Since the 9/11-attacks several nations have been confronted with a new international threat, its nature traces back to the political- and religious- radical movements of the 20th century Cold War. Ever since, various states have been under threat by terrorist organizations around the world due to mainly participating in worldwide counter-terrorist interventions created by western alliances. In Sweden, amongst other countries, the state took security-precautions that would imply total control of information throughout the territorial borders. The assigned proposition was accepted by the Swedish parliament in June 18th 2008, after this date wild spread criticism was still in effect ever since the Swedish government first publicly announced the proposition in May 8th 2007. This study emphasizes on understanding why the Swedish government chose to present this proposition to parliament, in order to complete this task the study will present the motives and the alleged threats that were the core of the proposition and its value-maximizing goal of creating a new surface for Swedish homeland security. The core questions of the study to be examined are; “How was the decision-making progress being managed?”, “What was the core arguments of the opposition in the official debates?” and “Why did the government choose to announce the proposition?”. In addition, the study will present the solution to the problem through the usage of Allison & Zelikow’s famous geopolitical study “Essence of Decision”, in where the Swedish government will take the place of the “rational actor” in this national dilemma. As the process moves forward the reader will be aware of the consequences and the options of the Swedish government during the decision making process, and due to this also able to determine the cause of action that was required by the state to prevent the later confirmed threats.

Personages from my past and present have spoken to me in a familiar language that demanded a translation of their own ‘essence’ into visual form. Using the methods exampled by Cézanne and Matisse, I have sought to create portraits that are revelations of both the sitters and myself. The totality of an individual’s being is ineffable. Thus, the task of the portrait artist is limited to an evocation. ‘Essence’, attributes that identify a unique entity provide the necessary links to this act of re-creation. While some subjects depict strangers, the majority have developed from physiological and psychological investigations of individuals I have known. Drawing delivers form to a portrait. While the likeness of a sitter initially resides in the eye and the mind of the artist, conversion of this mental image into a visible representation requires the physical engagement of the artist and her medium.

The essence of the paper is the characteristic of Bed & Breakfast (B&B) in Kenting, analyzing the pioneer¡¦s story and its successful condition thoroughly. To start an enterprise is a process to revise the interaction between individual and the environment. The pioneers are not satisfied with the mode of life, so they expect to pursue the ideal life by starting an enterprise. Economy used to be one of the major reason but not anymore. Therefore, starting an enterprise is the way to pursue the dreamland. Everyone has his dream, and it will affect the operation of the B&B. The commercial operation, the emotional operation, or humanities concern etc, all create an unique life style and operation. Not only the poineer¡¦s life has being changed, but the new features of Kenting was formed because of the blossom on the B&B. In order to combine the industry with the local environment and features, B&B becomes an extended knowledge of local. In recent years, the Internet was limitless, people can use the Blog and guestbook to update the information about the hostel anytime, share their traveling experience, and set up a platform for communication. Its high instantaneity and geniality promote the marketing efficiency. Analyzing the characteristic of B&B in Kenting, we will detect the enterprise filled with the essence of creating survival esthetics. Facing the dilemma of the previous environment, the pioneer creates the ideal life style with the positive attitude, finding the way to solve the difficulty actively. Whether the personal thought, life style, or the adaption to the environment, were all showing their originality and enthusiasm and conduct ¡§strategic creation¡¨. Foucault¡¦s survival esthetics explains the spirit of the pioneer and the change B&B brings about, the mode of the enterprise also shows the poineer¡¦s unique life style.

Bibliography: leaves 243-247. / xi, 247 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Philosophy, 1997?

Th. 3e cycle--Sci. de matér.--Toulouse--I.N.P., 1985. N°: 253.

Metaphysical grounding has received a great deal of attention in the metaphysics literature within the last decade, offering what many see as an attractive theoretical alternative to other attempts to analyze the nature of fundamentality, e.g., dependence, supervenience, identity, conceptual analysis, etc. Still, a number of commentators note a bevy of issues facing the notion of grounding, leading some to believe it cannot perform the relevant work it has been tasked to do. One such issue is the purity dilemma, posed by Ted Sider, which follows from a plausible constraint placed on our theorizing about fundamentality, viz., that the fundamental bedrock of the world contains nothing but purely fundamental phenomena. It is argued that purity creates a problem for metaphysical grounding in that it makes it increasingly difficult to see what might ground the facts about what grounds what. In this paper, I explicate the purity dilemma, and an attempt made by Shamik Dasgupta to sidestep the challenge, and provide a secure grounding foundation for such facts. I then proceed to defend Dasgupta's view from objections made by Sider, and conclude that, at the very least, the crucial notion (autonomy) on which the former's view rests is intelligible, if it is not tenable. / Master of Arts / In this paper I discuss an ongoing debate over the nature of metaphysical grounding. Metaphysical grounding (or, “grounding”) is of interest to metaphysicians due to the satisfying way in which it handles a number of long-standing problems in the field. As Johnathan Schaffer (2009) notes, metaphysics has often concerned itself with what the most basic nature of reality is like, and grounding promises to furnish many of our metaphysical theories with the tools to answer such questions. Still, there remains a number of problems with characterizing grounding. The relevant problem I tackle in this paper has to do with whether or not grounding can be understood in its own terms. Ted Sider, for example, has suspicions that it cannot. I argue, on the behalf of Shamik Dasgupta, that there is an intelligible way to understand grounding in its own terms, and work to provide constructive answers to some of Sider’s objections.

Revelation is (roughly) the thesis that the natures of phenomenal properties are revealed through experience. In this paper, I respond to Antonin Broi's charge that if both Revelation and the quality space view of phenomenal properties are true, then counterintuitive results that speak against the truth of Revelation obtain. I present a qualified theory of Revelation that not only prevents his arguments from succeeding but has independent plausibility as a solution to worries about the alleged epiphenomenalism of phenomenal properties. / Master of Arts / When you taste a Golden Delicious apple, drink Ethiopian coffee, feel dental pain, hear classical music or have many other conscious experiences of things, there's *something it's like* to be in those states. The taste of the apple and the coffee and the feel of dental pain are phenomenal properties - the "feels" of things in the broadest possible sense. Philosophers wonder what these things - "feels" - really are. Are they neurological features of your brain or a material features generally or are they something different? In a recent essay, Antonin Broi attacks the idea that they are something other than material or brain states. If Revelation - the idea that experiences reveal the essences of phenomenal properties - and some ideas about the general nature of phenomenal properties are both true, then strange results arise. I argue against his reasoning and I give a better way to understand Revelation.

Par le biais d’une analyse textuelle des deux premières grandes Chroniques japonaises, le Kojiki et le Nihon shoki, ce travail aura visé à reconstruire le champ sémantique de la notion de koto en japonais archaïque. Après nous être affranchi des interprétations modernes de type koto-dama, (esprit des mots) nous avons entamé un examen poussé des cas de figure de plusieurs binômes ou trinômes koto-X comme koto-age, koto-muke, koto-yosashi, mi-koto-mochi, et d’autres, qui nous aura guidé vers la possibilité de penser ce koto comme un grand noyau de sens, où des dimensions sémantiques comme « fait », « parole », « essence », « injonction », et « sincérité » s’organisent dans un ensemble cohérent. Cette même cohérence est assurée par la notion de « vérité », qui sera indispensable pour comprendre les rapports d’adéquation entre tous ces versants du koto, notamment entre « faits » et « paroles. » La mise au point de quelques opérateurs heuristiques comme le « concept K » (le koto entendu dans tous ses versants, non seulement ceux les plus orthodoxes de « fait » et « parole ») et le « koto-wari » (un principe actif à caractère néguentropique, qui semble agir tout au long de nos textes sources) nous aura aidé à mieux illustrer la grande fonctionnalité de la notion de koto en japonais archaïque. Une telle variété de sens concentrés dans un seul mot suggère que l’étude de ce dernier peut s’avérer utile pour comprendre certains aspects du champ épistémologique de ce contexte lointain du Japon archaïque. / By means of a textual analysis of the two oldest Records of Japan, the Kojiki and the Nihon shoki, we have tried to reconstruct the semantic field of the koto’s notion in archaic Japanese. After having discarded the modern koto-dama-type interpretations of this word koto, we have proceeded to a long and detailed analysis of the compounds koto-X such as koto-age, koto-muke, koto-yosashi, mi-koto-mochi, and others. This analysis have led us to think the koto’s notion as a big core full of different meanings like « fact », « word », « essence », « injunction », and « sincerity », which are all kept close to one another by the cohesive force of the idea of « truth. » This idea seems to be the instance controlling the adequacy between all these dimensions, especially between the words and the facts described in those same words. We have heuristically created some concepts like the « concept K » (the koto understood as a big whole full of different dimensions, not just as a two-fold notion composed of « fact » and « word ») and the « koto-wari » (an active principle of negative entropy which seems to be present all over these old Records), in order to better illustrate the big functionality of the koto’s notion in archaic Japanese. Such a rich variety of meanings for a single word suggests that its study would help to understand some aspects of the epistemological field of archaic Japan, a context so distant from ours.

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This dissertation seeks to fill two lacunae in contemporary feminist discussions of essentialism: first, a lack of critical analysis of the term "essentialism" and its cognates, and second, a paucity of feminist work that aims to develop anti-essentialist methods rather than merely presenting anti-essentialist critiques of existing feminist theories. I propose a typology of feminist essentialisms, distinguishing metaphysical, biological, linguistic, and methodological variants. I argue that methodological essentialism---understood as the practice of making false generalisations about women based on the experiences and identities only of a particular group---is the most pressing political issue for feminists, and defend Elizabeth Spelman's anti-essentialist critique against its opponents. Anti-essentialism should not, however, be interpreted as disavowing the category "women" altogether, and I use Ludwig Wittgenstein's arguments in his Philosophical Investigations to articulate a form of feminist anti-essentialism. that understands similarities between women as family resemblances. This approach enables feminists to make generalisations about women that neither obscure important differences nor deminise our political efficacy. This Wittgensteinian feminism rejects the a priori and urges us to "look and see" to justify generalisations about women. I interpret this as a call for a feminist anti-essentialism that is embedded in feminist practice, and ask what "look and see" might mean for feminist research and for feminist organising against sexual violence. In chapter four, I argue that Carol Gilligan's recent work on girls' psychology in the context of race and class differences successfully responds to long-standing charges that her research is essentialist. It does not, however, fully meet the methodological challenge of anti-essentialism as it fails to acknowledge power relations embedded in research processes, which in turn shape conclusions about female identi