony of the legal and social principals and the society approval, guiders of any law and its necessary support. At the present work the lawful for burned sugar cane husk is discussed considering its impacts over the environment (animals, plants, human health, air, water, soil, climate and working space) and on the economy. The arguments forward and against the burned sugar cane husk are examined through judicial decisions, public prosecutors actions, environmental entities, doctrines, scientists, the sugar cane workers and others involved with the subject. The conclusion is that burned sugar cane husk as a harvest preparatory method, even considering its economic and social importance, is a harmful practice to the environment and opposing to relevant social and legal principals and, therefore, has to be considered unlawful and also to be extinguished as a practice.

Os órgãos de monitoramento ambiental necessitam de indicadores de referência para a avaliação continuada dos impactos ambientais. Indicadores são obtidos por meio da comparação dos teores totais de elementos tóxicos de um solo com valores determinados em condições naturais (não poluídos) ou com valores de referência. No Brasil, com a crescente demanda social pela melhoria e manutenção da qualidade ambiental, alguns estudos foram realizados com o objetivo de estabelecer valores orientadores para metais pesados em solos. Estes são valores préestabelecidos quanto à presença de substâncias químicas que possibilitam a verificação de possível contaminação. A legislação brasileira estabelece três valores orientadores: Valores de Referência de Qualidade (VRQs), de Prevenção (VP) e de Investigação (VI). O VRQ indica o limite de qualidade para um solo considerado limpo a ser utilizado em ações de prevenção da poluição do solo e no controle de áreas contaminadas. Foram coletadas amostras de solo dos estados de Mato Grosso e Rondônia, nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, em áreas de vegetação nativa (sem ou mínima intervenção antrópica). Objetivou-se com essa dissertação: (i) determinar os valores de referência de metais pesados em solos de Mato Grosso e Rondônia; (ii) avaliar métodos de extração de teores pseudototais de metais pesados (EPA 3051 e Água Régia); (iii) correlacionar estes valores com atributos físicos e químicos dos solos; (iv) correlacionar os resultados desse estudo com valores já estabelecidos para solos de outros estados brasileiros. Partiu-se das hipóteses: i) não ocorrerão diferenças entre os teores naturais de metais pesados nos solos de Mato Grosso e Rondônia pelos dois métodos de extração de teores pseudototais de metais; ii) os VRQ de metais pesados para os solos de Mato Grosso e Rondônia são diferentes dos VRQ obtidos para solos de outros estados brasileiros; e iii) haverá correlação significativa entre os teores naturais de metais pesados e os atributos físicos e químicos dos solos. Houve diferença entre os métodos da água régia e EPA 3051 para recuperação dos metais Co, Ni, Pb e Zn, sendo a água régia o método que mais extraiu esses elementos, enquanto os teores de Cr e de Cu não diferiram entre os métodos. A água régia, em geral, apresentou maiores recuperações dos teores pseudototais de metais pesados nos solos. Os teores dos óxidos de Fe e Mn foram as variáveis que, de forma geral, mais correlacionaram com os metais pesados. O teor de carbono orgânico não contribuiu para avaliação da variação geral dos teores de metais por não correlacionar significativamente com nenhuma variável. As variações encontradas entre os teores de metais pesados dos solos do mundo e de outros estados brasileiros reafirma a necessidade da obtenção de valores de referência para cada estado ou para cada tipo de solo, dependendo da variação das características geomorfológicas, pedológicas e geológicas do estado. / Environmental monitoring institutions need benchmarks for continuous assessment of environmental impacts. Indicators are obtained by comparing the total levels of toxic elements in soils with values determined in natural conditions (unpolluted) or with reference values. Because of the growing social demand for improvement and maintenance of environmental quality in Brazil, some studies have been carried out to establish guideline values for heavy metals in soils. These are pre-set values for the presence of chemicals that enable the verification of possible contamination. The Brazilian National Environmental Agency establishes three guideline values: Reference Value (RV); Prevention Value and Intervention Value. The RV indicates the quality threshold for a considered clean soil to be used in actions to prevent pollution of soil and control of contaminated areas. Soil samples were collected from the states of Mato Grosso and Rondônia, Brazil, at 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm layers, in areas of native vegetation (no or minimal human intervention). The objectives of this thesis were: (i) to determine the reference values of heavy metals in soils of Mato Grosso and Rondonia, (ii) to evaluate extraction methods for pseudototais levels of heavy metals (EPA 3051 and aqua regia), (iii) to correlate these values with physical and chemical soils attributes, and (iv) to correlate the results of this study with values established for soils from other Brazilian states. It started from following assumptions: i) no differences will be observed between the natural contents of heavy metals in soils of Mato Grosso and Rondônia by the two extraction methods, ii) the RV of heavy metals for Mato Grosso and Rondônia soils are different from RV obtained for soils from other Brazilian states, and iii) there are significant correlations between natural levels of heavy metals and the physical and chemical attributes of soils. Differences between aqua regia and EPA 3051 were found for Co, Ni, Pb and Zn, the aqua regia method extracting a higher amount of these elements, while the levels of Cr and Cu did not differ between the methods. The aqua regia, in general, had a better recovery of the pseudototal levels of heavy metals in the soils. Contents of Fe and Mn oxides were the variables that, in general, more correlated with the contents of heavy metals in the soils. The organic carbon content did not contribute to assessment of the overall variation of the metal levels because it did not correlate significantly for any variable. Differences between the levels of heavy metals in soils of the world and from other Brazilian states reaffirm the necessity of obtaining reference values for each state or each type of soil, depending on the variation of geomorphological, pedological and geological features of the state.