Context: The challenges in going from a system of planned economy to a free market system are without a doubt enormous both for countries and individual companies. One company that has been in this situation is Krenholm. Krenholm is an Estonian textile company. When Estonia gained its independence in 1991, Krenholm faced a completely different environment with no customers and market economy. After four very difficult years, Krenholm was bought by a Swedish company, Borås Wäfveri AB in 1995. At this point Krenholm was a state owned company in absolute chaos. A leap forward from that point in time brings us to the year of 2000. In this year Krenholm shows a profit of 21 Million SEK. Purpose: The purpose with this study is to investigate how a company can successfully change from operating in a planned economy to operate with profit in a market economy. Scope: The major time focus in this thesis is 1995 - 2002 and on a micro level of changes at Krenholm. The years from 1944 to 1995 provide a macro level background of the Soviet Union period and the transition of Estonia towards market economy. These periods are only analyzed in short. When analyzing Krenholm in the areas of managerial resources, strategy and structure, we will focus on top level management and exclude the more operational management conducted by managers on lower levels. In the same way we will solely research strategy on a high level and exclude the more detailed strategic planning on the operational level. Organizational culture will no be considered. Method: To be able to fulfill our purpose we committed a case study of Krenholm, Narva. In our view Krenholm is a very suitable object of study, as an industrial company that has succeeded in adapting itself from being a company in a planned economy to being a profitable company in a market economy. We started of by acquiring an excellent preunderstanding. The most important step in doing so was an initial trip a trip to Krenholm. When ourfocus and frame of references were ready we went back to Krenholm and collected our primary data through interviews with key personnel. In total, 11 interviews were conducted at Krenholm; these included all the directing managers at Krenholm. We also conducted one mail interview with Narva Business Center and had an interesting meeting in Narva with a consultant at Krenholm from Borås Wäfveri. When we returned to Sweden from Estonia our empirical findings were analyzed with the help of our frame of references and we reached our conclusions. Conclusions: We conclude that the characteristics of the industry that Krenholm was developed in many respects helped the company to succeed in its successful adaptation to the market economy environment. The single most important factor in Krenholms successful adaptation was however the privatization of the company. We also conclude that in the transition it is vital to develop the managerial resource base immediately in order to be able to survive and also later to develop competitive strategies for the future. On a micro level we found that it seems to be of vital importance who guides a company in the times off difficult and revolutionary change

By their very nature, attempts by civil society organizations to promote democracy abroad involve cooperation and contact across the borders of nation states. The dissemination of the ideas and practices of the promoters is often essential; in the case of Swedish democracy promotion, popular education or folkbildning has been important. This thesis investigates the dissemination of ideas and practices by civil society organizations in Sweden and Estonia in the field of popular education. More specifically, a number of projects run by member organizations of the Swedish study association ABF (Workers’ Educational Association) and member organizations of the Estonian AHL (Open Education Association) are studied. These projects are also part of democracy-promoting activities whose funding comes mainly from Swedish donor agencies. The thesis aims to understand not only what has been spread but also how ideas and practices have been translated to fit the Estonian context. The primary theoretical concept used is therefore translation, even though one aim of the thesis is to systematize the field of study concerning processes of dissemination and to enrich the concept of translation with the aid of previous work on diffusion and socialization. The main contribution of the thesis consists of the in-depth study of cooperation between Swedish and Estonian popular education organizations. It also contributes to the theoretical development of the concept of translation by identifying different phases in this kind of process and important elements of these phases. Popular education is an important part of Swedish democracy promotion and this study also contributes to this rather undertheorized subject, and also to the discussions of transnational civil society cooperation, by demonstrating an analytical framework that can be of use in future research into these issues.

Stater är de enda legitima enskilda aktörerna i det internationella systemet. Varje enskild statsträvar alltid att främja sina egna säkerhetsintressen liksom handelspolitiska och kulturellaintressen och staten gör detta genom olika medel som t.ex. diplomati och ekonomi för att baranämna några. Men utöver dessa medel har staten alltid haft förmågan att utöva våldsmakt bådemot andra stater och sina egna invånare. Våldsutövandet har också varit grunden för den modernastaten. Krigföring och våldsutövande har i sin tur givit upphov till en komplex byråkrati,skatteväsende och centralstyre i syfte att effektivare uppnå dessa strävanden. En annan aspekt avstaten har varit dess ständiga strävan att forma allianser i syfte att förbättra sitt säkerhetspolitiskaläge.Estland är en småstat som förväntas uppträda som fullvärdig stat och som sådan har Estland enFörsvarsmakt. Närheten till Ryssland gör att Estland använder stora resurser för att bygga upp sinFörsvarsmakt. En satsning som efter NATO medlemskapet har ifrågasatts av vissa politiker. Detsistnämnda har givit upphov till frågan om varför Estland har en Försvarsmakt. Är det enbart föratt försvara landet mot yttre motståndare eller finns det fler anledningar?Det primära syftet med uppsatsen är att pröva om Charles Tillys statsformeringsteori ocksåstämmer på Estland. Tilly presenterar ett antal faktorer som anses ligga till grund för behovet avförsvarsmakter. Alltså studerar jag om staten Estlands motiveringar för behovet av enförsvarsmakt överensstämmer med Tillys teori. Utöver detta finns ett underordnat syfte sominnebär att diskutera Estlands motiveringar i anslutning till en av dessa faktorer i en större kontext. / States are the only legitimate actors in the international system and are always expected to protecttheir own security, trade, and even cultural interests. They do this through diplomacy andeconomy, just to name some of the tools. However, beyond that, the states have always had theability to exercise violence not only towards other states but, their own population as well.Exercising violence has been a cornerstone of the modern state. The exercising of violence has inturn given rise to a complex bureaucracy, taxation systems and centralisation of power in order toachieve a higher degree of efficiency. Another aspect of the state has always been its endeavourto form alliances with the purpose of improving its security situation.Estonia is a small state, which nevertheless is expected to act as one, and as other states, it has itsdefence forces. The proximity to Russia forces Estonia to use large resources for building-up itsdefence. An effort which has been questioned by certain politicians after Estonia became amember of NATO. The latter has led me to ask, why does Estonia have its own defence forces? Isit only to defend the state against foreign enemies or are there other reasons?The main purpose of this thesis is to test Charles Tilly’s theory about state formation and if it isapplicable to Estonia. Therefore, I will examine if the Estonian state reasoning about theexistence of defence forces corresponds to Charles Tilly’s theoretical model about stateformation. In addition, the purpose of this thesis is to discuss certain aspects of the model andthereby put Estonia into a larger context. / Avdelning: ALB – Slutet Mag. 3 C-upps. Hylla: Upps. ChP 07-09

The study aims to describe the external causes of death (ECD) mortality, specifically suicide and traffic death in Estonia 1970-2002 in relation to the political and economic development with a special focus on the unemployment and alcohol use impact. This analyse bases on the Statistical Office of Estonia and other governmental institutions published information. The highest mortality rates occurred for traffic accidents 1990-91 and for suicides 1994-95. Middle-age man excess ECD mortalityoccurred in early 1990s with the greatest politico-economic changes accompanied by high psychosocial stress before the population could acquire appropriate coping strategies. Impact of the first main reforms on the population health has been ascertained. Price liberalisation was followed by immense inflation and real wage fall in early 1990s. Privatisation and monetary reform influenced on the basic living security of the population. People faced unexpected living difficulties as work and dwelling insecurity, decreased real income, insufficiency to meetessential expenditures, declined living standard, social status loss, population stratification and inadequate social protection. Unemployment was just introduced and did not play a significant role for the high mortality. Traffic accidents’ fatal consequences decreased with growing GDP as cars and roads became safer however accidents’ number did not decrease. Western cars appearance euphoria could influence more than alcohol consumption. It could plausibly increase accidents but the reason and role of alcohol consumption in the intentional actions needs more information. Suicide could have been influenced mainly by social and traffic accidents mortality mainly by environmental factors. Earlier findings about the unemployment and alcohol consumption impact on the transition’s high injurymortality have not been confirmed by the current study. Current paper provides framework within population worsening health factors during politico-economic changes could be better understood. The strongest impact on Estonia’s population health could come from transition’s political and economic reforms influencing dwelling and incomesecurity. Low salary and low purchasing power could hurt a human dignity even more than possible unemployment / <p>ISBN 91-7997-094-X</p>

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

One of the most important events in the history of life is the evolution of the complex, eukaryotic cell. The eukaryotes are complex organisms with membrane-bound intracellular structures, and they include a variety of both single-celled and multicellular organisms: plants, animals, fungi and various protists. The evolutionary origin of this group may be studied by direct evidence of past life: fossils. The oldest traces of eukaryotes have appeared by 2.4 billion years ago (Ga), and have additionally diversified in the period around 1.8 Ga. The Mesoproterozoic Era (1.6-1 Ga) is characterised by the first evidence of the appearance complex unicellular microfossils, as well as innovative morphologies, and the evolution of sexual reproduction and multicellularity. For a better understanding of the early eukaryotic evolution and diversification patterns, a part of this thesis has focused on the microfossil records from various time periods and geographic locations. Examination of microfossil morphology, cell wall microstructure and biochemical properties, reflect their intracellular complexity and function, and allow reconstructions of their life cycle, as well as observing the evolutionary pattern of change from Mesoproterozoic, to Cambrian-Ordovician transition. Several case studies included assemblages deriving from Mesoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic time intervals that show disparate morphotypes and innovative features indicative of algal clades. The Mesoproterozoic Ruyang Group in northern China has yielded a diverse microfossil assemblage that provides important clues about the diversification of different eukaryotic groups. Furthermore these microfossils contributed an additional evidence for the emergence of the crown group Eukarya by 1.7-1.4 Ga. In another part of this thesis, examination of wall microstructure and chemical properties via Raman spectroscopy has been used to assess the biological affinities of various Neoproterozoic problematic carbonaceous compression fossils. Studies on the early Phanerozoic (c. 545-485 Ma) assemblages from Estonia reconstructed patterns of the early radiations of phytoplankton and its evolutionary innovations. A continuing theme in this thesis has been using a combination of evidence of microfossils’ fine-scale morphology, ecology and chemical properties to determine their function in life, in addition to their systematic position. / Palaeobiology and diversification of Proterozoic-Cambrian photosynthetic eukaryotes

This thesis addresses critical strategies that have been used, or might be used, to approach Pärt's tintinnabuli music. It has three main objectives: to question prevalent narratives drawn around the tintinnabuli concept, to suggest interpretative frameworks that could yield fresh insights into that concept's 'meaning', and to introduce new and neglected materials to anglophone Pärt discourse. In studying the mediating role of the tintinnabuli scholar, I also confront some of the ethical challenges associated with research on living composers. This project places special emphasis on localised narratives of production and influence in Pärt's music, and draws extensively on Estonian primary source material. A major hermeneutic guide has been the composer's 1994 description of seeking 'the appropriate system for the gesture', and this idea figures in each of the four main chapters. Chapter 1 describes and questions existing knowledge around tintinnabuli, approaching this task through a study of "Wenn Bach Bienen Gezüchtet Hätte ...", a work chosen for its critically fertile 'cusp' status. Chapter 2 concentrates on Pärt's explorations of 'Soviet serialism' from 1960-3, engaging with withdrawn and film scores in addition to the well-known "Nekrolog". I discuss this music in terms of a complex freedom-constraint interplay, and suggest links to the tintinnabuli style. Taking "Sarah Was Ninety Years Old" as a case study, Chapter 3 turns to listener-oriented frameworks of musical meaning. I offer an experiential reading of the piece that places tintinnabuli in dialogue with body-based theories of cognition. Lastly, Chapter 4 addresses texted tintinnabuli. I build up a reading of "Miserere" in terms of 'musical rhetoric', comparing Pärt's compositional strategies to those used by Josquin des Prez in the 1503 motet "Miserere Mei, Deus". I also consider the implications of music-rhetorical analogy for wider understandings of the 'tintinnabuli' concept.

The thesis focuses on export opportunities of Czech companies in the markets of the Baltic countries: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The first part is devoted to basic political and economic characteristics of these countries, especially after the course and consequences of the recent economic crisis in these markets. Following chapters deal with the analysis of the business environment of the Baltic states by PEST analysis and foreign trade of these countries with the Czech Republic for the past 10 years. Gathered information together with defined comparative advantages of the Czech Republic are used to identify export opportunities of Czech companies in the markets of the Baltic countries. The final part deals with more detailed analysis of these opportunities with regard to the predicted economic development in the region, presents suitable procedure to enter the markets of the Baltic States and the examples of successful exports of Czech companies.

Mining activities have a large impact on the environment, for example by the release of heavy metals from acid mine drainage and erosion of mine waste. North-eastern Estonia has the largest commercially exploited oil-shale deposit in the world. Waste from the mining processes have led to contamination of groundwater and streams polluted by phenols, oil products, sulphates and heavy metals. This thesis concerns the metal mobility from oil-shale mines in north-eastern Estonia, through water flow in the drainage system directed into Lake Nõmmejärv, which acts as a sedimentation basin for the mining water. A sediment core along with lake bottom surface samples were retrieved and analysed for heavy metals associated with mining. Water samples were collected and analysed for TOC. The sedimentary records show distinctively the change with the high inflow of water. The analysis of heavy metal content does not suggest a high impact on the environment, possibly because of a buffering effect by the limestone bedrock. The contents of heavy metals are somewhat elevated compared to background contents in Swedish lake sediments, but only cadmium and nickel levels are in the range that can be hazardous for the survival of organisms.

The development of Estonia’s national music culture has really taken place over the last 145 years, thanks to the national choral song festival tradition that began in 1869 and has continued until today. Song festivals have been always important as a form of non-political resistance confirming Estonian identity and self-confidence. Many have characterized Estonia as a “singing nation” and we know that a great contribution to this is provided by music teachers at schools.