Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-05-16T18:21:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) ALVES, 2017 (dissertação).pdf: 2682473 bytes, checksum: 7aaac0cc3202c08cb69d6f9b48b1eedc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-06T14:52:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) ALVES, 2017 (dissertação).pdf: 2682473 bytes, checksum: 7aaac0cc3202c08cb69d6f9b48b1eedc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T14:52:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) ALVES, 2017 (dissertação).pdf: 2682473 bytes, checksum: 7aaac0cc3202c08cb69d6f9b48b1eedc (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este trabalho busca relacionar aspectos das políticas linguísticas - norma, padrão, práticas, atitudes, crenças e representações sociais e linguísticas (CALVET, 2007; BISINOTO, 2007; PETITJEAN, 2009) com fundamentos do ensino de pronúncia (FLEGE, 1981; ELLIS, 1986; ALMEIDA FILHO, 1995; NOBRE & ALMEIDA, 2014). Objetiva-se analisar a pronúncia, especificamente, das consoantes sibilantes do espanhol, desde a evolução fonética do espanhol como L1 à produção oral de falantes de espanhol/L2. Cabe ressaltar que a supracitada produção oral compõe-se de dados empíricos do uso e apoia-se em ferramentas de tecnologia de fala, como o software de análise e síntese de fala – PRAAT, versão 6.0.23. Metodologicamente,com a produção de fala (corpus 1) de 30 participantes, alunos da graduação de Letras: Português/Espanhol da UFRJ, busca-se descrever o uso dos sons sibilantes que estão em alternância com outros itens sonoros nesse processo de aquisição/desenvolvimento de aprendizagem. Objetiva-se, ainda, discutir a heterogeneidade linguística da língua espanhola em diálogo com o ensino de pronúncia, a partir dos dados qualitativos de 30 estudantes do PROLEM/UFF (corpus 2). Como resultados, tem-se que o grupo de nível avançado apresenta mais realizações fonéticas do que os grupos de nível básico e intermediário e que os dados orais dos níveis iniciais são variados, com a presença diferencial da sibilante interdental surda [θ] e, nos níveis finais, uma progressão na realização da sibilante ápico-alveolar surda [s] e alguns segmentos sibilantes em coda silábica, como as fricativas glotal [h, ɦ] e a palatal [ʃ, ʒ], fones responsáveis pelos fenômenos denominados aspiração e palatalização. Por outro lado, esses últimos segmentos não foram encontrados nos níveis iniciais, com a exceção das palatais em coda. Nesta perspectiva, pode-se verificar que este trabalho construiu diretrizes que poderão auxiliar o ensino-aprendizagem de categorias fonético-fonológicas de espanhol/L2, evitando que esse processo se estabeleça em estágios superficiais de purismo linguístico sem conhecer a diversidade, pluralidade e heterogeneidade linguística; e, ainda, detectou em que medida a produção das sibilantes pode carregar práticas político-ideológicas em relação à linguagem e como se configura o processo de escolha de uma pronúncia, a eleição de uma variedade linguística em oposição a outras e, ainda, o porquê desse fato glotopolítico ser tão profícuo no contexto de ensino-aprendizagem formal / Este estudio busca relacionar aspectos de las políticas linguísticas - norma, patrón, prácticas, actitudes, creencias y representaciones sociales y lenguaje (CALVET, 2007; BISINOTO, 2007; PETITJEAN, 2009) com presupuestos teóricos de la enseñanza de la pronunciación (FLEGE, 1981; ELLIS, 1986; ALMEIDA FILHO, 1995; NOBRE & ALMEIDA, 2014). El objetivo es analizar la pronunciación de las consonantes sibilantes del español, desde la evolución de la fonética del español/L1 a la producción oral de los hablantes de español/L2. Cabe destacar que la mencionada producción oral consta de datos empíricos sobre la utilización y se basa en los instrumentos de la tecnología de voz, como el software para el análisis y la síntesis de voz – PRAAT, versión 6.0.23. Metodológicamente, con la producción del habla (corpus 1) 30 participantes, estudiantes de Letras: Portugués/Español - UFRJ, se describe el uso de los sonidos sibilantes que están en alternancia con otros ítemes sonoros que están en proceso de adquisición y desarrollo del aprendizaje. El objetivo es, también, examinar la heterogeneidad lingüística de la lengua española en diálogo con la enseñanza de la pronunciación, a partir de los datos cualitativos de 30 estudiantes de la PROLEM/UFF (corpus 2). Como resultado, el grupo de nivel avanzado incluye más características fonéticas que el nivel básico e intermedio y los datos orales del nivel inicial son variadas, con la presencia diferencial de la sibilante interdental sordo [θ] y, en el nivel final, una gradación en la realización de la sibilante ápico-alveolar sorda [s] y en algunos segmentos sibilantes en coda silábica, como las fricativas glotal [h, ɦ] y palatal [ʃ, ʒ], fones responsables por los fenómenos llamados aspiración y palatalización. Por otro lado, estos últimos segmentos no fueron encontrados en los niveles iniciales, con la excepción del palatal en la coda. Em esta perspectiva, se puede verificar que este trabajo construyó directrices que pueden ayudar al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las categorías fonético-fonológicas del español/L2, evitando que este proceso se establezca en etapas del purismo lingüístico sin conocer la diversidad, la pluralidad y la heterogeneidad de la diversidad linguística. Y, todavía, detectó la manera com la cual la producción de las sibilantes puede llevar a prácticas políticas e ideologías en relación al lenguaje y cómo se configura el proceso de elegir una pronunciación, la elección de una variedad en oposición a otras, y también el porqué de este hecho glotopolítico sea tan recurriente en el contexto de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje

La presente investigación estudia la omisión del pronombre sujeto en la interlengua de un hablante nativo de español (L1) en el proceso de adquisición del sueco como (L2). La posibilidad de que un hispanohablante omita el pronombre sujeto, aceptado en español que es una lengua de sujeto nulo, a la hora de adquirir una L2 que no admite tal omisión, es una de las interrogantes a las que trataremos de dar respuestas, sobre todo si esta omisión se debe a transferencias de la L1 (lengua materna), en el caso que se compruebe que eso sí ocurre. Una hipótesis que nos planteamos es si el aprendiz que cuenta ya con conocimientos previos de la estructura gramatical de una lengua que no admite el pro-drop, comete menos el error de omisión del pronombre sujeto. Nuestro propósito es demostrar lo antes dicho mediante un estudio con aprendices hispanohablantes. Concluido el mismo, los resultados obtenidos muestran que aún sin tener otra lengua extranjera (LE), como por ej. el inglés, no necesariamente se omite el sujeto, a causa, como teníamos la creencia, de una sobregeneralización de reglas.

La presente investigación estudia el uso de los sustantivos abstractos/concretos y de los verbos de movimiento en hablantes no nativos de español muy avanzado. En este estudio, nosotros creemos que el input comprensible, la interacción y la frecuencia con que se utiliza la lengua meta son factores importantísimos para poder adquirir, desarrollar y afianzar el uso de las categorías que nos interesa estudiar. A partir de estas premisas, es posible pensar que un hablante no nativo (HNN) muy avanzado de una L2 debería tener un nivel idiomático muy parecido al de un hablante nativo (HN) dentro de los campos donde se da la interacción, pero ¿Qué sucede cuando un HNN es sometido a pruebas que disminuyen el efecto de estos factores? ¿Deberían, entonces, existir diferencias significativas en los recursos léxicos utilizados por ambos grupos (HNNs en relación a HNs)? Así, y a grandes rasgos, el objetivo principal de nuestra investigación es poder determinar cuándo los HNNs no alcanzan el nivel de ocurrencias presentado por los HNs.

The current thesis is based on four individual studies which aim to account for the expression of motion events (ME) in Spanish and Swedish as first languages (L1), in Swedish as a second language (L2), and in Spanish as a heritage language (SHL). The data, resulting from audio-recordings of different sorts of stimuli, have been analyzed with special focus on (1) the most common structures used for referring to various types of ME, (2) the types and amount of information provided by the participants, in particular as regards the semantic components Path, Manner and Ground, and (3) grammatical aspect and types of syntactic structures resorted to, including the correlation between the two latter factors and speakers’ discursive preferences.      Study 1 sets out to explore how Spanish and Swedish native speakers convey information about motion. The results show that the Swedish L1 speakers produced a wider range of descriptions concerning Manner and Path than the Spanish L1 speakers; furthermore, both groups delivered detailed Ground descriptions, although the Swedish native speakers expressed final destinations (endpoints) of ME to a greater extent.      Study 2 aims to investigate to what extent Swedish L1 patterns for motion encoding are still at play in the acquisition of Spanish L2 even at advanced stages of L2 acquisition. The results show that the learner group used a larger amount of Path particles and Ground adjuncts (in particular those referring to endpoints) than did the Spanish natives; this finding supports the claim that L2 learners rely on the lexicalization patterns of their L1 when describing ME in an L2. As for Manner, the L2 speakers were found to express this component mainly outside the verb, and to deliver more information about Manner than the Spanish natives.      Study 3 addresses the construal of ME in Swedish speakers of L2 Spanish, in particular concerning the encoding of motion endpoints and Manner of motion. The results show that the Swedish learners of Spanish exhibited the same, high frequencies of endpoint marking as did their monolingual Swedish peers, thus deviating from the Spanish native pattern. Moreover, the L2 speakers used the same amount of Manner verbs as did the Spanish natives but tended consistently to provide additional Manner information in periphrastic constructions.      Finally, Study 4 sets out to analyze the ways in which L1 Spanish/L2 Swedish early and late bilinguals express ME in SHL. The aim is to show in which ways and to what extent the typological patterns for motion encoding in the L2 may impact on motion encoding in the L1 with regard to three parameters: (1) age of onset (AO) of the acquisition of L2, (2) length of residence (LoR) in the L2 environment and (3) contact level with the L1 (CL). The focus data, consisting of oral re-tellings produced by the bilinguals, were compared to analogous data produced by two control groups (native speakers of Spanish and Swedish) in order to analyze conflation patterns regarding Manner, Path and Ground information. The analysis points to the conclusion that both the individuals’ AO of L2 acquisition and their LoR in the L2 environment have affected their L1 conceptualization patterns while their CL plays a subordinate role.      In summary, the findings lend support to the idea that the habitual conceptualization of events in the L1 influences L2 acquisition; conversely, the conceptual patterns of the L2 have an impact on L1 usage in bilinguals, especially in combination with an early AO and a long LoR. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: In press.</p>

The current thesis is based on four individual studies which aim to account for the expression of motion events (ME) in Spanish and Swedish as first languages (L1), in Swedish as a second language (L2), and in Spanish as a heritage language (SHL). The data, resulting from audio-recordings of different sorts of stimuli, have been analyzed with special focus on (1) the most common structures used for referring to various types of ME, (2) the types and amount of information provided by the participants, in particular as regards the semantic components Path, Manner and Ground, and (3) grammatical aspect and types of syntactic structures resorted to, including the correlation between the two latter factors and speakers’ discursive preferences.      Study 1 sets out to explore how Spanish and Swedish native speakers convey information about motion. The results show that the Swedish L1 speakers produced a wider range of descriptions concerning Manner and Path than the Spanish L1 speakers; furthermore, both groups delivered detailed Ground descriptions, although the Swedish native speakers expressed final destinations (endpoints) of ME to a greater extent.      Study 2 aims to investigate to what extent Swedish L1 patterns for motion encoding are still at play in the acquisition of Spanish L2 even at advanced stages of L2 acquisition. The results show that the learner group used a larger amount of Path particles and Ground adjuncts (in particular those referring to endpoints) than did the Spanish natives; this finding supports the claim that L2 learners rely on the lexicalization patterns of their L1 when describing ME in an L2. As for Manner, the L2 speakers were found to express this component mainly outside the verb, and to deliver more information about Manner than the Spanish natives.      Study 3 addresses the construal of ME in Swedish speakers of L2 Spanish, in particular concerning the encoding of motion endpoints and Manner of motion. The results show that the Swedish learners of Spanish exhibited the same, high frequencies of endpoint marking as did their monolingual Swedish peers, thus deviating from the Spanish native pattern. Moreover, the L2 speakers used the same amount of Manner verbs as did the Spanish natives but tended consistently to provide additional Manner information in periphrastic constructions.      Finally, Study 4 sets out to analyze the ways in which L1 Spanish/L2 Swedish early and late bilinguals express ME in SHL. The aim is to show in which ways and to what extent the typological patterns for motion encoding in the L2 may impact on motion encoding in the L1 with regard to three parameters: (1) age of onset (AO) of the acquisition of L2, (2) length of residence (LoR) in the L2 environment and (3) contact level with the L1 (CL). The focus data, consisting of oral re-tellings produced by the bilinguals, were compared to analogous data produced by two control groups (native speakers of Spanish and Swedish) in order to analyze conflation patterns regarding Manner, Path and Ground information. The analysis points to the conclusion that both the individuals’ AO of L2 acquisition and their LoR in the L2 environment have affected their L1 conceptualization patterns while their CL plays a subordinate role.      In summary, the findings lend support to the idea that the habitual conceptualization of events in the L1 influences L2 acquisition; conversely, the conceptual patterns of the L2 have an impact on L1 usage in bilinguals, especially in combination with an early AO and a long LoR. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: In press.</p>