<p>This thesis describes some new methods for analysis oforganic trace components from air and water by gaschromatography. The work is particularly focused on thedevelopment of new technologies for analyte enrichment, usingsorbent-based concepts. Short lengths of open tubular columnswere examined for their potential use as denuders.Polydimethylsiloxane-based stationary phases as well as anadsorbent-based column were evaluated in an equilibrium mode oftrapping. For the analytes selected, detection levels in theppb range were obtained (Paper I).</p><p>A new, fully automated set-up for analysis of organic tracecomponents in aqueous samples has been developed (Paper II).The work combines specific advantages of the solid phase microextraction (SPME) technology and stir bar sorptive extractionconcept. Ultra trace components, down to 0.1 ppt could bedetected. Finally a simple method for preparation a new type ofultra thick film open tubular trap is described (Paper III).The traps are characterized by an irregular coating, and it wasdemonstrated that the performance characteristics of thesetraps were practically as good as of traps with a smooth,regular coating. The technology can be utilized in many areas,e.g. environmental monitoring, process analysis and otherfields dealing with analysis of trace organic volatiles ingaseous samples.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Organic trace components, volatiles, denuders,sorbent trapping, thick film trapping, open tubular traps,SPME, automation, water analysis, gas analysis, environmentalanalysis.</p>

Sammanfattning Stendamm förekommer på alla väg och anläggningsprojekt men kunskapen om hur farligt det är att exponeras för de respirabla kvartspartiklar som stendamm innehåller är bristfällig. Det respirabla kvartsdammet kan framkalla bland annat Silikos och cancer i lungorna men även påverka hjärtat negativt då lungornas funktion blir nedsatt. Syftet med rapporten var att undersöka hur bra information och kunskap det finns om kvarts i stendamm samt hur och om olika åtgärder som exempelvis andningsskydd förekommer. Då tiden för examensarbetet är begränsat avgränsas en del informationshämtning till Skanska AB väg och anläggning i region mitt. En enkät arbetades fram och användes som metod för att ta reda på dagens kunskapsnivå hos Skanska samt hur bra Skanska informerar när det gäller kvarts. Denna skickades ut till samtliga anställda på Skanska AB väg och anläggning i region mitt. Intervjuer gjordes också med personer som har en chefsroll eller tillhör arbetsledningen inom Skanska AB. Enkätundersökningens resultat visade att kunskapen om kvarts i stendamm finns hos de flesta anställda men att informationen bör bli bättre och upprepas oftare. Resultatet visade även att användandet av andningsskydd är bristfällig då det är jobbigt att andas i och att det blir varmt att bära det en hel dag. Det framkom även att personlig andningsutrustning inte fanns att tillgå för alla som har ett behov av det. En guide togs fram som ett resultat från enkäten och intervjuer. Guiden ska hjälpa arbetsledningen med hur de kan förebygga exponering för kvartsdamm i sina projekt samt ge yrkesarbetare en information som ska påminna om de enklare sätten att skydda sig mot stendamm. Under rubriken diskussion diskuteras bland annat möjligheterna om att använda olika hygieniska gränsvärden inom olika näringsgrenar, detta för att ett sänkt gränsvärde inom väg och anläggning skulle kunna leda till hårdare arbete för en ännu bättre arbetsmiljö. Kunskapen om hur hälsan kan påverkas av respirabelt kvarts kan alltid bli bättre och det gäller särskilt yrkesarbetare som främst utsätts för stendamm. Slutsatserna för detta examensarbete blev att arbetstagare som riskerar att utsättas för stendamm bör informeras oftare, helst inför varje nyetablerad arbetsplats, samt att behovet av personliga andningsskydd med tillhörande utbildning bör överses. Vidare konstaterades att arbetsberedningen som görs i riskbedömningen bör utföras av personer som har fått en likvärdig utbildning så att tiden för arbetsberedning kan effektiviseras samt att alla arbetsberedningar blir konsekventa i sitt utförande. / Stone dust exists in all road and public work projects yet the knowledge about how dangerous exposure to the respirable quartz particles that stone dust contains is lower than what could be preferred. The respirable quartz can cause silicosis and lung cancer as well as heart diseases when the capacity of the lungs is reduced. The purpose of this project was to investigate if there is sufficient information and knowledge about quartz in stone dust in this business today. The purpose was also to realize whether there are quartz-prohibiting measures, such as the usage of breathing aid, taken or not. Because of the time-limit of this project much of the gathering of information was limited to “Skanska AB väg och anläggning, region mitt”. A survey was produced and used as a method in order to get information about the level of knowledge that Skanska employees have, as well as how good Skanska is at informing their employees, about quartz. This survey was sent to all of Skanska Sweden’s staff members in road and public works, central region. In addition to this, interviews were held with supervisors and managers in the same region. The survey results revealed that most employees have some sort of knowledge about quartz but that the information should be made more extensive and be repeated more often. The results also show that the usage of personal breathing aid is inadequate, this is because the aid is hard to breathe through and during long and warm days they’re an annoyance to wear. In addition, it was also brought to light that not everyone who needs a breathing aid have access to one. As another result of the survey and the interviews a guide was made. This guide was formed as a helping hand for the staff management when they’re making risk evaluations and work preparations but also as a short information for all staff members to make it easier for them to remember the easiest and most efficient ways to avoid and protect yourself from quartz particles. In the discussion the possibilities about lowering the hygienic limits of quartz for different parts of the economy was debated. A lowering of the hygienic limit in road and public works should lead to more work, such as this, being done towards a better work environment. The knowledge about how personal health is affected by respirable quartz can always get better and that goes especially for employees that work in direct contact with stone dust. The conclusions of this project were that employees that are exposed to stone dust should be informed more often, preferably before the start of every project, and also the need for personal breathing aid with appurtenant education should be attended to. Furthermore, the work preparations made with every risk evaluation should always be made by staff members with the same qualifications and information. Thus, all work preparations will look consistent and also, the creation of them will be more time efficient.

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Digitalisering i dagens byggindustri spelar större roll än tidigare. Användning av pappersritningar minskar och tillgång till 3D/BIM modell i VR eller en surfplatta är mer vanligt, men för att detta ska fungera krävs utveckling inom området. Arbetets första del försöker underöka skillnaden mellan Autodesk Revit parametrar length och cut length av stålbalkar för längdavtagning så att processen kan förenklas och göras till en mer automatisk. Andra delen fokuserar på implementering av konstruktionsdetaljer i 3D modeller. Metod för arbetet består av en litteraturstudie för insamling av information och två datorundersökningar. Den första datorundersökningen för gransk-ningen av skillnaden mellan längdparametrarna för enstaka balkar och olika kombinationer med byggelement. Den andra datorundersökningen består av två olika sätt att tillverka förband, Revit 2018 som erbjuder färdiga lösningar och Revit 2019 där allt byggs från olika komponenter. Resultatet visar att parametern length oftast inte har någon betydelse för den verkliga längden och cut length är den parameter som visar korrekta längden. Lösning med förband i 3D modeller kan hittas i Revit 2019 men kräver förbättringar för kompletta resultat. Revit 2018 kan användas i vissa specialfall, men inte för komplexa modeller. / Digitalization in the construction industry is taking huge stepstowards becoming less dependent on paper drawings and insteadincreasing usage of 3D/BIM models throughout the whole constructionprocess. This thesis attempts to gain a better understanding forAutodesk Revit parameters length and cut length of steel beams, toincrease accuracy and level of automatization for quantity takeoffs.The second part of thesis contains implementation of steelconnections in 3D models since the creation usually takes place in 2Dprograms. Method contains information search in books, other theses, websitesand two computer studies. The first one for length measurementpurpose to understand difference between length parameters of singlebeams and interactions between various construction elements. Thesecond part contains test of steel connections tool in Revit 2018 onthe simple steel construction and toolbar steel in Revit 2019 forconstructing a couple parts from 2D drawings. The results make it clear that parameter length usually has nothingin common with the actual length of the beam and cut length is theparameter one should be consider. Solutions for steel connections in3D models might be found in Revit 2019, although some improvementsare necessary. Revit 2018 might be useful in some minor cases, butnothing too complicated.

A importância da Zona Costeira é historicamente reconhecida pelo homem dado seus privilegiados recursos naturais e econômicos. Estas áreas encontram-se, cada vez mais, sujeitas a pressões ambientais diversas. Consequentemente, adequar o crescimento equilibrado das atividades humanas, sem comprometer o meio ambiente, representa um desafio para a gestão ambiental da Zona Costeira. O município de Tapes, localizado na margem oeste da Lagoa dos Patos, litoral médio do Rio Grande do Sul, apresenta ecossistemas raros e de grande vulnerabilidade ambiental, que vem sendo modificados ao longo dos anos. Contudo, não existem trabalhos sobre a dinâmica territorial, a nível municipal, de forma abrangente tanto espacial quanto temporalmente, que possibilite acompanhar as transformações pela qual passou a região, e permita embasar ações futuras de gestão. Desse modo, o objetivo desse estudo é realizar uma análise ambiental integrada da paisagem do município de Tapes, sob um enfoque ecossistêmico. Para tanto, foi realizado um inventário do meio físico e socioeconômico, identificação dos conflitos ambientais, levantamento da cobertura e uso da terra para o ano de 1964 e 2014, analise da vulnerabilidade ambiental e reconhecimento dos sistemas ambientais. Ademais, a integração dos elementos naturais e antrópicos possibilitou avaliar o estado ambiental do município. Os resultados obtidos permitiram compreender a dinâmica, estrutura e organização do território, e representam uma importante contribuição para o planejamento territorial da região e, consequentemente, para a Gestão Integrada da Zona Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul. / The coastal zone importance is historically recognized by humanity due to it privileged natural and economic resources. These areas are susceptible to several environmental pressures. Consequently, adjust the increase of human activities without damaging the environment is a challenge for coastal management. The city of Tapes, located on the western shore of Lagoa dos Patos, on the middle coast of Rio Grande do Sul, has unusual and vulnerable ecosystems, which has been modified over the years. However, there are no data about the territorial dynamics, in an adequate spatial and temporal scale, to monitoring the evolution of the landscape and support coastal management. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the landscape of the city of Tapes, under an ecosystem approach. For this purpose, the methodology used was an analysis of physical and socioeconomic characteristics, identification of environmental conflicts, land use and cover survey for the years 1964 and 2014, analysis of environmental vulnerability and environmental systems. Furthermore, the integration of natural and anthropic elements enabled to evaluate the city environmental status. The results allowed an understanding the dynamics, structure and organization of the territory. And, represent an important contribution to the territorial planning of the region and, consequently, to the Integrated Management of Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Zone.

Após alguns anos trabalhando nas áreas de planejamento estratégico, a pesquisadora percebeu que os gestores envolvidos no processo de decisão estratégica, muitas vezes, chegam a uma resolução com poucas informações do ambiente organizacional. A partir da percepção deste problema, foi realizada esta pesquisa, de forma a identificar as consequências das decisões estratégicas tomadas com lacunas no processo de análise ambiental. Esta pesquisa contém vinte e duas entrevistas com executivos responsáveis por tomadas de decisões estratégicas em multinacionais, que foram realizadas para compreender quais variáveis do ambiente organizacional foram coletadas e utilizadas para cada tomada de decisão relatada, assim como quais não foram coletadas, gerando lacunas no processo decisório. A identificação de lacunas nesse processo de coleta de informações possibilitou a criação de recomendações para o mundo corporativo, que poderão auxiliar no entendimento e na contextualização das variáveis necessárias para o processo. O resultado da pesquisa possibilita um aprimoramento das ferramentas de análise do ambiente organizacional para a tomada de decisões estratégicas, de forma que se possa responder de maneira adequada às várias especificidades empresariais, considerando as variáveis que permeiam o ambiente organizacional. Para o mundo acadêmico, a utilidade desta pesquisa estaria na reflexão promovida em favor do aperfeiçoamento de modelos e métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão teórica sobre Análise do Ambiente Organizacional, Planejamento Estratégico e Processo Decisório Estratégico. Optou-se por uma pesquisa qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas em multinacionais. Entre as conclusões, podemos salientar: nas tomadas de decisão utilizam-se mais dados históricos do que projeções para o futuro. Houve também pouca análise do ambiente interno, criando, em alguns casos, insatisfação e problemas nos projetos. Por fim, ficou evidenciada a falta de conhecimento técnico de análise ambiental nos tomadores de decisão, o que denota necessidades de capacitações específicas para desempenhar melhor esta responsabilidade / After a few years working in strategic planning departments, the researcher realized that managers involved in the strategic decision process often come to a resolution with little information from the organizational environment. From this perceived problem, this research was carried out in order to identify the consequences of strategic decisions taken when gaps exist in the environmental analysis process. This survey contains twenty-two interviews with executives responsible for strategic decision-making in multinationals. These were carried out to understand which organizational environment variables were collected and used for each reported decision and which were not collected, generating gaps in the decision-making process. The identification of gaps in this information collection process made it possible to create recommendations for the corporate world - these could help understanding and contextualizing the variables needed for the process. This research allows an improvement in tools made to analyze the organizational environment for strategic decision-making, so that one can respond adequately to various business needs, taking into account variables that permeate the organizational environment. For the academic world, the usefulness of this research would be in the reflection promoted in favor of improvement of models and methods. A review was carried out on Organizational Environment Analysis, Strategic Planning and Strategic Decisional Process. A qualitative research was chosen, with semistructured interviews in multinationals. Among the conclusions, we can point out: in decision-making, more historical data are used than projections for the future. There was also little analysis of the internal environment, creating, in some cases, dissatisfaction and problems in the projects. Finally, it was evidenced the lack of technical knowledge of environmental analysis in decision makers, which indicates specific training needs to better perform this responsibility.

Orientador: Sérgio dos Anjos Ferreira Pinto / Banca: Ailton Luchiari / Banca: Archimedes Perez Filho / Banca: Antonio Carlos Cavalli / Banca: José Ribamar Trovão / Resumo: O presente trabalho propõe uma aplicação de abordagem metodológica, com uso de geotecnologia, visando à aquisição, análise e integração de dados sob o enfoque do uso sustentável de uma bacia hidrográfica em área de fronteira agrícola voltada para o plantio de grãos para exportação. Para o seu desenvolvimento, foram levantados dados de uso da terra e cobertura vegetal em dois cenários distintos (1975 e 1999) e, direcionados a sua aplicação para a bacia hidrográfica do rio Balsinhas, no estado do Maranhão, localizada entre os paralelos 07º 27' 00" S e 08º 12' 51" S, de latitude sul, e os meridianos 45º 44' 54" W e 46º 07' 59" W, de longitude oeste. O trabalho visa ainda, caracterizar áreas com diferentes graus de predisposição a riscos à degradação dos solos e realizar análises sob o ponto de vista da cobertura vegetal e suas transformações impostas pela intensificação e ampliação da ocupação agrícola, bem como indicações de impactos ocorridos nas vertentes e nos canais fluviais ao longo da bacia. / Abstract: The present work proposes an application of a methodological approach, by means of geotechnology, which aims to data acquisition, analysis and network, concerning the self-support use a drainage basin located in agricultural border dedicated to grain crops for export. For their improvement, usage of soil and plant covering data in two distinct periods (1975 and 1999) were collected and their application addressed to a drainage basin of Balsinhas River, in the state of Maranhão, located between 07º 27' 00" and 08º 12' 51" parallels, south latitude, and 45º 44' 54" and 46º 07' 59" meridians, west longitude. This works also aims, to feature areas presenting different degrees to risks concerning soil degrading and to proceed to analysis on plant covering and its changes, which are imposed by the intensity and extension of agricultural occupation, as well as indications of impacts on slopes and river channels along the basin. / Doutor

Det kommunala fastighetsbolaget AB Uppsala kommuns Industrihus, även kallat Ihus, har som mål att bli klimatneutralt till år 2030. Definitionen av klimatneutralitet är att de totala utsläppen av växthusgaser ska vara lika med noll. Detta kan vara svårt att uppnå i praktiken med enbart organisationsomställning, miljöledningssystem och livscykelanalyser (LCA) då nästan alla delar i en verksamhet ger upphov till växthusgasutsläpp i olika led. Inledningsvis identifierades och kvantifierades direkta och indirekta utsläpp. Verksamheten delades därför in i olika sektorer för att underlätta arbetet. Dessa sektorer valdes utifrån de utgifter som Ihus redovisar och delades upp i fem utgiftsposter. Dessa var renovering, säkerhet, fastighetsskötsel, konsult och avfallshantering. Företag vars verksamhet liknar den hos Ihus entreprenörer valdes ut för varje sektor. Genom att sedan undersöka deras utsläpp och omsättning beräknades sektorns utsläppsintensitet. Ihus utgiftsposter multiplicerades med motsvarande sektor och utsläppen från Ihus kunde bestämmas.  Kvantifieringen av Ihus utsläpp resulterade i en åtgärdsplan med konkreta åtgärder presenterade i en tidplan. Tidplanen bestod av tre milstolpar med fyra års mellanrum fram till 2030 då Ihus vill ha uppnått sitt mål med att bli klimatneutrala. Inom de fyra första åren bör Ihus fokusera på åtgärder som är relativt enkla att utföra samt åtgärder som lägger en grund för ett långsiktigt miljöarbete. Dessa inkluderar resurseffektivisering, specificerad fakturering, redovisning av entreprenörers transporter samt uppföljningsmetod för upphandling. Fram till milstolpe 2 rekommenderas Ihus att utföra LCA på relevanta delar av verksamheten, så som renovering, samt kräva att entreprenörer redovisar direkta utsläpp i samband med upphandling. Cirkulär resurshantering bör även införas. Fram till milstolpe 3 kommer Ihus med hjälp av en rad åtgärder enligt en åtgärdsplan att minska sina utsläpp. De utsläpp som kvarstår efter år 2030 rekommenderas Ihus att kompensera. Även krav på att entreprenörer ska redovisa indirekta utsläpp bör ställas fram till milstolpe 3.

A AnÃlise Ambiental do Baixo Curso do Rio Maranguapinho-Ce, constitui um trabalho de compreensÃo das complexidades presentes na Ãrea atravÃs da avaliaÃÃo dos impactos do processo de uso e ocupaÃÃo da terra e seu efeito na ecologia da paisagem e as resultantes sÃcio-ambientais de tais aÃÃes. O trabalho busca uma abordagem integrada utilizando para isso elementos de compreensÃo das dinÃmicas de formaÃÃo dos processos naturais atuantes e dos processos sociais presentes na Ãrea de estudo. Sua importÃncia consiste na compreensÃo da paisagem como uma unidade espacial, um conceito operacional (SUERTEGARAY, 2000), que à formado da sÃntese dos processos naturais com os processos sociais. A Ãrea estudada compreende um segmento do baixo curso do rio Maranguapinho localizada na cidade de Fortaleza em sua porÃÃo oeste, estando compreendida entre os bairros AntÃnio Bezerra, Autran Nunes, Henrique Jorge, Parque Genibaà e JoÃo XXIII. / The Environmental Analysis of low course Maranguapinho-Ce River, constitutes a work of understanding of the present complexities in the area through the evaluation of the impacts of the use process and occupation of the earth and his/her effect in the ecology of the landscape and the partner-environmental resultants of such actions. The work search an integrated approach using for that elements of understanding of the dynamics of formation of the active natural processes and of the present social processes in the study area. His/her importance consists of the understanding of the landscape as a space unit, an operational concept (SUERTEGARAY, 2000), that it is formed of the synthesis of the natural processes with the social processes. The studied area understands a segment of the bass course of the river located Maranguapinho in the city of Fortaleza in his/her portion west, being understood among the neighborhoods AntÃnio Bezerra, Autran Nunes, Henrique Jorge, Parque Genibaà and JoÃo XXIII.