O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a sustentabilidade dos sistemas agroflorestais difundidos pela OrganizaÃÃo NÃo Governamental ACB â AssociaÃÃo Cristà de Base e implantados por agricultores familiares, nos municÃpios de Nova Olinda e Santana do Cariri. Procurou-se realizar um trabalho objetivo, identificando fatores ambientais, sociais e econÃmicos, que devem ser considerados e que tenham relevÃncia para o desenvolvimento dos sistemas agroflorestais na regiÃo semi-Ãrida em estudo. A Ãrea de estudo foi a comunidade de Taboleiro â Nova Olinda e Catolà â Santana do Cariri, onde havia as duas experiÃncias que mais caracterizavam a implantaÃÃo dos sistemas agroflorestais. Para o enriquecimento e visando-se estabelecer bases comparativas, entrevistou-se agricultores familiares que nÃo trabalham a proposta da âAgroflorestaâ, denominados no estudo de agricultores convencionais. Para a anÃlise ambiental, calculou-se performance ambiental dos sistemas utilizando-se a Metodologia do Guia do Produtor Rural. BNB (1999). Na anÃlise social, verificou-se os aspectos que podem influenciar decisivamente na validaÃÃo da proposta, como organizaÃÃo social, capacitaÃÃo, educaÃÃo, saÃde, habitaÃÃo, acesso a utensÃlios domÃsticos e lazer. Na anÃlise econÃmica utilizou-se o cÃlculo da Renda Familiar Per Capita e Renda Percentual por Setor/OcupaÃÃo dos agricultores do sistema. De uma maneira geral, analisando os aspectos ambientais, sociais e econÃmicos, os sistemas agroflorestais se mostraram melhores em relaÃÃo aos sistemas convencionais. A anÃlise ambiental constatou a sustentabilidade ambiental em uma Ãrea pesquisada. Percebe-se que as diferenÃas nos fatores ambientais e sociais das comunidades e entre as propriedades trabalhadas influenciam no resultado final do sistema implantado. Constata-se que mesmo com as melhorias apresentadas pelos sistemas agroflorestais, estes nÃo conseguem a curto prazo resolver todas as dificuldades apresentadas, nÃo podendo, portanto, ser caracterizado como sustentÃvel, em relaÃÃo aos trÃs aspectos estudados. Daà à necessÃrio compreender que as conclusÃes aqui apresentadas sÃo parte de um processo e nÃo podem neste momento contemplar o todo. Mas, apresenta, portanto, indicativos importantes para a consolidaÃÃo de propostas sustentÃveis de convivÃncia como o Semi-Ãrido.

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The Nounan Formation in north-central Utah thickens northward from 696 feet near Causey Dam to 1147 feet at High Creek in the Bear River Range, and northwestward to 1149 feet at Dry Canyon in Wellsville Mountain. The basal contact of the Nounan Formation is sharp, but dolomite extends irregularly downward into limestones of the Bloomington Formation as much as 6 feet. The Nounan Formation is divided into three members based on lithologic characters: (1) a lower member composed of dark, medium-crystalline dolomite; (2) a middle member composed of white, coarse-crystalline dolomite with tongues of dark dolomite; and (3) an upper member of interbedded light and dark dolomites and limestones with local arenites and sandy carbonates. The lower member was deposited in a high-energy, shallow-marine subtidal to intertidal environment. Evidence includes sets of low-angle cross stratification (dunes), oncolites, oolites, and rip-up clasts. The middle member forms distinctive ledges and cliffs. The presence of thinly laminated algal stromatolites and relict structures seen also in the lower member indicate a subtidal to intertidal environment similar to that inferred for the lower member. The white color and coarse crystallinity may have resulted from recrystallization of the dark, finer grained dolomite that comprises the lower member. The upper member is characterized by lithologic variability. Thicknesses of limestone are greatest in the north, and decrease to only a few feet in the south. Quartz and other terrigenous minerals are scattered at intervals throughout the upper member, with a marker of sandy (arenaceous) dolomites at the base and near the middle and an increase of sand near the top also. The upper contact, with quartz-rich arenites (subarkosic quartzites) of the Worm Creek Member of tho St. Charles Formation, is gradational overall, but is sharp and planar in each section and readily located. In the upper member, algal mats trapped a varying but overall increasing influx of quartz and feldspar, probably in shallow subtidal environments, and vertically stacked hemispheroids suggest that depositional conditions may have included intertidal. Virtually all of the dolomite in the Nounan Formation must have formed by replacement of lime sediments by downward-moving high-magnesium brines. It is that these brines originated in restricted, shallow, subtidal evaporating basins, such as the Great Bahama Banks today, and associated supratidal flats. Lateral changes from limestone to dolomite overall and also in individual beds of the upper member indicate that the brines travelled laterally as well as vertically, and dolomitization may have been limited as much by prior diagenetic alteration and cementation as by the volume, concentration, and proximity of the brine itself.

The so-called "Marine Testing Field (MTF)" is a concept to set up a natural site so that a laboratory experiment may be implemented directly at sea. In viewing the geographical advantage of National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), an MTF has been proposed near the Shziwan bay area, which is particularly suitable to conduct research on near shore processes and harbor monitoring and protection. The purpose of this study is implemented the first phase towards the establishment of Shziwan MTF, that is, to conduct a complete survey of this area, including topological, morphological, geological, and dynamical properties of this area. The survey employs various equipment including sidescan sonar, subbpttom profiler, multibeam system, and seabed sampling, etc. To achieve a good quality, the survey routes were carefully planned, and 10 seabed samples were taken. The results have shown that the slope of the seafloor is about 145:1, indicating that the area has a very slow varying topography. Sidescan images have been carefully analyzed, and several objects on the seabed have been identified; furthermore, the subbottom images have shown layering structure in this area. The seabed sampling shows that the seabed is mostly consisted of fine sand with average particle size of about 0.263 mm. Overall, the field already explored shows that it is about 4116725m2 in area, in which 88.1% is sand, 7.2% sand with ripple marks, and 4.7% rocks.

Our interest in this thesis is based on the discussion we had in previous courses about the development of emerging countries. Since two of the writers of this thesis are from Poland we tried to found a common interest, hence the relationship between the Polish subcontractors and Swedish customer is analyzed. Poland is also known as a low cost country and that make it favorable when it comes about hiring subcontractors. The subcontractors in Poland are also known for the skills and expertise to produce quality. Something that is important for many foreign companies. IKEA has more than 40 subcontractors in Poland; the reason is just the factors mentioned above, to be able to produce good quality to low cost. (www.ikea.com) Earlier research indicate that Poland is developing rapidly compare to other emergent countries in Eastern Europe. There have been and will be changes in the environment that most likely will affect the competitive advantage that the subcontractors are the leader in. In other words these changes might lead to that Poland loses its customers which choose other markets that still are able produce at lower costs. The main problem for the thesis is to investigate how can polish subcontractors cope with environmental changes to sustain competitive advantage? In order to answer this, we used a qualitative approach where the characteristics of a case study are conducted. We collected and analyzed data in an abductive way. The interviews with the three Polish subcontractors were made in a semi structure form via telephone. To be able to solve the above problem an environmental analysis of Poland was done, in order to found those factors that are mentioned as worries and are likely to change in the future. The changes are presented from subcontractors’ perspective and recommendation how to cope with them is given.

Solar road panels are a technology that have the ability to revolutionize the way that roads are built and how electricity is generated. Strong incentives towards sustainable solutions in both of these fields have led to the design of innovative, multifaceted solutions, of which solar road panels are one of the most recent entrants. This research presents some initial analysis into the design of solar road panels from the perspective of Canadian pavement engineering. The hypothesis of this research was as follows: A specially designed modular panel can be constructed to withstand the structural and environmental loads on Canadian pavement structures while simultaneously generating electricity through embedded photovoltaic cells. Through a process that covers the design, construction, and analysis of the structural elements of a solar road panel prototype, this research evaluated the impact that solar road panels can have for Canada???s pavement infrastructure. Specific elements researched include the material selection for such a panel, the flexural response of the composite structure, how the panel will interact with traditional pavement and geotechnical materials while in use, and the change in performance of transparent layer materials as they are subjected to freeze-thaw cycling and scaling. The research found that the initial prototype design included a two 10-mm tempered glass pane transparent layers with a 12.7-mm GPO-3 optical layer and 19.1-mm GPO-3 base layer. The concept being that the glass would provide the rigidity required to protect the fragile solar cells while the fiberglass laminate has demonstrated performance as a traffic-supporting material in adverse conditions. Testing of this structure found that the performance was easily duplicated through finite element analysis, given that the material properties were assumed to be more rigid than the averages for tempered glass and GPO-3. Further finite element analysis demonstrated that the prototype solar road panel would not fail through traditional fatiguing methods, and in all cases on concrete, asphalt, granular, and subgrade bases the panels improved the performance characteristics of the structural base. The environmental conditioning of acrylic, glass, and polycarbonate specimens demonstrated that glass is the ideal material choice for the transparent layer for Canadian solar road panels. It proved to have the greatest freeze-thaw and scaling resistance of the three materials, and while the friction characteristic of the flat glass samples would not be suitable for driving on, avenues of research were identified that could improve this characteristic. In summary, the research conducted clearly proved the hypothesis; it is possible to build a structure that can house a photovoltaic system while supporting the structural and environmental loads that Canadian pavement are exposed to. The ideal panel would be constructed with a tempered glass transparent layer, GPO-3 optical and base layers, and the structure would be installed on a concrete structural base. The refinement of this design will be the scope for future research.

<p>Our interest in this thesis is based on the discussion we had in previous courses about the development of emerging countries. Since two of the writers of this thesis are from Poland we tried to found a common interest, hence the relationship between the Polish subcontractors and Swedish customer is analyzed.</p><p>Poland is also known as a low cost country and that make it favorable when it comes about hiring subcontractors. The subcontractors in Poland are also known for the skills and expertise to produce quality. Something that is important for many foreign companies. IKEA has more than 40 subcontractors in Poland; the reason is just the factors mentioned above, to be able to produce good quality to low cost. (www.ikea.com)</p><p>Earlier research indicate that Poland is developing rapidly compare to other emergent countries in Eastern Europe. There have been and will be changes in the environment that most likely will affect the competitive advantage that the subcontractors are the leader in. In other words these changes might lead to that Poland loses its customers which choose other markets that still are able produce at lower costs.</p><p>The main problem for the thesis is to investigate how can polish subcontractors cope with environmental changes to sustain competitive advantage?</p><p>In order to answer this, we used a qualitative approach where the characteristics of a case study are conducted. We collected and analyzed data in an abductive way. The interviews with the three Polish subcontractors were made in a semi structure form via telephone. To be able to solve the above problem an environmental analysis of Poland was done, in order to found those factors that are mentioned as worries and are likely to change in the future. The changes are presented from subcontractors’ perspective and recommendation how to cope with them is given.</p>

En modern byggnad enligt gällande normer. Hur hårda är kraven som ställs och skulle de kunna vara hårdare? I den här rapporten undersöks en hotellbyggnad belägen i Säve. Dess värmebehov skulle sänkas med 50 %. Målet skulle uppfyllas med miljövänliga material, enligt SundaHus, men samtidigt fanns ekonomiska mål. Projektet skulle vara ekonomiskt försvarbart. Byggnadens ritningar undersöktes och genom att öka på isoleringstjockleken i klimatskalet sänktes transmissionsförlusterna till 127 500 kWh/år, från 146 280. Genom att göra det tätare sänktes den energi som försvinner via luftläckaget till 3 580 kWh/år, från 28 650. Även ventilationssystemet gjordes effektivare vilket fick ner ventilationsförlusterna till 90 650 kWh/år, från 120 835. Trots dessa förbättringar lyckades inte värmebehovet sänkas till 50 % av ursprungliga 266 500 kWh/år. Det värmebehovet som arbetet resulterade i blev 192 450 kWh/år, vilket är en sänkning med endast 28 %. Detta kan förklaras av att vid tjocka isolerskikt uppstår problem med att torka ut fukten i klimatskalet. Risken med höga fukthalter är mögel som kan uppstå och påverka integriteten i konstruktionen. Genom att begränsa isolertjockleken kan fukthalten hållas i rimliga nivåer där den kan tänkas torka ut under årets varmare del. Ytterligare ett mål med projektet var att förbättringar skulle ske med miljövänliga material. Många av de material som används i dagens byggnader går att ersätta med trä. Ett material som Sverige borde använda mer. Inte minst för att det binder koldioxid. Alla material är inte lika lätta att byta ut. Betong är ett sådant material. Det är inte direkt farligt för miljön men är inget som SundaHus rekommenderar utom i prefabricerade element. Dess höga tryckhållfasthet och armeringsmöjligheter är tillsammans med att det är lättarbetat, så länge det inte bränt, svårslaget. Totalkostnaden för att göra ovan nämnda förbättringar var beräknat att kosta ungefär 3 miljoner. Sett till hur mycket som det sänker månadskostnaden på 50 år varierar resultatet beroende på elpriset. Ligger elpriset på 0,60 kr/kWh hamnar projektet på en förlust med ungefär 1,85 miljoner. Är elpriset istället så högt som 1,50 kr/kWh vänds förlusten till en vinst på 4,16 miljoner. Slutsatsen blir att det går att förbättra byggnader, men att sätta skyhöga mål om att minska värmebehovet med hela 50 % är orimliga. Tjocka isolerskikt kan ge mer problem än vad de löser. Fukt skulle ge upphov till mögel som kan påverka konstruktionens stabilitet samt även påverka hälsan negativt för de boende. Om dessa problem rent konstruktivt skulle kunna lösas är det långt ifrån säkert att kostnaderna bär sig. Elpriset är en avgörande faktor för om projektet blir en förlust eller vinst. / Looking at a modern building built in accordance with current standards. How high they are set and could they be higher? This report examines a hotel building located in Säve, just north of Gothenburg. One of the targets of this report was to reduce its heating demand by 50%. The goal would be reached by using environmentally friendly materials, as well as upholding financial targets. An important target was for the project to be economically viable. By increasing the insulation thickness of the buildings climate barrier and thus reducing the transmission losses to 127 500 kWh / year, from 146 280, and making it more airtight lowered the energy lost through air leakage to 3 580 kWh / year, from 28 650. The efficiency of the ventilation system was improved as well, reducing the ventilation losses to 90 650 kWh / year, from 120 835. Despite these improvements the amount of energy needed for heating was reduced to 192 450 kWh / year, a mere 28%. The target was 50% of the original 266 500 kWh / year. By having a thick layer of insulation problems with drying out the moisture will occur and thus it is also important to keep the thickness at a reasonable level. Otherwise mold would start to grow, affecting the integrity of the structure as well as the health of the residents. By limiting the insulation thickness moisture levels can be maintained in reasonable levels and to dried out during the warmer part of the year. Another goal of the project was that improvements could be made with environmentally friendly materials. Many of the materials used in today’s buildings can be replaced with wood. An abundant material in Sweden that should be used more, not least as it’s a benefit to the environment as it binds carbon dioxide. All the materials are not easy to replace. Concrete being one such material. It is not directly harmful to the environment but nothing SundaHus recommends using, except prefabricated elements. Its high compressive strength and ability to work with reinforcement is hard to beat. The costs of making these improvements and modifications were estimated to cost roughly SEK3 million. The true benefits or costs over the course of the buildings life span of 50 years are more difficult to estimate, as it’s highly dependent of the cost of electricity. At the price of SEK0.60 / kWh the project would be a loss of approximately SEK1.85 million whereas if the price would had been SEK1.50 / kWh it’s estimated that the project would turn to a profit of SEK4.16 million. The conclusion is that it’s possible to improve buildings, but putting exorbitant goals to reduce heating requirements by as much as 50% is unreasonable. Thick insulation layer can give more problems than they solve. Moisture could cause mold that can affect the structural stability and also negatively affect the health of the residents. If these constructive problems could be solved, it is still far from certain that the cost of carrying themselves. The electricity price is a determining factor to whether the project will turn to a loss or be profitable.

Sammanfattning. I dagens Sverige är ett hållbart byggande, med tanke på klimatförändringarna, en viktig aspekt. Detta har gjort att riksdag, regering, myndigheter och ideella organisationer, såsom SGBC, har utformat lagar, riktlinjer och certifieringar. SGBC är Sveriges största ideella organisation för certifiering av byggnader. De utformar i dagsläget en uppdatering av sitt miljöcertifieringssystem Miljöbyggnad. I denna uppdatering, vid namn Miljöbyggnad 3.0, planerar man att införa ett nytt bedömningsområde, nämligen byggskedet. Byggskedet innefattar fyra olika bedömningsområden: Byggavfall, Energi och Energislag, Förnyelsebart bränsle samt Kontroller och Hantering. Utgångspunkten för studien var att jämföra NCC:s checklista för Grönt Byggande med de kommande kraven i Miljöbyggnads bedömningsområde, byggskedet. Detta har gjorts genom litteraturstudie av SGBC:s hearingversion av Miljöbyggnad 3.0 och dess byggskedesindikatorer samt av Grönt Byggandes checklista. Denna inledande del av examensarbetet resulterade i arbetets första resultat och slutsats. Dessa var att checklistan för Grönt Byggande är i stort behov av en uppdatering och att dess punkter kring bodar är i särskilt behov av granskning. Arbetet noterade även att checklistan saknar kvantifierbara gränsvärden för kontroller. En annan del, som arbetet behandlade, var NCC:s projekt i praktiken och speciellt hur dessa skulle stå sig i en certifiering i de kommande byggskedeskraven. Detta skedde dels genom litteratur- och intervjustudie av ett avslutat projekt som NCC har genomfört, samt dels en enkät- och intervjustudie vid platsbesök på ett pågående projekt, som NCC jobbar med. Den andra delen av arbetet var att genom en litteraturstudie för byggskedet granska hur NCC:s projekt i praktiken klarar sig igenom en certifiering. Detta för att ge en bild av hur NCC:s projekt klarar kommande krav i Miljöbyggnads bedömning i ”byggskedet”. Den utförda certifieringen visade att NCC:s projekt i dagsläget inte uppnår något betyg alls. Det hamnar på” klassad” vilket är då lägsta betyget Brons ej kunnat uppnås. Slutsatsen som drogs var att NCC med små medel, genom bland annat införande av mottagningskontroller och noggrannare dokumentation, ändå kan klara sig upp till lägsta nivån Brons. De kan, med en något mer krävande insats, även nå det högre betyget Silver. / Abstract. Sustainable development intending to climate change is an important aspect in Sweden today. Laws, guidelines, and certifications have been created by the parliament, government, agencies such as Boverket, and nonprofit organizations like Sweden Green Building Council (SGBC). SGBC is Sweden's largest non-profit organization for building certifications and is currently updating its environmental certification system for environmental building. This certification is, called environmental building 3.0 and is planned to introduce a new assessment criteria named the building phase. The building phase is comprised of four different assessment criteria’s: building waste, energy value and energy type, renewable fuel as well as control and handling. The starting point for this study was to compare the NCC's checklist for green building with the future requirements of the environmental building assessment criteria from SGBC. The thesis is based on a literature study of the SGBC development plan for environmental building 3.0, its construction indicators, and the environmental building checklist. Results and conclusions of the first part of the work showed that the checklist for environmental building is in urgent need for an update and review, especially its points about temporary housing. This part of the result also revealed that the checklist needs measureable control limits. The second part of the study was to examine how NCC's projects would perform in a certification process with the new standards regarding building codes. This was done through a literature study, interviews with project members of both a completed project and an ongoing project at NCC, and a survey. This part of the study was also to assess trough a literature study of the construction site how NCC projects were to perform during a certification of the building phase. The current certification that NCC's projects have is classified, which are the grade obtained by a company when the lowest grade cannot be obtained. The next level on the scale is Bronze, which could currently not be reached. The conclusion of the thesis is that NCC can, with small funds, through the introduction of reception controls and more detailed documentation attains the next level on the scale, Bronze. It is also believed that the classification level Silver is obtainable with further efforts.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to increase the efficiency of the planning stages in the building industry. The goal was to produce valuable information that will be useful in the future development of Swedish national BIM guidelines. Method: The study has been conducted by following the principles of content analysis. “Content analysis is a research method that uses a set of procedures to make valid inferences from text”. By searching for and analysing the content of national BIM guidelines, valuable information for future development of Swedish national BIM guidelines would be produced. The BIM guidelines had to fulfil two criteria in order to qualify for the study: Be a national BIM guideline. Have a version in English. Once selected, the guidelines were analysed using 11 topics, namely BIM execution plan, Level of Development, Format standards and their application – interoperability, accountability, filing, archiving, modes of collaboration, operations and maintenance, simulations, pre-qualifications, BIM functions through project phases. These were chosen based on works by R. Sacks, Gurevich, &amp; Shrestha and Hooper. Findings: Out of the 81 BIM guidelines listed in the BIM guides project by BuildingSMART, 10 national BIM guidelines from 10 different countries were chosen for further study. NATSPEC from Australia, Belgian guide for the construction industry, CanBIM from Canada, COBIM from Finland, HKIBIM BIM project specification from Hong Kong, New Zealand BIM handbook, Statsbygg BIM manual from Norway, Singapore BIM guide, Level 2 PAS from the UK and NBIMS from the USA. All topics have a high level of inclusion, pointing to that the topics from Hooper and Sacks are relevant on a global scale. Pre-qualifications scored the lowest, and BIM functions through project phases scored the highest. Implications: Cover all 11 topics reviewed in this study. Avoid strict protocols with excessive level of detail, but rather formulate guidelines as frameworks, thus making them user-friendly and usable. Formulate guidelines so details may easily and logically be worked out in a BIM execution plan. Make a plan to keep the documents up to date. Limitations: This study only includes national BIM guidelines with English versions available. It has solely been conducted by document analysis and does therefore not provide much information on what current users of national BIM guidelines think of the guidelines reviewed, apart from what is mentioned from Hooper’s work. The score of each guideline indicate how much information it contains, and a high score may therefore not necessarily indicate it is the most user-friendly and readable guideline. Keywords: BIM guidelines, national BIM guidelines, BIM implementation / Sammanfattning Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att öka effektiviteten i planeringsstadiet inom byggbranschen. Målet var att producera värdefull information som kommer att vara användbar vid den framtida utvecklingen av svenska nationella BIM-riktlinjer. Metod: Studien har genomförts genom att följa principerna för innehållsanalys. Innehållsanalys är en forskningsmetod som använder en rad tillvägagångssätt för att dra giltiga slutsatser från text. Genom att leta efter och analysera innehållet i nationella BIM-riktlinjer, bör värdefull information för framtida utveckling av svenska nationella BIM-riktlinjer kunna frambringas. BIM-riktlinjerna behövde uppfylla två kriterier för att kvalificera sig till studien: 1. Vara en nationell BIM-riktlinje. 2. Ha en version på engelska. Riktlinjerna som valdes ut analyserades utifrån 11 ämnen, nämligen BIM:s genomförandeplan, utvecklingsnivå (LoD), formatstandarder och deras tillämpning - driftskompatibilitet, ansvarsskyldighet, register och mapphantering, arkivering, samarbetsformer, drift och underhåll, simuleringar, förkvalifikationer, BIM-funktioner genom projektfaser. Dessa valdes utifrån verk av R. Sacks, Gurevich, &amp; Shrestha och Hooper. Resultat: Av de 81 BIM-riktlinjerna som listades i BIM-guideprojektet av BuildingSMART valdes 10 nationella BIM-riktlinjer från 10 olika länder för vidare studier. NATSPEC från Australien, Belgian guide for the construction industry, CanBIM från Kanada, COBIM från Finland, HKIBIM BIM project specification från Hong Kong, New Zealand BIM Handbook, Statsbygg BIM-handbok från Norge, Singapore BIM-guide, Level 2 PAS från Storbritannien och NBIMS från USA. Alla ämnen är inkluderade till hög grad och pekar på att ämnena från Hooper och Sacks är relevanta på global nivå. Förkvalifikationer fick lägst poäng, och BIM-funktioner genom projektfaser fick högst. Slutsats: Inkludera alla 11 ämnen som ses över i denna studie. Undvik strikta protokoll med överdriven detaljnivå och formulera riktlinjer som ramverk, vilket gör dem användarvänliga och användbara. Formulera riktlinjer så att detaljer enkelt och logiskt kan utarbetas i en BIM-genomförandeplan. Gör en plan för att hålla dokumenten uppdaterade. Begränsningar: Denna studie innehåller endast nationella BIM-riktlinjer med engelska versioner tillgängliga. Den har enbart genomförts med dokumentanalys och ger därför inte information om vad nuvarande användare av nationella BIM-riktlinjer tycker om de riktlinjer som granskats, förutom vad som nämns från Hooper-arbetet. Antalet poäng för varje riktlinje anger hur mycket information den innehåller, och ett högt betyg behöver därmed inte nödvändigtvis indikera att det är den mest användarvänliga och läsbara riktlinjen. Nyckelord: BIM-riktlinjer, nationella BIM-riktlinjer, BIM-implementering