The recent rapid proliferation of Private Protected Areas (PPAs) around the world has been attributed to the continuing process of neoliberalization and the commodification of nature. Although the numbers of PPAs have been growing in recent years, little research has been conducted on their everyday functions and particularly their interactions with local populations. Based on 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork, this thesis focuses on a specific PPA, the Redonda Private Reserve in the Atlantic Forest region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and three local, surrounding communities, Jabá, Esperança and Bamba. Through this focus, the thesis examines a number of issues, including the incentives and motives which lead landowners to establish and administer private reserves and how these influence the pattern of relationship formation between the reserve and the local communities. The research also considers the main implications of such private reserves for local people and their livelihoods. Finally, the thesis considers whether and how local people's perception of the environment and the way they use their surrounding natural resources have changed since the establishment of the private reserve. A central contention of the thesis is that although often interpreted as ‘new' or ‘modern' and labelled as ‘contemporary' solutions to common environmental problems, PPAs, particularly when considered in the context of their interaction with the affected local rural populations, cannot be analyzed in isolation from the wider socio-economic processes and local context where they are found. Thus, areas where PPAs emerge cannot be simply divorced from the past processes of territorialisation and land appropriation; rather, they must be understood as their continuation often reproducing pre-existing social and economic inequalities. For example, the proclaimed ‘modern' way of relating to local men and women, such as through employment, can help to disguise the continuation of traditional social hierarchies, perpetuating unequal power and wealth distribution. The thesis also shows how local people are purposefully constructed by PPAs and their representatives to gain the sympathy of outside donors and thus secure the essential funding they depend on for their existence, facilitate control over the protected natural resources and eliminate or reduce local resentment. The implications of such social interactions are profound for both the involved rural communities and the natural environment that PPAs have been set up to protect.

Civil society organisations (CSOs) in the UK are currently engaged in attempts to make food systems more sustainable, i.e. greener, fairer and healthier. These efforts have been maintained over several decades, for instance the Soil Association was launched in response to concerns about modern agriculture and food in 1946. But more sustainable food systems remain marginal. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to improve understanding of the important roles that CSOs can and do play within processes of large-scale social change (or ‘transitions'). It does this by developing a typology of the distinguishable roles played by CSOs in transition, and relating this to empirical findings from three UK case studies. Through a mixture of field observations, documentary analysis and in-depth interviewing, it makes a number of relevant findings. First, it provides detailed empirical characterisation of the activities, relationships with other actors, and stated intentions of specific CSOs. Second, it finds that CSOs chart unique transformative pathways, both individually and collectively, which emerge from their interactions and strategic repositioning over time. Third, rather than being guided by a single shared vision of transition, CSOs are found to be engaged in a plurality of intended transformations that contend with, cross-cut and partially encompass each other. These findings contribute to scholarly knowledge about how civil society innovation operates at different structural levels, targets different elements within socio-technical systems, and engages different kinds of actors and practices. They also reinforce and extend existing understandings of how civil society actors exercise power in the context of transitions, and reveal how systemic perspectives – such as underlie transitions theory – can obfuscate both the intentions and activities of the actors involved, thereby raising questions about the attribution of agency in studies of transition.

This thesis consists of four self-contained essays at the nexus of applied microeconomics, behavioural economics, and environmental economics. In the essays of the thesis, I use field experiments and econometric tools to examine the impact of monetary and non monetary incentives for behavioural change during resource scarcity. I use methods of eliciting intrinsic motivations and then empirically test theories on the interaction of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives. Specifically I analyse whether and which incentives undermine, support, or are independent of existing preferences, and whether incentives change behaviour. The first two essays analyse two distinct types of conservation policy in Brazil: i) direct payments from the state of São Paulo to small landholders living in vulnerable ecosystems conditional on the landholders conserving their land; and, ii) federal policy to regulate, monitor and enforce land use in the Brazilian Amazon through conservation zoning and creation of a public list of municipalities with high rates of deforestation (“priority municipalities”) to increase visibility and thus accountability. The first essay¹ uses a field experiment in Brazil to test if monetary incentives to conserve land on private property in vulnerable ecosystems - “Payments for Environmental Services” (PES) - crowd out demand for a conservation program. Landholders are less likely to accept the higher monetary offers to conserve compared to the lowest offers. Given that the rational choice model does not explain the role of incentives in shaping demand for PES, we then look at the interaction of the randomised incentive offers and individuals' initial intrinsic motivations. We construct methods to elicit social preferences in order to analyse this interaction. We find that, while high monetary incentives crowd in demand of progovernment landholders, they crowd out demand of pro-environment (henceforth “proenvironment”) and prosocial landholders. The second essay² combines satellite data on deforestation with data on the location and timing of the conservation zones in Brazil to estimate the effect of conservation zoning on deforestation in the period 2004-2010. We provide spatial regression discontinuity estimates and difference-in-difference estimates to show that the policy does not explain the large reduction in deforestation rates during this period. We provide evidence that zones reduce deforestation in municipalities put on a federal government “shame” list for high deforestation rates. The last two essays³ test behavioural interventions to decrease residential water consumption across the City of Cape Town in South Africa as complements to tariff increases and water restrictions during a severe water crisis. Using inserts in monthly municipal bills, we test multiple behavioural messages in a randomised control trial on the full population of free standing domestic households (400 000+). The treatments are classified into five groups: information provision and increased salience on the tariff structure, financial savings, appeals to the public good, social comparison, and social recognition. By using a number of different framings, the third essay focuses on identifying which incentives best motivate individuals of different income levels to reduce their consumption. We find that lower income households respond only to financial incentives, whereas the higher income households respond only to social incentives and appeals to their intrinsic motivation. In the final essay, we further explore the drivers behind the effect of social recognition on pro-environmental behaviour (henceforth “proenvironment behaviour”). According to Bénabou and Tirole (2006), the visibility of doing-good may create doubt to others as to the true motive of the individual and result in a crowding out of prosocial behaviour. We use three treatments within the larger randomised control trial to disentangle intrinsic motivation, extrinsic incentives, and image motivation. We exogenously vary the visibility of the social recognition treatments to test whether i) social recognition incentives crowd out intrinsic motivation and, ii) whether social recognition increases the noise of the prosocial signal and ultimately crowds out cooperation. We find, on average, using image motivation as an extrinsic incentive crowds in cooperation. Social recognition with an explicit opt-out has, on average, no effect on consumption. Thus, in our setting, the signal of social recognition for prosocial behaviour is strong enough to elicit cooperation. In application to public policy, our findings suggest public recognition can be used as an adjunct to more traditional demand side management tools, such as water restrictions and tariff increases to achieve additional conservation in the higher income households. To our knowledge, this empirical analysis has not been executed elsewhere and contributes both to the academic literature as well as policy recommendations for alternatives to traditional demand side management tools during times of resource scarcity. ¹Co-authors: Florence Kondylis, Development Research Group, World Bank; Astrid Zwager, Development Research Group, World Bank. ²Co-authors: Liana O. Anderson, National Center for Monitoring and EarlyWarning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN); Torfinn Harding, Department of Economics, NHH Norwegian School of Economics, and University of Stavanger; Karlygash Kuralbayeva, Grantham Research Institute, LSE; Andre Lima, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland. ³Co-authors: Kerri Brick, Environmental Policy Research Unit (EPRU), University of Cape Town; Martine Visser, School of Economics, University of Cape Town.

This dissertation presents the results of an interdisciplinary environmental study that focuses on the formation of environmental discourse at the grassroots level of society. Case studies on the ‘Coal Capitals' in Guizhou of China and Jharkhand of India were conducted in order to examine the question: why do people appear to react in different ways when encountering environmental problems, such as those caused by mining? This thesis investigates how the environment – and the participation space for discussing it – has been socio-culturally, historically and politically defined in the two countries. It is one of the few initiatives to have assessed environmental development issues based on comparative literature reviews and empirical fieldwork in coal villages in China and India. It has critically examined the literature related to the two locations studied by encompassing environmental governance, political discourses and historical studies about environmental development, media productions and daily life conversations about the environment. By examining the representations of environmentalism in the Chinese and Indian cases, this study deals with different dynamics of discourse construction in the two societies – including the power of the state, the influences of media and social elites, and the emergence of grassroots movements. The investigation of the interactions between these dynamics enhances our understanding of, on the one hand, the social settings of the two Coal Capitals in the two countries, and, on the other hand, the relationship between nature and the people, especially those with limited social and economic resources. By bringing in the voices of the marginalised social groups, this thesis adds to a growing body of research on the diversity of environmentalism within developing countries. In particular, the analysis helps explain how popular environmentalism and the concept of environmental participation in India and China have become recognised differently, in the discussions created by researchers and media commentators in conjunction with actors with power in the state machinery.

It is widely acknowledged that existing low carbon technologies offer substantial means to reduce the carbon intensity of existing lifestyles. Yet the problem is not simply one of diffusion: commercially developed technologies need to be made to work in diverse local contexts of use. They need to be locally embedded. I approach the study of ‘local embedding' through a particular actor, community-led energy initiatives and the broad research question: how are community-led energy initiatives seeking to integrate sustainable technologies into local contexts of use? I explore the agency of community activists to locally embed technologies and the context dynamics influencing how their projects develop. In doing so, I identify a gap in current knowledge between the social embedding of technology by wider society (as conceptualised by sustainability transitions research) and the appropriation of technology by users (as conceptualised by domestication studies) and develop the concept of local embedding as a distinct conceptual contribution. Having identified community initiatives as performing a largely intermediary role I draw on insights from research on innovation intermediaries to understand their agency. A framework is constructed through building blocks from these approaches, then tested and refined through four comparative case studies on community attempts at local embedding. The research contributes a novel process model on community-based intermediation for local embedding. I identify an ideal-typical sequence to key community-based intermediary processes and identify a variety of context dynamics influencing project development. As such I contribute to current discussions within (a) sustainability transitions research, about actors and their agency, and (b) innovation intermediaries research, identifying an under-studied intermediary working at the user-end of innovation processes and refine an existing framework on key intermediary processes.

This thesis consists of three stand-alone papers. It examines the economic and political effects of natural resources in Africa. In the first paper, we investigate the effect of mining activity on subnational economic development by using satellite data on night lights as a measure of economic development. We find that mineral production and discovery improves local economy. However, we do not observe (strong) general equilibrium effect beyond the confines of a district. In the second paper, we test the link between natural resources and multiethnic power sharing coalitions in Africa. We find that resource discoveries and rising commodity prices increase the probability of representation at the executive branches of government. Our finding supports the idea that resource discoveries and rising commodity prices provide rulers with more revenues to expand the state cabinet sizes; hence they build broader multi-ethnic coalitions. In the third paper, we investigate the association between natural resources and intra-state local armed conflict in Africa. We find that natural resource discoveries do not trigger armed conflict in Africa at the local level. Consistent with the finding in the first paper (positive economic effect) and second paper (positive political effect), resource discovery appears to reduce the likelihood of armed conflict by increasing the opportunity cost of joining armed rebellion.

This thesis investigates the design, implementation and impacts of the market-smart input subsidy (NAIVS) in Tanzania's Ruvuma Region. The research uses a mixed-methods approach, where quantitative data analysis is complemented by qualitative research. Using four waves of household panel data, I found that voucher receipt had no statistically significant impact on maize yields, income poverty or the household assets owned by recipient households. The qualitative research finds that this was due to flaws in NAIVS's design and in its implementation. Weak institutional capacity was found in voucher management, especially at the lower level of government: a substantial number of vouchers went missing; inputs and vouchers were delivered late most years; and vouchers were resold by farmers. Due to an increase in real input prices, the ‘top-up' payment required for voucher use was increased, which made it difficult for poor farmers to access the subsidy. In practice, the input vouchers were obtained by elites: households with elected positions in the villages; wealthier households; and those households who were already using improved inputs prior to NAIVS. It contributed to national food security; however, because of the spill-over effects which brought a higher increase ratio in input use among non-recipient than recipient households, the observed impact on maize yields cannot be attributed to NAIVS. Because of the leakage to wealthier farmers and fraud, it did not ensure household food security for poor farmers. The thesis reveals that studies of input subsidy programmes require not only economic analysis but also social and political analysis. Such studies would require the use of a new theory of change, which uses economic analysis but places social and political analysis at the forefront, and in which a mixed-methods approach must be used.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Os comitÃs de bacia hidrogrÃfica â CBH foram instituÃdos no Brasil atravÃs da Lei n 9.433/97, a PolÃtica Nacional de Recursos HÃdricos, com o objetivo de possibilitar a participaÃÃo social na conduÃÃo do processo de gestÃo hÃdrica, por meio da representatividade de vÃrios setores da sociedade, que discutem e definem rumos para uma determinada bacia hidrogrÃfica onde vivem e atuam. Nesse contexto, foi feita uma anÃlise da trajetÃria do Comità das Bacias HidrogrÃficas da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza â CBH-RMF, no Estado do CearÃ, com o intuito de compreender se a atuaÃÃo do referido comità tem obtido Ãxitos no encaminhamento de questÃes sobre os problemas ambientais das Bacias Metropolitanas, e quais as limitaÃÃes na articulaÃÃo das polÃticas e na efetivaÃÃo da gestÃo hÃdrica participativa. Como base para os estudos foram feitas pesquisas bibliogrÃficas, anÃlise de documentos, atas, entrevistas e observaÃÃo das reuniÃes do comitÃ. A pesquisa concluiu que o CBH-RMF deu passos relevantes, principalmente na elaboraÃÃo de diagnÃsticos e na realizaÃÃo de alguns encaminhamentos. Entretanto, essa polÃtica possui limitaÃÃes na sua implementaÃÃo, pois ainda à pouco divulgada e discutida com a sociedade. Faz-se necessÃrio maior articulaÃÃo institucional e participaÃÃo social para que sejam contempladas as visÃes e interesses da coletividade no tocante à gestÃo das Ãguas. / The river basin committees - CBH were established in Brazil by Law 9433/97, the National Policy of Water Resources, with the goal of enabling social participation in conducting the process of water management, through the representation of various sectors of society, to discuss and define paths for a given river basin where they live and work. In this context, We made an analysis of the trajectory of the Watershed Committee of the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza - CBH-RMF, the state of Ceara, in order to understand whether the activities of that committee has been successful in addressing the problems environmental Metropolitan Watershed, and what limitations on the articulation of policies and in the effectiveness of participatory water management. As a basis for the studies we were performed literature searches, analysis of documents, records, interviews and observation of committee meetings. The research concluded that the CBH-RMF has taken relevant steps, especially in making diagnoses and conducting some procedures. However, this policy has limitations in its implementation because it is poorly distributed and discussed with the company. It is necessary to greater institutional coordination and social participation to reflect the views and interests of the community in relation to water management.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-24T11:08:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Bethania Gabrielle dos Santos.pdf: 3655883 bytes, checksum: cf0bf4754ec81d7bb1bd6b7791f526b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-24T11:08:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Bethania Gabrielle dos Santos.pdf: 3655883 bytes, checksum: cf0bf4754ec81d7bb1bd6b7791f526b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The following dissertation addresses the subordinate sectors? creative resistance in socioenvironmental and political interactions in Milho Verde, a district in the city of Serro, Alto Jequitinhonha-MG. We analyse how the local subalternia with their knowledge and environmental practices, have interacted with the touristic activity and environmental politics, external forces that have been expressed in the internal dynamic of this community. Our results point out that, in the twenty-first century, the convergences of tourism with environmental politics provided the formation of a complex field of sociabilities in Milho Verde that have unfolded into maintenances and transformations in the modes of technical, social and cultural appropriation of its social-ecosystem atmosphere. The tourist economy started to strengthen in the following decades with a provocative force from multiple transformations in its social panoramic and modes of territorial appropriation. The touristic activity still determined the emergence of interactions between native residents, non-natives and tourists, which reveals the modes through which the regional subordinate has creatively resisted these reconfigurations. Integrating itself in individual projects or collective actions developed by the socio-environmental NGO Milho Verde Institution the creative resistance of this community was expressed through the strengthening of identities, subordinate sectors? cultural knowledge and practices, as well as in the reinventions of traditions relative to the local religious festivities. With regards to the environmental politics, Milho Verde is circumscribed inside the limits of an Area of Environmental State Protection (APAE, portuguese abbreviation), created in 1998, and composes a Natural State Monument (MONATE), created in 2011 overriding the V?rzea do Lajeado, a common use territory, where in the twentieth century subordinate sectors simultaneously integrated the practices of the livestock, mining and plant extraction. Reflecting these reconfigurations subordinate subjects of the members of Milho Verde?s community were integrated to the protection of environmental politics as employees of the State Institute of Forests, the managing body of the APAE and of MONATE. Otherwise, the environmental legislation imposed by the state management of territory has marginalized local environmental practices and knowledge, with the prohibition of the use of the natural conditions of Lageado Meadow for livestock and for plant and mineral extractions. The Milhoverdense subalternia has creatively resisted this process of marginalization through subsistence in the present day of knowledge, practices, customary and memorable uses relative to the communitary management of V?rzea?s socioecosystem, as well as through the environmentalization of its discourses. / A presente disserta??o trata da resist?ncia criativa de setores subalternos em intera??es socioambientais e pol?ticas em Milho Verde, distrito da cidade de Serro, localizado no Alto Jequitinhonha-MG. Analisamos como a subalternia milhoverdense ? com seus saberes e pr?ticas ambientais ? tem interagido com a atividade tur?stica e as pol?ticas ambientais, for?as externas que tem se expressado na din?mica interna desta Comunidade. Os procedimentos de pesquisa envolveram o empreendimento de tarefas de campo e an?lises em uma abordagem qualitativa. Nossos resultados apontam que, no s?culo XXI, as converg?ncias da atividade tur?stica e das pol?ticas ambientais propiciaram a forma??o de um campo complexo de sociabilidades em Milho Verde. O qual tem se desdobrado em manuten??es e transforma??es nos modos de apropria??o t?cnica, social e cultural de sua ambi?ncia socioecossist?mica. Milho Verde desde a d?cada de 1970 come?ou a receber turistas e novos moradores. A economia do turismo se consolidou nas d?cadas posteriores como uma for?a provocadora de m?ltiplas transforma??es em seu panorama social e modos de apropria??o territorial. A atividade tur?stica ainda contingenciou a emerg?ncia de intera??es entre moradores nativos, n?o nativos e turistas que revelam os modos pelos quais a subalternia local tem resistido criativamente ? estas reconfigura??es. Se integrando em projetos individuais ou a??es coletivas desenvolvidas pelo Instituto Milho Verde- ONG socioambiental que atua localmente desde o ano 2000- a resist?ncia criativa desta Comunidade se expressou no fortalecimento de identidades, saberes e pr?ticas culturais de setores subalternos, bem como na reinven??o das tradi??es e modos de vida relativos ?s festividades religiosas locais. Quanto ?s pol?ticas ambientais, Milho Verde est? circunscrita dentro dos limites da ?rea de Prote??o Ambiental Estadual (APAE) das ?guas Vertentes, criada em 1998. E comp?e o Monumento Natural Estadual (MONATE) V?rzea do Lageado e Serra do Raio, criado em 2011 se sobrepondo ? V?rzea do Lajeado, territ?rio de uso comum, onde no s?culo XX setores subalternos integraram complementar e simultaneamente as pr?ticas da pecu?ria, garimpo, e extrativismo vegetal. Como reflexo das reconfigura??es causadas por esta for?a presente e atuante, sujeitos subalternos da Comunidade de Milho Verde foram integrados ? pol?tica de prote??o da natureza enquanto funcion?rios do Instituto Estadual de Florestas, ?rg?o gestor da APAE e do MONATE. De outro modo, a legisla??o ambiental imposta pela gest?o estatal do territ?rio tem marginalizado pr?ticas e saberes ambientais locais, com a proibi??o do uso das condi??es naturais da V?rzea do Lajeado pela pecu?ria e os extrativismos mineral e vegetal. A subalternia milhoverdense tem resistido criativamente a este processo de marginaliza??o por meio da subsist?ncia no tempo presente de saberes, pr?ticas, usos costumeiros e mem?rias relativas ? gest?o comunit?ria da ambi?ncia socioecossist?mica da V?rzea, bem como atrav?s da ambientaliza??o de seus discursos

É possível identificar os benefícios socioeconômicos promovidos pela conservação da biodiversidade através dos serviços ambientais que uma Unidade de Conservação pode prover. É exequível traduzi-los em valores econômicos e assim demonstrar, quantitativamente, o papel significativo dessas áreas naturais protegidas. A literatura especializada em Economia do Meio Ambiente aponta a contribuição da valoração econômica ambiental para a formulação de políticas públicas responsivas à essas áreas naturais protegidas, quando os atores envolvidos em um processo decisório detêm informações sobre os bens e serviços ambientais que essas áreas oferecem à sociedade. Neste âmbito, as Unidades de Conservação podem ser consideradas peças-chaves para promover os estudos de valoração econômica ambiental, tais estudos podem contribuir com aportes a uma percepção social sobre a prioridade de criar medidas relacionadas à conservação dos benefícios ambientais contidos nessas áreas. Desse modo, o presente trabalho objetivou apresentar um panorama das iniciativas voltadas para a valoração econômica ambiental em Unidades de Conservação no contexto brasileiro, com ênfase para o Estado de São Paulo. A fim de alcançar este objetivo foram analisadas: i) a inserção da valoração econômica ambiental na agenda de pesquisa sobre as Unidades de Conservação brasileiras e ii) a inserção da valoração econômica ambiental nos Planos de Manejo das Unidades de Conservação estaduais de São Paulo. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento das publicações acadêmicas brasileiras sobre a temática, a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática e da análise qualitativa documental, com base na consulta dos Planos de Manejo das Unidades de Conservação estaduais de São Paulo, assim como, entrevistas com atores e instituições responsáveis pela gerência dessas áreas. O resultado permite traçar um panorama geral sobre a agenda de pesquisa, assim como, a inserção desta temática nos Planos de Manejo das Unidades de Conservação paulistas. Foi possível identificar a incipiência das iniciativas voltadas para a valoração econômica ambiental em Unidades de Conservação em ambos contextos. Em relação à agenda de pesquisa brasileira foi possível revelar a preferência da adoção metodológica de valoração advinda do mainstream neoclássico, assim como a disparidade dos estudos entre as categorias de manejo das Unidades de Conservação e entre os biomas brasileiros, prevalecendo aqueles considerados hotspots mundiais de biodiversidade. No planejamento das Unidades de Conservação paulistas, verificou-se um número ínfimo de Planos de Manejo que fazem menção à valoração econômica ambiental, além disso, não foi identificada nenhuma proposta metodológica para a implementação de programas ou projetos relacionados ao tema nessas áreas naturais protegidas. Ademais, não foi identificada uma ascensão da temática ao longo dos períodos analisados, tanto na agenda de pesquisa brasileira quanto nos Planos de Manejo das UCs estaduais de São Paulo. / The benefits of biodiversity conservation can be identified through the ecosystem services that a protected area may provide. It is feasible to translate such benefits into economic values and thus, demonstrate quantitatively the significant role of these protected natural areas. Economics of the Environment\'s literature points out the economic valuation of the environmental contribution to the formulation of responsive public policies for these protected natural areas when the involved actors in a decision-making process hold information about the environmental goods and services that these areas provide to the society. In this context, the protected areas can be considered key pieces to promote the studies of environmental economic valuation, which may contribute to a social perception about the priority of creating measures related to the conservation of the environmental benefits contained in these areas. Hence, this study aimed to present an overview of initiatives focused on environmental economic valuation of protected areas in the Brazilian\'s context with emphasis on the State of São Paulo. In order to achieve this goal these items were analyzed: i) the incorporation of environmental economic valuation on the research agenda on Brazilian protected areas and ii) the inclusion of environmental economic valuation in state management plans of protected areas of São Paulo. For the sake of this objective, we conducted a survey of Brazilian academic publications on the subject relying on a systematic literature review and documentary qualitative analysis, counting on the consultation of management plans of protected São Paulo\'s state areas, as well as interviews with actors and institutions responsible for the management of these areas. The result allows us to draw an overview of the research agenda as well as the inclusion of this issue in the Management Plans of Sao Paulo protected areas. It was possible to identify the incipient initiatives focused on environmental economic valuation of protected areas in both contexts. Regarding the Brazilian research agenda was possible to reveal the preference of adoption of methodological arising valuation of the neoclassical mainstream, as well as the gap between studies of the categories of management of protected areas, among biomes, prevailing those considered the world\'s biodiversity hotspots. In the of Sao Paulo protected areas, there was a very small number of Management Plans that make mention of environmental economic valuation, moreover, did not identify any methodological proposal for the implementation of programs or projects related to the theme in these protected natural areas. Moreover, it has no obvious rise of the theme over the period analyzed, both on the Brazilian research agenda and in the Management Plans of the state of São Paulo UCs.