This thesis project was carried out within the cooperation between theIndustrial Ecology Department at Royal Institute of Technology (KTH),Stockholm, Sweden and Center for Space Thermal Science of ShandongUniversity, Jinan, China. The aim of this thesis report is to investigate Environmental ManagementSystem (EMS) and its support system, give a general view of theenvironmental work in companies in China, and make recommendation forSwedish joint ventures how they should work with environmental issues inChina. The conclusions, drawn from the thesis investigation, are that the Chineseway of working with environmental issues is similar to the Swedishapproach. There is a comprehensive support system in forms oflegalization, other demands and standards. The main differences arecompulsory EMS and Cleaner Production Law. It is not always voluntarilyto work with an EMS in a company; some companies, which are perceivedto be hazardous for the environment, are forced to work with compulsoryEMS. However, there is also voluntarily EMS such as ISO 14001. Thesecond differences are that China has, as the only country in the world,Cleaner Production as a law. The company visits to Qingqi, General, Shandong Huangtai Thermal PowerPlant and Huawo showed that Chinese companies work active onenvironmental issues and use the existing support system. The recommendations for joint ventures between Chinese and Swedishcompanies that were drawn from this thesis report are; compile withChina’s environmental laws, criterion, standards and demands; be a partof China’s environmental management system, both compulsory andvoluntarily; make the environmental work in the organisations transparentand infiltrated it in all levels; educate all employees and assure that theEMS has full support from the top manager; combine EMS with safety,health and quality management systems; work with high quality EducationCenters and Certification Bodies; and finally, take a moral responsibility. / www.ima.kth.se

Denna studies fokus ligger vid de miljöcertifieringar och miljömärkningar som används av tryckerier som ligger i Malmö- och Köpenhamnsområdet. Syftet är dels att skapa en djupare förståelse dels för vilka faktorer som spelar in då ett tryckeri miljöcertifieras, samt att bidra med kunskap om vad en certifiering så som Cradle to Cradle skulle bidra med i förhållande till de miljöcertifieringar som idag är mer etablerade inom grafisk industri. Kvalitativa intervjuer med representanter från fem tryckerier genomfördes. Utöver dessa analyserades kravdokument av de av studien berörda miljöcertifieringarna. Resultaten visar att det finns flera olika anledningar som ligger till grund för att implementera en miljöcertifiering. Gemensamt för de medelstora och stora tryckerierna är dock att de kommunicerar ökade kundkrav som en bidragande orsak till valet att certifiera tryckeriet. Resultaten visar även att en certifiering enligt Cradle to Cradle är mer omfattande samt kostsam än de idag redan etablerade miljöcertifieringarna och miljömärkningarna. / This thesis focuses on the environmental management systems and eco-labels that are used in the printing industry. The aim is to get a deeper understanding of if and why environmental management systems and eco labels are implemented into printing firms. The thesis also aims to compare the Cradle to Cradle model with other environmental management systems and eco- labels used in the printing industry. Qualitative interviews with five printing firms in the Malmö and Copenhagen region was conducted through which empirical data was gathered. The result of the study show that there are a number of different reasons why environmental management systems and eco-labels are implemented but increasing demands from customers seems to be a driving force among medium sized companies.

Världens länder har ingått avtal för att förhindra att den globala medeltemperaturenöverstiger 2°C. För att förmå statliga myndigheter att föregå med gott exempel i detsvenska miljöarbetet har de krav på sig att införa miljöledningssystem. En avuniversitetens/högskolornas miljöaspekter är studenternas resor. Denna rapportpresenterar resultaten från en enkätstudie för studenters resvanor där koldioxidutsläppetper år för studenters resor till hemort, andra studieplatser och universitetet harberäknats. Syftet är att ge underlag för att bedöma om studenternas resande är enbetydande miljöaspekt. Inflyttade campusstudenters koldioxidutsläpp kom till störstadelen från resorna till hemorten som var relativt långa och gjordes ofta. Icke inflyttadecampusstudenters och en distansstudenters koldioxidutsläpp kom till största delen frånresorna till universitetet där den icke inflyttade studenten reste ofta och kort ochdistansstudenten reste sällan men långt. Vid inflyttade studenters resor till annanstudieplats, inflyttade campusstudenters resor till universitetet och distansstudentersresor till annan studieplats var koldioxidutsläppet högre under vintern än för de andraårstiderna vilket innebär att färre gick/cyklade under vintern. Slutsatsen är attstudenternas resor bör ses som en betydande miljöaspekter i universitetets ellerhögskolans miljöledningsarbete. Mål och åtgärder bör sättas upp för vad som är aktuelltoch möjligt på studieorten. / The countries in the world have concluded agreements to prevent the global averagetemperature to exceed 2°C. To engage authorities to set an example they're required tohave an environmental management system. One of the universities environmentalaspects is student travel. This report presents the result from a survey of students' travelhabits where the carbon dioxide emission per year from students' travel to hometown,other study places and university have been calculated. The aim is to give theuniversities material to assess if the students' travel is a significant environmentalaspect. The carbon dioxide emission from a student that moved to the area to study wasmost caused by the travel to the hometown wich had a far distance and was frequentlydone. The carbon dioxide emission from a student that already lived in the area and adistance student was most caused by trips to the university wich for the student thatlived in the area was done frequently and had a short distance and for the distancestudent was done rarely with a far distance. When students that moved to the areatraveled to other study places and the university and when distance students traveled toother study places the carbon dioxide emission in the winter differed from the otherseasons wich shows that fewer students walked/biked in the winter. The students travelshould be seen as a significant environmental aspect in the universities environmentalwork. Environmental objectives and actions should be based on relevance andpossibility for the university.

O crescimento da atividade industrial, com a conseqüente geração de maior quantidade de poluentes, aliado ao aumento das exigências da sociedade por um ambiente adequado para a qualidade de vida impulsionam o desenvolvimento de novas formas de gestão em processos produtivos. Os organismos normalizadores criaram normas técnicas e estratégias de orientação às empresas visando o desenvolvimento de formas de gestão que procuram a melhoria contínua aliada à vertente ambiental. A norma certificável da Série ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 14000 - Gestão Ambiental, relacionada ao Sistema de Gestão Ambiental (SGA), é a ISO 14.001, aplicável a qualquer tipo e porte de organização. Neste contexto, há outras estratégias voltadas para a melhoria da qualidade ambiental de processos produtivos, sendo a Produção mais Limpa (P+L) uma das que possui maior reconhecimento mundial. Esta foi criada pela UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) e pode ser definida como uma estratégia ambiental preventiva aplicada a produtos, processos e serviços para minimizar os impactos sobre o meio ambiente. Contudo, as normas e as metodologias relacionadas a esses sistemas não apresentam procedimentos detalhados para a sua realização. Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo é o levantamento e análise de métodos, ferramentas e procedimentos (denominados neste estudo como práticas) de SGA e P+L, para suprir a lacuna identificada, e indicar possibilidades de interação dessas estratégias. A metodologia foi baseada na revisão bibliográfica, principalmente a sistemática. A análise das práticas frente às etapas do SGA e da P+L foi feita a partir do cruzamento dos objetivos das etapas dos sistemas com os objetivos de cada prática. Os resultados obtidos envolvem a indicação de práticas para aplicação nas etapas propostas de P+L e do SGA e, a partir disso, a identificação de etapas comuns e complementares entre os sistemas. Foram levantadas 73 práticas, sendo 43 aplicadas e discutidas no estudo. A maioria das práticas foram classificadas nas etapas de levantamento de aspectos ambientais, monitoramento e medição e à melhoria ou medição do desempenho ambiental vinculados à implementação tanto de um sistema de gestão ambiental, quanto da estratégia de P+L. O estudo demonstrou que faltam práticas relacionadas às etapas iniciais de ambos os sistemas (fase inicial de planejamento), ligadas a requisitos legais, documentação e ações corretivas e de não conformidades para o SGA e para elaboração de cronograma de atividades, fluxogramas e implementação das medidas de P+L. As principais interações apontadas pelo estudo a partir das práticas levantadas foram: Levantamento de Aspectos ambientais do SGA com a etapa de Balanços de massa e energia de P+L; a etapa de Monitoramento e medição do SGA com a etapa de Avaliação técnica, ambiental e econômica de P+L; e as etapas de Auditoria interna e Avaliação de resultados do SGA com as etapas de Avaliação dos resultados e Plano de monitoramento e continuidade de P+L. Portanto, foi possível concluir que a aplicação de um dos sistemas poderia facilitar o andamento e implementação do outro e vice-versa, além de se complementarem para atingirem melhor gestão ambiental em processos, produtos ou serviços. Além disso, há a necessidade de maiores estudos para validação das interações apresentadas. / The growth of industrial activity, with consequent generation of higher amount of pollutants, coupled with increased demands from society for a suitable environment for quality of life motivated the development of new forms of management in production processes. The standardization organizations have established technical standards and strategies to guide companies seeking to develop ways of managing that pursue continuous improvement, coupled with the environmental aspects. The certifiable standard of the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 14000 series - Environmental Management, is ISO 14001, related to the Environmental Management System (EMS) and applicable to any type and size of organizations. In this context, there are other strategies for improving the environmental quality of production processes, and Cleaner Production (CP), is one of which that has greater worldwide recognition. This strategy was established by UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and can be defined as a preventive environmental strategy applied to products, processes and services to minimize impacts on the environment. However, standards and methodologies related to these systems do not present detailed procedures for its implementation. Thus, the objective of the study is a survey and analysis of EMS and CP methods, tools and procedures (named in this study as practices) to fill the gap identified, and indicate possibilities for incorporating these strategies. The methodology was based on literature review, mainly of the systematic survey of practices. The analysis of practices compared to the EMS and CP steps was made relating the objective of these steps with the goals of each practice. The results involve the appointment of practices for implementing the steps proposed by CP and EMS and, the identification of common and complementary steps between systems. A total of 73 practices were raised and 43 were applied and discussed in the study. Most of the practices were classified in steps of environmental assessment, monitoring and measuring and improving or measuring the environmental performance linked to the implementation of both an environmental management system and the strategy of CP. The study showed that there is a lack of practices related to the initial phases of both systems (the early planning stages), relating to legal requirements, documentation and corrective actions, non-conformance to the EMS and to elaborate schedule of activities, flow and implementation of CP measures.The main possible interactions identified by the study were: Environmental aspects step of EMS with Mass and energy balances step of CP; Monitoring and measurement step of EMS with Technical, environmental and economic evaluation step of CP; and Internal audit and Outcome assessment steps of the EMS with Evaluation of results and Monitoring plan and continuity steps of CP. Thus, it is possible to conclude that implementing one of the systems could facilitate the progress and implementation of the other and vice versa, besides complementing to achieve better environmental management in processes, products or services. Moreover, there is a need for further studies to validate the interactions presented.

A avaliação de impacto ambiental (AIA) é um dos instrumentos de gestão ambiental mais difundidos e utilizados no mundo inteiro, mas sua aplicação nem sempre traz os resultados esperados no que concerne à prevenção do ambiente. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal demonstrar que a AIA pode assegurar a efetiva proteção ambiental quando aplicada não somente como instrumento de subsídio à decisão, mas como ferramenta de gestão durante o ciclo de vida de um empreendimento. Enfatizam-se a importância e o papel das etapas do processo de AIA que sucedem a aprovação do projeto, em particular a etapa de acompanhamento. Um estudo de caso – construção da pista descendente da rodovia dos Imigrantes – projeto que afeta ecossistemas sensíveis, foi utilizado para confirmar o alcance da AIA na prevenção e redução de impactos ambientais negativos, principalmente na fase de implantação do projeto. Dados obtidos em observações de campo e monitoramento da qualidade da água permitiram o reconhecimento de impactos não previstos no Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), que puderam ser corrigidos com a adoção de procedimentos atenuadores. Os resultados do acompanhamento comprovaram a necessidade da continuidade da AIA após a tomada de decisão. Este acompanhamento demonstrou que as práticas de gestão ambiental devem ser sustentadas por atividades técnicas devidamente articuladas, em uma estrutura organizacional bem-definida. Dos impactos sobre o meio físico, 68% foram classificados como significativos ou muito significativos, sendo a alteração na qualidade das águas decorrente dos procedimentos de escavação dos túneis o principal impacto da fase de construção (58,3% dos impactos muito significativos). Das 36 medidas mitigadoras empregadas, 72,2% foram classificadas como eficazes, 19,5% como parcialmente eficazes e 8,3% como ineficazes. Apesar da alta significância de alguns impactos, a contínua avaliação do desempenho dessas medidas proporcionou conter as perturbações nos biomas afetados em patamares aceitáveis para manter o equilíbrio ambiental local. Foram levantados os custos incorridos pelo empreendedor e pelo poder público na etapa de acompanhamento. Com base nos resultados atingidos na pesquisa, destacaram-se os aspectos que contribuíram para o êxito do acompanhamento e foram feitas recomendações para o incremento da sua prática. Discutiram-se, ainda, aproximações entre AIA e outros instrumentos de gestão (Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental e Auditoria Ambiental). Os vínculos e similaridades entre essas ferramentas podem contribuir para o fortalecimento da AIA, como um instrumento com amplo espectro de abrangência e múltiplas particularidades que permitem a proteção do meio ambiente / Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is one of the most disseminated and employed environmental management tools. However, it not always brings the expected environmental prevention results. The main purpose of this research is to demonstrate that EIA can assure the effective environmental protection when applied not only as a basis to the decision-making, but also as a management tool during the enterprise life cycle. Both the importance and the role of the EIA process phases that precede the approval of the project, particularly in the follow-up phase, are emphasized. The construction of the descending roadway of Imigrantes highway, a project that affects sensitive ecosystems, was used as a case study to confirm the reach of the EIA in the prevention and reduction of negative environmental impacts, mainly in the implementation phase of the project. Data obtained in field observations and the water quality monitoring allowed the recognition of impacts not foreseen in the environmental impact statement (EIS) that could be corrected with the adoption of mitigation procedures. The follow-up results proved the need of application of the EIA after the decision-making. This follow-up has demonstrated that the environmental management practices should be sustained properly by articulated technical activities, in a well defined organizational structure. With regard to amount of physical impacts, 68% were classified as significant or very significant, the alteration in the water quality due to the procedures of tunnels excavation being the major impact of the construction phase (58,3% of the very significant impacts). Concerning the 36 mitigation measures employed, 72,2% were classified as effective, 19,5% as partially effective and 8,3% as ineffective. In spite of the high significance of some physical impacts, the continuous evaluation of the mitigation measures performance permitted to maintain the local environmental balance. The follow-up phase costs incurred by the entrepreneur and the governmental authorities were evaluated. Based in the results of the research, the aspects that contributed to the follow-up success were highlighted as well as recommendations for its practice increment were made. Approaches between EIA and other management tools (environmental management systems and environmental audits) were also discussed. The links and similarities among those tools can contribute to EIA’s strengthening as an instrument with a wide range and multiple particularities that allows the environmental protection

The environmental aspects of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping is not as popularly known to thegeneral public as its socio-economic issues. This thesis work looks at UN peacekeeping from theenvironmental perspective by carrying out an environmental review of peacekeeping in the NorthKivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo using ISO 14001 as model.Chapter one describes sustainable development as a shared responsibility and the need to ensurebalance in the social, economic and environmental issues in the pursuit of peace in host nationsduring peacekeeping.Chapter two summarizes the key issues in ISO 14001 and the requirements for conducting anenvironmental review. In chapter three, the research methodology is highlighted and chapter fourgives an overview of UN peace and security actions and the interaction among other peaceinstruments and peacekeeping. That chapter also highlights peacekeeping in Africa and in the DRCwith emphasis on the North Kivu province.The results obtained from the environmental review are presented in chapter five and the analysis ofthe result based on the ‘three party model tool for ethical risk analysis’ presented in chapter six.The research findings revealed that, the United Nations peacekeeping operations have environmentalaspects which the author identified to include emissions to air, waste, energy consumption, chemicalsusage, discharge to water, training, water consumption, exploration of resources, location/land useand fire and other uncontrolled activities. The environmental impacts and ethical risk analysis of theidentified aspects were also assessed.Conclusions and recommendations are given in Chapter seven which include the need for the UnitedNations to implement an effective environmental management system to handle its significantenvironmental aspects.

<p>Environmental problems are seen as the first priority that all countries try to find as a solution to be more sustainable. These issues arise due to the lack of our responsibility to the world. Researchers agree on that the starting point in changing our society to be green is to increase environmental awareness (Jiang et al., 1999). Several sectors accept this idea like UNESCO which focuses on education as a tool to promote sustainable development (UNESCO, 2002).</p><p> </p><p>Following UNESCO, our study investigates university students’ environmental awareness. The Authors hope that the outcome not only reflects university performance, but also helps to develop the environment in the future.  Hence, the authors selected the University of Gävle or HiG, as a case study because it is a best practice in Environmental Management System (EMS). Moreover, HiG received the ISO 14001 certificate and it has a continuous improvement program (Sammalisto, 2007, p.69). </p><p> </p><p>The study was started by reviewing research literatures concerning Environmental Management System (EMS), Sustainable Development (SD), Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Environmental Awareness. The authors found that there are few studies talking about students’ awareness in universities after being awarded ISO 14001. Notice that the research was seen only from environmental perspective (Flint, 2004).</p><p> </p><p>To answer research questions, two surveys were adopted. The first part focused on teachers and officers (or staffs) who work on environmental issues. While, the second part focused on the students which were divided into Swedish and international.</p><p> </p><p>The research outcomes indicate that HiG has a good EMS performance supported by annual environmental audits, regular policy revision and the attempts to minimize non-conformities. Conversely, when the authors pointed at student awareness, it shows that students have insufficient environmental knowledge. Moreover, some students have lower environmental awareness and act in a less ecological friendly way. Nevertheless, a knowledge problem was also found among several university staffs. This is because of the lack of communication about environmental issues inside the staffs community and lack of environmental education for students.</p><p> </p><p>Whatever the university situation is, there are some groups of staff and students eager to develop themselves and their university. This point of strength could be the best driving force. It can push the university forward until the university reaches sustainable development and it brings the aware graduates into society.</p>

<p>1 januari 2010 träder förordning 2009:907 i kraft. Denna förordning medför krav på svenska statliga myndigheter att införa ett miljöledningssystem (MLS). Med anledning av detta avser denna studie att utifrån förutsättningar som ligger till grund för en lyckad integrering av MLS bedöma hur Uppsala universitet på bästa sätt kan möta dessa krav. Efter genomgång av litteratur har fyra faktorer som anses vara betydande för integreringsprocessen valts ut. Dessa är; anpassning av MLS till andra ledningssystem, ansvarsfördelning, kommunikation samt utbildning och kompetens. Dessa fyra variabler har sedan legat till grund för den analysmodell som har använts i syfte att strukturera empiri och analys. Studiens fallorganisation är Uppsala universitet vilket är intressant att studera då det i denna organisation tidigare gjorts försök att integrera ett MLS men utan framgång. Det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer med universitetets miljösamordnare och tre prefekter samt information från universitets hemsida. I det empiriska avsnittet tillkommer ytterligare tre variabler som visat sig vara betydande för integrering av ett MLS på universitetet, nämligen engagemang, resurser och kultur. I studien framkommer att det finns brister i samtliga variabler inom Uppsala universitet och att detta är en bidragande orsak till att integreringsarbetet tidigare misslyckats. Studien avslutas med förslag till förbättringar för att öka möjligheterna till en lyckad integrering av MLS.</p> / <p>A decree which takes effect from 1 January 2010 implies that Swedish government authorities must introduce an environmental management system (EMS). This study therefore intends to assess, based on the conditions that are prerequisites for a successful integration of an EMS, how the University of Uppsala can meet the requirements of the upcoming regulation. After studying the literature four variables considered to be of importance to the integration have been chosen.These are: adaptation to other management systems, responsibility distribution, communication as well as education and competence. These four factors are the base upon which the analysis model that has been used to structure the empirical and analytical chapters is built. An attempt to integrate an EMS has earlier been done at Uppsala University but failed, which is why this was chosen as the case organisation. The empirical material is based on interviews with the environmental coordinator and three prefects and also material from the university homepage. In the empirical chapter three variables are added as they prove to be of great significance to the integration of the EMS namely commitment, resources and culture. The result of the study shows that there are deficiencies in all of the variables at the university and that this has contributed to the earlier failed integration. The study concludes with suggestions of improvement to enhance the chances of a successful integration of EMS.</p>

Environmental problems are seen as the first priority that all countries try to find as a solution to be more sustainable. These issues arise due to the lack of our responsibility to the world. Researchers agree on that the starting point in changing our society to be green is to increase environmental awareness (Jiang et al., 1999). Several sectors accept this idea like UNESCO which focuses on education as a tool to promote sustainable development (UNESCO, 2002).   Following UNESCO, our study investigates university students’ environmental awareness. The Authors hope that the outcome not only reflects university performance, but also helps to develop the environment in the future.  Hence, the authors selected the University of Gävle or HiG, as a case study because it is a best practice in Environmental Management System (EMS). Moreover, HiG received the ISO 14001 certificate and it has a continuous improvement program (Sammalisto, 2007, p.69).    The study was started by reviewing research literatures concerning Environmental Management System (EMS), Sustainable Development (SD), Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Environmental Awareness. The authors found that there are few studies talking about students’ awareness in universities after being awarded ISO 14001. Notice that the research was seen only from environmental perspective (Flint, 2004).   To answer research questions, two surveys were adopted. The first part focused on teachers and officers (or staffs) who work on environmental issues. While, the second part focused on the students which were divided into Swedish and international.   The research outcomes indicate that HiG has a good EMS performance supported by annual environmental audits, regular policy revision and the attempts to minimize non-conformities. Conversely, when the authors pointed at student awareness, it shows that students have insufficient environmental knowledge. Moreover, some students have lower environmental awareness and act in a less ecological friendly way. Nevertheless, a knowledge problem was also found among several university staffs. This is because of the lack of communication about environmental issues inside the staffs community and lack of environmental education for students.   Whatever the university situation is, there are some groups of staff and students eager to develop themselves and their university. This point of strength could be the best driving force. It can push the university forward until the university reaches sustainable development and it brings the aware graduates into society.

1 januari 2010 träder förordning 2009:907 i kraft. Denna förordning medför krav på svenska statliga myndigheter att införa ett miljöledningssystem (MLS). Med anledning av detta avser denna studie att utifrån förutsättningar som ligger till grund för en lyckad integrering av MLS bedöma hur Uppsala universitet på bästa sätt kan möta dessa krav. Efter genomgång av litteratur har fyra faktorer som anses vara betydande för integreringsprocessen valts ut. Dessa är; anpassning av MLS till andra ledningssystem, ansvarsfördelning, kommunikation samt utbildning och kompetens. Dessa fyra variabler har sedan legat till grund för den analysmodell som har använts i syfte att strukturera empiri och analys. Studiens fallorganisation är Uppsala universitet vilket är intressant att studera då det i denna organisation tidigare gjorts försök att integrera ett MLS men utan framgång. Det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer med universitetets miljösamordnare och tre prefekter samt information från universitets hemsida. I det empiriska avsnittet tillkommer ytterligare tre variabler som visat sig vara betydande för integrering av ett MLS på universitetet, nämligen engagemang, resurser och kultur. I studien framkommer att det finns brister i samtliga variabler inom Uppsala universitet och att detta är en bidragande orsak till att integreringsarbetet tidigare misslyckats. Studien avslutas med förslag till förbättringar för att öka möjligheterna till en lyckad integrering av MLS. / A decree which takes effect from 1 January 2010 implies that Swedish government authorities must introduce an environmental management system (EMS). This study therefore intends to assess, based on the conditions that are prerequisites for a successful integration of an EMS, how the University of Uppsala can meet the requirements of the upcoming regulation. After studying the literature four variables considered to be of importance to the integration have been chosen.These are: adaptation to other management systems, responsibility distribution, communication as well as education and competence. These four factors are the base upon which the analysis model that has been used to structure the empirical and analytical chapters is built. An attempt to integrate an EMS has earlier been done at Uppsala University but failed, which is why this was chosen as the case organisation. The empirical material is based on interviews with the environmental coordinator and three prefects and also material from the university homepage. In the empirical chapter three variables are added as they prove to be of great significance to the integration of the EMS namely commitment, resources and culture. The result of the study shows that there are deficiencies in all of the variables at the university and that this has contributed to the earlier failed integration. The study concludes with suggestions of improvement to enhance the chances of a successful integration of EMS.