Current models for predicting the environmental fate of munitions constituents (MC) in soils are based mostly on chemical distribution parameters and neglect the larger considerations of other soil parameters. We are working towards a new approach based on the whole soil activity for predicting the long-term residence time and fate of MC in soils with connection to agronomic soil fertility concepts. These relationships are demonstrated by correlating experiments involving full physical and chemical characterization of eight taxonomically distinct soils, with batch reactor studies determining MC degradation potential. Soils were incubated in a slurry for 10 days in a closed reactor system with temperature, pH, and Eh readings recorded every 24 h. Air and slurry samples were taken eight times within the 168 h incubation period. Carbon dioxide, TNT, and nutrient solution concentrations were assessed to obtain a full picture of soil chemistry changes associated with microbial activity in response to additions of TNT. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the main factors impacting degradation rate. Principle Components Analysis (PCA) statistically classified the soils based on the variance of their soil property data. Partial Least Squares Analysis (PLS) showed that TNT degradation was possibly correlated with soil fertility characteristics. Although this is an exploratory study, results show promise in moving towards a more effective way of predicting TNT environmental fate in soils.

Under det senaste seklet har svensk våtmarksareal minskat med en fjärdedel, vilket motsvarar 2,7 miljoner hektar. Detta till följd av ett industrialiserat samhälle med ett starkt intresse i utbyggnad av jordbruk, skogsbruk och vattenkraft. Exploateringen av svensk våtmark har medfört att många av de betydelsefulla ekosystemtjänster våtmarker bidrar med har upphört. Idag är det på grund av denna förlust aktuellt att anlägga och restaurera våtmark, bland annat i syfte att erhålla en eller flera av dessa ekosystemtjänster. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka vilken miljö- och klimatpåverkan anlagda och restaurerade våtmarker medför samt huruvida de kan bidra till att de svenska miljökvalitetsmålen uppnås. Genom en omfattande litteraturstudie insamlades data som legat till grund för den bedömning som gett rapportens resultat. Resultatet visade på olika nivåer av påverkan på miljö och klimat från bland annat ekosystemtjänsterna vattenrening, biologisk mångfald och klimatreglering, med slutsatsen att den sammanlagda påverkan främst är positiv. Effekterna av ekosystemtjänsterna bedömdes även påverka företrädesvis sex av de sexton miljökvalitetsmålen för vilka en noggrannare bedömning genomfördes, med slutsatsen att anläggning och restaurering av våtmark har en främst positiv påverkan på fem av dessa mål. / During the last century, the Swedish wetland area has decreased by a quarter, equal to 2.7 million hectares, due to an industrialized society with a strong interest in further expansion of agriculture, forestry, and hydropower. The exploitation of Swedish wetlands has resulted in the cessation of many essential ecosystem services to which wetlands contribute. Due to this loss of wetland area, it is now relevant to construct and restore wetlands to obtain one or more ecosystem services. The purpose of this report is to investigate the extent to which these ecosystem services can be acquired from constructed and restored wetlands and whether these can contribute to achieving the Swedish environmental quality objectives. Data was collected through an extensive literature study which formed the basis for the assessment that led to the report's result. The result showed different levels of impact on the environment and climate from the ecosystem services water purification, biodiversity, and climate regulation, with the conclusion that the total effect is mainly positive. The effects of the ecosystem services were also assessed to affect primarily six of the sixteen environmental quality objectives for which a more accurate assessment was carried out, with the conclusion that construction and restoration of wetlands has a primarily positive effect on five of these objectives.

<p>Eutrophication was recognized in the early 1900's and results in severe algal blooms, increased biomass production and eventually leads to an altered ecosystem. In Mälardalen we find the most eutrophic lakes. Most of the applied phosphorus and nitrogen into seas and oceans comes from agriculture, and the nutrients losses are affected by local weather conditions and soil type. Guidelines for storage and distribution of manure were introduced in the 80s, and the rules were strengthened January 1, 2010. Localities and previous county administrations can whether there are special reasons, grant an exemption for manure application during winter-periods despite the current ban.</p><p>In this essay I have examined how many exemptions of manure application that has been granted at the Sagån river, and what implications it has for the eutrophication of Lake Mälaren. Sagån’s catchment area extends through Enköping, Sala, Heby, Västerås and Uppsala. Since 2000, 23 waivers of manure application have been granted, most of these deviations have occurred on snow-covered ground or when the weather change considerably. This means that much of the nutriment in the manure went down to the nearby water when the snow melted. Computations were made In order to find out how much phosphorus was spread each time. The conclusion is that the pig manure contains significantly more phosphorus, meaning greater phosphorus losses. However, these calculations are only estimates.</p><p>Several farmers were contacted to find out what they think about the regulation of the management and application of manure. They believe that the new legislation does not pose a problem for them. But farmers with small distribution areas in relation to the number of animals could have some problems.</p>

This study examines how well California's Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) evaluates land use redesignations on transit projects, in particular light rail. A case study of the Natomas Village Center, a proposed project in Sacramento, California, is analyzed in relation to its Environmental Impact Report (EIR) and the CEQA process.Specifically, the focus of the investigation is on assessing the impacts of land use changes on the Downtown-Natomas-Airport light rail alignment. The CEQA methodology and how it is employed are critiqued for their effectiveness in documenting and mitigating the environmental impacts on light rail transit adjacent to the Natomas Village Center. / Department of Urban Planning

Vid omställningen till förnybara energisystem är solkraften som energikälla ett möjligt alternativ, för att uppnå klimat och energimålet med 100% förnybar energiproduktion år 2040. Detta är något regeringen eftersträvar genom infört bidrag i form av subventioner och skattereduktion vid installation av solceller. I denna fallstudie undersöks vilken effekt två olika solcellssystem har för en industribyggnad i Mellansverige, där studien tar hänsyn till ekonomisk-, teknisk- och klimatrelaterade aspekter. Systemen dimensioneras i strävan av optimala förhållanden samt av byggnadens begränsningar, med kostnadsförslag från en lokal återförsäljare få en bild av om återbetalningstiden är motiverande i frågan. Den lokala klimatpåverkan analyseras med växthusgasutsläpp i fokus, detta genom resultat av litteraturstudie. Dimensioneringen av solcellssystemen baseras på empiriskt material av studieobjektet och simuleras i programmet Winsun PV. Studien resulterade i två storlekar på system med tillhörande kostnadsförslag som ligger till grund för återbetalningstiden. System fall 1 dimensionerades i syfte att hålla den nominella systemeffektens storlek till 255 kWp, detta för att undgå extra energiskatt. Systemet gav ett årligt utbyte av 228 MWh/år som gav återbetalningstid mellan 18 – 22,5 år. Systemet simulerades med optimal lutningsvinkel av 39° i 15° azimutriktning av modulerna. System fall 2 dimensionerades till 1200 kWp i syfte att täcka effektivt användbar takyta, med årligt utbyte på 886 MWh/år och återbetalningstiden blev mellan 22,5 – 25,1 år. Modulerna simulerades med takets lutning ±4,7° i -15° azimutriktning. För att solceller ska ge ett mer lönsamt utbyte i högre latituder krävs en vidare effektivitetsutveckling för solcellstekniken samt ett förlängt investeringsstöd från Länsstyrelsen för framtida installationer. Om solcellssystemet ger en positiv inverkan på det ekologiska fotavtrycket beror av vart solcellen är tillverkad samt vilken elmix som byts ut mot den producerade solenergin. / When converting to renewable energy systems, solar power as an energy source is a potential option; in order to achieve the climate and energy goal with 100% renewable energy production in year 2040. This is something the government try to achieve by making installation of solar cells more attractive through allowances such as subventions and tax reduction. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of solar cell system on an industrial building in the midst of Sweden, in regard of economical-, technical- and climate related points of view. This was performed by replacing purchased electricity with locally produced electricity, where optimal circumstances for the solar power systems and the limits of the building has been taken into consideration during the dimensioning. With cost suggestions from a local authorized dealer the magnitude of the pay off time as a motivating factor was estimated. The local climate impact will be investigated through a litterature study, focusing on green house gas emissions. The dimensioning of the solar cell systems were based on empirical input from measurements in combination with documented data regarding the industrial building and simulated in the program Winsun PV. The study resulted in two different-sized systems with cost sheets that formed the basis for the calculated pay off time. System case 1 was dimensioned to keep the size of the nominal system effect to 255 kWp, this to avoid extra energy tax. The system gave an annual exchange of 228 MWh / year which gave the repayment period between 18 - 23 years. The system was simulated with an optimum angle of 39 ° in 15 ° azimuth direction of the modules. System case 2 was dimensioned to 1200 kWp in order to cover the effective usable surface of the roof, the system gave an annual exchange of 886 MWh / year and the repayment period was 22.5 - 25.1 years. The modules were simulated with the roof slope ± 4.7 ° in -15 ° azimuth direction. A further efficiency development for solar cell technology is required as well as an extended investment support from the County Administrative Board, to provide a more profitable exchange of solar cell systems in higher latitudes. If the solar cell system has a positive effect on the ecological footprint depends on where the solar cell is made and which electrical mix replaced by the produced solar energy.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar a análise espacial da desigualdade ambiental no município de São Paulo/SP. A desigualdade ambiental é o princípio pelo qual, grupos de pessoas sejam étnicos, raciais ou de classe suporte uma parcela desproporcional das conseqüências ambientais negativas das operações econômicas, de políticas e programas federais, estaduais e locais, bem como resultantes da ausência ou omissão de tais políticas. Os dados utilizados para análise são o Censo 2000, realizado pelo IBGE, uma imagem de satélite Landsat ETM+, a carta geotécnica do município de São Paulo, produzida pelo IPT e o levantamento de áreas contaminadas realizado pela Cetesb. São consideradas as condições de abastecimento de água, de esgotamento sanitário, de coleta de lixo, a arborização urbana, a ocorrência de inundações e/ou escorregamentos e a presença de reservatórios de retenção das águas pluviais (piscinões) e áreas contaminadas. Para a análise e integração dos dados é utilizado um Sistema de Informação Geográfica com funções de processamento de imagens. / The purpose of this work consists of studying the spatial analysis of the environmental inequality in São Paulo city. Environmental inequality is the principle that a specific social group (eg. ethical, racial or economic) is disproportionately affected by environmental hazards. In this study we used: 2000 Census data (released by IBGE); Landsat ETM+ image of bands 3 and 4; a geotechnical map of São Paulo (IPT) and a list of contaminated point sources carried out by Cetesb. Urban infrastructure facilities such as water supply coverage; sewerage system; garbage collection; urban green area; landslides and flood occurrences; presence of piscinões and contaminated area were employed. The analysis of these data was undertaken using a Geographic Information System (GIS) integrated with Remote Sensing image processing.

O objeto deste trabalho são os microclimas urbanos nas cidades brasileiras na região de Clima Tropical Continental. Partindo do princípio que há uma correlação entre microclimas urbanos e ocupação do solo, o objetivo é medir numericamente a correlação entre a temperatura do ar e algumas variáveis familiares ao planejamento, e que podem ser regulamentadas pela legislação municipal, a fim de orientar as medidas necessárias para amenizar o rigor climático nas cidades da região. Faz-se uma descrição qualitativa e quantitativa das variáveis urbanísticas envolvidas, bem como medições de temperatura e umidade do ar em diferentes estações e horários. Os resultados mostram que as variáveis taxa de ocupação e coeficiente de aproveitamento mantém correlação positiva com a temperatura do ar, e refletem uma maior influência da densidade construída sobre o período noturno, o que concorda com a teoria existente. Já com as variáveis arborização e água a correlação foi negativa em relação à temperatura do ar, em todos os horários. Ao final propõe-se um índice em função das variáveis urbanísticas utilizadas, visando subsidiar futuros trabalhos na determinação da proporção ideal entre densidade construída, arborização e água. / The subject of this thesis is the urban microclimate in cities of the Brazilian Continental Tropical Region. According to the principle that there is a correlation between urban microclimates and urban occupation, the objective is to numerically measure the correlation between air temperature and variables which are familiar to urban planning strategies. These variables can be controlled by municipal regulations, aiming to guide the procedures to ameliorate the urban harsh climate in that region. Qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the urban variables are made, as air temperature and humidity measurements registered along the day for the two main seasons. The results show that with variables related to building density, the correlation was positive when referred to air temperature, and reflected the greater influence of building density at night, what is in accord with the existing theory. On the other hand, using trees and water, the correlation was negative, when related to air temperature, in all periods. At the end, this work suggests an index using urban variables, aiming to support future studies in determining the ideal proportion among building density, trees and water in urban environments.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:55:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sibelle da Fonseca.pdf: 1462507 bytes, checksum: f3ffb035906d994be0f9e735f7a34316 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-18 / The interfacing between the environment, health and education constitute the subject of this work. The research involved 05 elementary public schools of Goiania, conducting interviews (using questionnaires with open-ended questions) with those people in charge of educational directives with the Municipal Secretary of Education, 02 educational coordinators, 07 teachers and 40 students of the second and third levels, in schools located on the outskirts, in rundown areas or with decaying infrastructure, around the city, with the objective of identifying some social issues about the environment and verifying if the subject of Environmental Education, in the form it has been managed, encourages young people to participate in the control of environmental quality as a way of ensuring a healthy quality of life. The right to have access to Environmental Education, constitutionally guaranteed and supported by the City Hall of Goiania, however, is not put into practice regularly but the research indicates that other critical factors exist for the implementation of a differentiated education directed towards the formation of an active citizen. / As mediações entre meio ambiente, saúde e educação constituem o tema deste trabalho. A pesquisa envolveu 05 escolas de Ensino Fundamental da Rede Pública Municipal de Goiânia, entrevistando-se, por intermédio de questionários com questões abertas, os 02 responsáveis pelas diretrizes pedagógicas da Secretaria Municipal de Educação, 05 coordenadores pedagógicos, 07 professores e 40 alunos que cursam os 2º e 3º ciclos das escolas periféricas do município, situadas em áreas degradadas ou com precária infra-estrutura do entorno da cidade de Goiânia, no intuito de identificar as representações sociais sobre meio ambiente e verificar se o tema Educação Ambiental, da forma como vem sendo ministrado, suscita a participação dos jovens no controle da qualidade ambiental como garantia de uma sadia qualidade de vida. O direito de acesso à Educação Ambiental, garantido constitucionalmente, é respaldado pela Prefeitura de Goiânia, porém não se efetiva como uma prática. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa aponta a existência de outros fatores críticos para a implantação de uma educação diferenciada voltada para a formação de um cidadão atuante.

O uso de biomarcadores para avaliar a exposição da população humana a contaminantes ambientais, a biomonitorização humana (BH), fornece uma relação direta entre exposição à substância química e a dose interna. Os resultados da BH da população geral devem ser comparados com valores de referência (VR), obtidos de um grupo definido da população geral e derivados por método estatístico. Esses VR, em geral, determinam o limite superior da exposição basal. O objetivo deste estudo foi derivar VR de chumbo, cádmio e mercúrio em sangue para a população adulta da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), e verificar associação entre os níveis desses metais no sangue e variáveis sócio-demográficas e de estilo de vida. Foram coletadas amostras de doadores de sangue em 9 postos de coleta em 2006, que residiam na RMSP, não fumantes e sem exposição ocupacional aos metais estudados. Informações sobre as variáveis de interesse foram obtidas por meio de questionário. Os VR derivados correspondem ao limite superior do IC95% do P95, e foram para homens de 18 a 39 anos 59,73 g/L para Pb, 0,41 g/L para Cd e 4,30 g/L para Hg; para mulheres 47,09 g/L para Pb, 0,48 g/L para Cd e 3,71 g/L para Hg. Para homens de 40 a 65 anos 79,84 g/L para Pb, 0,35 g/L para Cd e 5,10 g/L para Hg; para mulheres 63,10 g/L para Pb, 0,44 g/L para Cd e 6,10 g/L para Hg. Os VR de chumbo mostraram-se inferiores aos derivados para a população de Londrina (Brasil), foram semelhantes aos da República Checa e Alemanha, mas superiores aos do estudo populacional dos EUA (NHANES). Os VR de Cd foram bem inferiores aos das populações desses países, cujos valores estão acima de 1 g/L. Os VR de Hg foram semelhantes aos dos EUA e superiores aos da Alemanha e República Checa. Os níveis de Pb e Cd em sangue apresentaram associação significativa com sexo e faixa etária. Homens apresentaram 50% mais chumbo em sangue, e indivíduos entre 40 e 65 anos apresentaram 23% mais chumbo em relação aos de 18 a 39 anos. A variável que mais contribuiu para os níveis de Hg foi consumo de peixe, sendo que o consumo diário ou mais que uma vez por semana foi associado a um aumento de 107% de mercúrio em sangue em relação à categoria que não consome peixe. Possuir restauração de amálgama aumentou 24% os níveis de mercúrio, e ter entre 40 e 65 anos aumentou 19% em relação à faixa de 18 a 39 anos. Níveis de escolaridade mais baixos estiveram associados a concentrações menores de mercúrio. As médias encontradas indicam que a população estudada não está exposta a níveis preocupantes dos metais estudados. Os VR aqui propostos devem ser utilizados na comparação com dados observados em populações de características semelhantes e de áreas urbanas / The use of biomarkers to assess the exposure of humans to environmental contaminants, human biomonitoring (HB), provides a direct relationship between chemical exposure and internal dose. The results of the HB of the general population should be compared with reference values (RV) obtained in a defined group of the general population and derived by statistical methods. These RV generally determine the upper limit of the exposure baseline. The aim of this study was to derive RV for lead, cadmium and mercury in blood of adults from the Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo (MASP) (Brazil), and to investigate the association between blood metals and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Samples from blood donors were collected in 9 blood centers in 2006, they were residents in the MASP, non smokers, and without any occupational exposure to the studied metals. Information about variables of interest was obtained by questionnaire. The RV derived for men aged 18 to 39 years were 59,73 g/L for Pb, 0,41 g/L for Cd e 4,30 g/L for Hg; for women 47,09 g/L for Pb, 0,48 g/L for Cd and 3,71 g/L for Hg. For men aged 40 and 65 years 79,84 g/L for Pb, 0,35 g/L for Cd and 5,10 g/L for Hg; for women 63,10 g/L for Pb, 0,44 g/L for Cd and 6,10 g/L for Hg. The RV for lead appeared to be lower than those derived for the population of Londrina (Brazil), were similar to the Czech Republic and Germany, but higher than the one observed in a study of the U.S. population (NHANES). Conversely, RV for Cd were well below of those from these countries, which have values above 1 g/L. The RV for Hg were similar to the U.S and higher than the value in Germany and in the Czech Republic. The levels of Pb and Cd in blood showed a significant association with sex and age. Men had 50% more lead in blood, and individuals between 40 and 65 years old showed 23% more lead than those in 18 to 39 years old. The variable most related to the levels of Hg was fish consumption. A daily or more than once a week consumption was associated with an increase of 107% of mercury in blood when compared to a group without fish consumption. Amalgam fillings increased mercury levels in about 24%, and 40 to 65 years old group had 19% more Hg than 18 to 39 years old. Individuals with basic education showed significantly lower mercury levels than those with higher education. The average means showed that the studied group is not exposed to high levels of these metals. The RV proposed here should be used in comparison with data observed in populations of urban areas with similar characteristics

A urbanização, quando não é devidamente planejada, potencializa impactos ambientais negativos ao ambiente e danos à saúde da população, pois traz consigo mudanças no meio físico e biológico, devido à descaracterização dos cursos dágua, mudança na geomorfologia dos terrenos, impermeabilização dos solos, corte de vegetação, verticalização das construções, entre outros. O conhecimento sobre a qualidade ambiental urbana em cidades já estabelecidas permite identificar os aspectos e impactos ambientais negativos decorrentes das ações humanas, planejar e propor ações de melhoria que favoreçam o bem estar da população e diminuam problemas de saúde causados pela urbanização. Este trabalho objetivou determinar o nível de qualidade ambiental urbana, considerando variáveis que causam impactos ambientais urbanos negativos e positivos, no distrito Liberdade, município de São Paulo, SP. Para a determinação do nível de qualidade ambiental, foram avaliados os seguintes atributos ambientais, adaptados e ampliados a partir de Nucci (1996): usos potencialmente poluidores, tráfego de veículos de passeio e de ônibus, poluição sonora, pontos de alagamentos e enchentes, densidade demográfica, verticalização das edificações, abastecimento de água e coleta de esgotos, coleta de resíduos sólidos, estado das calçadas e presença de espaços livres públicos, áreas verdes, cobertura vegetal e arborização urbana. Para cada um desses atributos, foram determinados índices que permitiram quantificar e indicar o nível de qualidade ambiental dos trechos estudados. Como a presença de um uso potencialmente poluidor interfere no ambiente com diversos impactos ambientais, os usos potencialmente poluidores tiveram maior influência na classificação da qualidade ambiental do distrito. O distrito da Liberdade apresenta, no geral, trânsito moderado em todas as suas ruas e avenidas, na grande maioria das vias do distrito trafegam ônibus e o índice de poluição sonora ultrapassa os níveis de critério de avaliação para ambientes externos determinados pela norma vigente. Os pontos de enchente registrados localizam-se predominantemente ao norte do distrito, próximo ao córrego Moringuinho. O distrito da Liberdade é bastante verticalizado e a tendência é de continuidade deste processo, pois há áreas que estão em processo de regularização para construção de novos edifícios. Em relação ao saneamento básico, 100% da população é atendida por abastecimento de água, 98,5% por coleta e tratamento de esgoto e 100%, por coleta domiciliar de resíduos. A potencialidade média das calçadas é maioria no distrito, as áreas com cobertura vegetal correspondem a 8,3% da área do distrito e o índice de espaços livres públicos é de 2,12 m² por habitante. / Urbanization, when not properly planned, potentiates adverse environmental impacts and damage to the health of the population because it brings with it changes in the biological and physical environment, due to the plugging of watercourses, changes in the geomorphology of the land, soil sealing, vegetation depletion, building verticalization, among other factors. By knowing the urban environmental quality in already established cities, one can identify negative environmental aspects and impacts resulting from human actions, as well as plan and propose improvements that enhance the well-being of the population and reduce health problems caused by urbanization. This work aims to determine the level of urban environmental quality, considering variables that cause negative and positive urban environmental impact, in the district of Liberdade, in the city of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil. For determining the level of environmental quality, the following environmental attributes were evaluated, adapted and expanded from Nucci (1996): potentially polluting usages; car and bus traffic; noise pollution; inundation and floods; population density; verticalization of buildings and constructions; water supply and sewage collection; solid waste collection; condition of sidewalks; and presence of free public spaces, green areas, vegetation cover and urban forestry. For each of these attributes, indices were determined to quantify and indicate the level of environmental quality of the areas studied. Since the occurrence of a potentially polluting usage interferes with the environment with various environmental impacts, potentially polluting usages have had a major influence on the classification of environmental quality in the district. The District of Liberdade features, overall, moderate traffic in all its streets and avenues, buses travel in most of the district\'s roads, and the pollution index exceeds the levels of assessment criteria for external environments determined by current regulations. Areas in which floods have been recorded are located predominantly in the North of the district, near the Moringuinho stream. The District of Liberdade is predominantly vertical, and this process tends to continue since there are several areas in the process of being regularized for the construction of new buildings. As for sanitation, 100% of the population are served by water supply, 98.5% for sewage collection and treatment, and 100% for household waste collection. The sidewalks in the district are predominantly of medium capability, areas with vegetation cover correspond to 8.3% of the district area, and the index of free public spaces is 2.12 m² per inhabitant.