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Evaluation of modus operandi as a perpetrator identification technique in the investigation of rape casesFikre Woldegbebriel Badore 01 1900 (has links)
Rape is a serious crime and is a huge problem in Ethiopia. It has a devastating effect on the victim and society as a whole. The Ethiopian news is peppered with reports of this crime. Anorganized and sophisticated way in which the perpetrators of rape can be identified is by the use of modus operandi information.
The aim of this research is to evaluate how modus operandi can be used as a perpetrator identification technique in the investigation of rape cases in the Gulele policing area. For any investigation to be successful, the investigator must have the objectives of crime investigation in mind.
In the investigation of crime, the collection of evidence is important and there are two basic important principles, namely Locard’s principle and the chain of custody that investigator must comply with. These will ensure that evidence is admissible during a trial.
Evidence is found on a crime scene. In rape cases, the body of the perpetrator and the victim can be seen as the crime scene. For evidence to be applicable to the investigation, it must first be identified and then individualised.
It is important for investigators to be familiar with the concept of modus operandi, and the influencing factors. The purpose of this research is to provide practical recommendations on the best practices for the use of modus operandi. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)
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Clinical manifestations and anthropometric profiles of visceral leishmaniasis in selected centres in EthiopiaAbate Mulugeta Beshah 02 1900 (has links)
Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe systemic illness and early case management is
important for the avoidance complications and control of the disease. Improving health
workers’ knowledge on leishmaniasis is essential in improving the control programme. A
quantitative, retrospective study of patient records and descriptive, explorative study of
health care professionals’ knowledge on leishmaniasis were conducted. Data was
collected from patient records (n=299) using a structured audit tool and from health care
professionals (n=55) by means of a structured questionnaire.
The study findings highlight that the commonest clinical manifestations of visceral
leishmaniasis are fever and splenomegaly. Severe malnutrition and HIV co-infection
contribute to mortality. The findings indicate the need for training to improve health care
professionals’ awareness of visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis disease surveillance
and support by the regional and district heath offices should be improved / Health Studies / M.A. Public Health (MPH)
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Malaria treatment in Ethiopia: antimalarian drug efficacy monitoring system and use of evidence for policyAmbachew Medhin Yohannes 12 September 2013 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and findings of antimalarial
drug efficacy studies conducted in Ethiopia and to use the findings to formulate
recommendations for antimalarial drug efficacy monitoring and use of evidence to
inform antimalarial treatment policy for the Ethiopian setting.
This study reviewed 44 antimalarial efficacy studies conducted in Ethiopia from 1974 to
2011. The analysis of results indicated that chloroquine as the first-line antimalarial drug
for the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum had a 22% therapeutic
failure in 1985. Chloroquine was replaced with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in 1998,
more than 12 years later, when its therapeutic failure had reached 65%. Sulfadoxinepyrimethamine
at the time of its introduction had a treatment failure of 7.7%; it was
replaced after seven years in 2004 by artemether-lumefantrine; by then its treatment
failure had reached 36%.
The WHO recommends the replacement of a first-line antimalarial drug when more than
10% of treatment failure is reported. The replacement drug should have a therapeutic
efficacy of more than 95%; while the change itself should be completed within two years.
The prolonged delay to replace failing antimalarial drugs in Ethiopia seems to have
been influenced mainly by the lack of systematic antimalarial drug efficacy data
collection and pragmatic use of the data and evidence gathered.Almost eight years after its introduction, isolated studies show that the efficacy of
artemether-lumefantrine has decreased from 99% in 2003 to around 96.3% in 2008.
Though this decrease is not statistically significant (chi-square 1.5; P=0.22) and has not
reached the threshold of 10%, it is plausible that its efficacy may drop further. This is
mainly due to regulatory provisions in the country that allow marketing of oral
artemisinin mono-therapies that are not recommended for malaria treatment, use of less
effective antimalarial combination drugs in the neighboring countries and widespread
drug quality problems.
The situation calls for and this study recommends the establishment of stringent drug
efficacy monitoring and early warning system and alignment of the antimalarial drug
regulatory practices with recommendations of the WHO. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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A critical analysis of indigenous and modern policing in EthiopiaHassen Shuffa Abkadir 03 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to determine whether indigenous and modern policing can coexist in Ethiopia. The two case studies dealt with in this research indicate that customary administration which is based on indigenous customary law governs the lives of most
communities in Ethiopia. Most of the civil and criminal cases are resolved through these mechanisms, although there are always operational tensions due to some contradictions between the modern and indigenous policing systems when crime is committed in indigenous areas. This is mainly because the modern police system wants to impose its way of resolving crime while the indigenous police system want crime to be solved in the
traditional/indigenous manner that have been practiced for centuries. These fundamental differences have created two parallel institutions which are both rooted in providing safety and security to the community.
The research also reveals that modern policing in Ethiopia can benefit tremendously from well researched experiences and practices of indigenous policing. This does not imply that indigenous policing system is democratic and all the experiences could be relevant to modern policing, but it simply means that the identification and the sharing of best practices from both sides could lead to mutual benefits of these systems.
In its conclusion the research shows that Ethiopia has the potential to develop a unique policing system that reflects its distinctive cultural heritage and that meets the needs of its people. This potential is more likely to be actualized if the country preserves and incorporate the best practices of both these systems and use them as integral part of the Ethiopian modern policing. / Police Practice / D .Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)
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Intervention strategies for the reduction of sexual risk practices among adolescents in EthiopiaDaba Banne Furry 11 1900 (has links)
BACKGROUND: Studies done in both developed and developing countries have reported the tendencies of adolescents to engage in risky behaviours. Such behaviours include indulging in early and unsafe sexual activities, having multiple sexual partners, alcohol and drug use and dropping out of school among others.
PURPOSE: The main aim of the study was to develop intervention strategies for reducing sexual risk practices among adolescents in Ethiopia.
METHODS: A mixed method approach using quantitative and qualitative approaches was employed in order to investigate the risks of sexual practices among urban and rural adolescents in the selected area. A cross-sectional survey was used to gather data quantitatively and focus group discussions were used for the qualitative part of data collection.
A total of 449 students and 72 FGD participants were selected for quantitative and qualitative study respectively using systematic random sampling technique. Logistic regression was done to identify possible factors associated with knowledge on emergency contraceptive, condom utilisation, pre-marital sex practices and perception of risky sexual practices.
RESULTS: One hundred and seventy (37.9%) respondents had experienced sexual intercourse at the time of the study. The higher proportion (42.6%) of those who had
engaged in sexual relationships was from the rural school compared to 33.1% in the urban schools. The proportion of sexually active respondents was higher among males (44.8%) compared to (29%) females. Multiple partners were higher in rural adolescents (44.7%) compared to 31.8% among urban adolescents. Sexually Transmitted Diseases were reported by 28.6% of the sexually active adolescents and the prevalence was higher among males (73.5%) compared to 27% females. 87% of the sexually active adolescents rarely used a condom.
CONCLUSION: The study identified a knowledge gap on ASRH which limited adolescents to access reproductive services. Social, cultural and economic factors contributed to adolescent engagement in risky sexual behaviours. Based on the major findings of this study, intervention strategies targeting behavioural, biomedical and structural interventions were proposed. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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A framework for utilisation of health services for skilled birth attendant and postnatal care in EthiopiaYoseph Woldegebreal Gessesse 11 1900 (has links)
Text in English, with Annexures in English and Amharic / Annexure 5 and Annexure 7 "Questionnaire for qualitative study" in English and Amharic / The Ministry of Health (MOH) and its partners are determined to prevent and manage preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in mothers, neonates and children. In the last decade, special emphasis has been given to increasing the number of health facilities that provide maternal and child health services (MNCH), huge production of skilled birth attendants (SBAs), and equipping the health facilities to improve the utilisation of quality services. This study investigated the community perspectives of health service utilisation and proposes a framework for improving the utilisation of the available SBA and postnatal care (PNC).
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for the utilisation of skilled care for delivery and postnatal care by women of childbearing age (15-45).
METHODOLOGY
The study used a Sequential explanatory Mixed Methods Approach to investigate the utilisation of SBA and PNC in a district in Ethiopia. The Delphi Technique helped to solicit input from maternal health care experts on the development of a Framework for utilisation of SBA and PNC. This study utilised the Anderson Health Utilisation Model.
RESULTS
In the study, 79.8% of the women who delivered within 12 months prior to this study received ANC from SBA. Baby care and PNC for the mother and baby received from SBA were at 248 (71.5%), 55 (15.8%), and 131 (38%) respectively. The study further
found that women who can read and write and were educated are more likely to utilise SBA and receive quality health care services. The study showed that certain factors such as disrespecting service users, abusing service users’ lack of trust on the SBA by service users, religion and superstition contribute negatively to the use of SBAs.
None of the predisposing, enabling and need factors predicted the use of SBA for PNC by the mothers. Nevertheless, through the focus group discussions (FGDs) and individual interviews (IDI), it was revealed that there was a widespread knowledge and perception gaps in the community related to the importance of postnatal period and PNC. Religious sanctification also have imperative role in hampering PNC service use by the mothers. The Health care workers (HCWs) also lacked the keenness and orientation to provide the service. Babies born from families with monthly income equal to 500 or above USD were more likely to use PNC within 45 days. There was a widespread misconception in the community that Babies do not need PNC before 45 days of birth except for vaccination purpose.
CONCLUSION
To examine their role in health service utilisation for SBA and PNC, researches can integrate social support and social network to the Andersen’s health-service utilisation model. A framework for utilisation of SBA and PNC is proposed. The researcher recommends developing an utilisation tool kit that specifies the detail operationalisation of the framework. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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Supervisory power of the Centre to Regions in South Africa and Ethiopia: a comparative analysisMuluneh, Yitages Alamaw January 2009 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa
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Prospects of sustainable land management amidst interlocking challenges in the Upper Beshillo Catchments, Northeastern Highlands of EthiopiaAsnake Yimam Yesuph 06 1900 (has links)
Land degradation is a great threat to the Beshlo Catchment in Blue Nile Basisn, not merely as an
environmental issue, but also a social and economic problem. In Gedalas Watershed (one of the micro
catchments of Beshelo), land degradation, mediated by both biophysical and socio-economic drivers, is
among the major environmental sustainability and social-economic development threats in the area.
The threat is manifested in depletion of natural vegetations, water, soil and other natural resources;
disruption of ecosystem functions, processes, integrity, and services. Given its particular vulnerability,
watershed management activities have been in operation since the mid-1970s. Recently, the idea of
Sustainable land management through integrated watershed development program has been initiated
with the objective of reducing land degradation risks and ensuring food security at both the nationwide
and family circle. Despite these investments and efforts, real evidences of success and failures of such
efforts were not satisfactory explored. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to analyze the
existing status and future prospects of sustainable land management and evaluates its implication on
the environmental integrities and the local livelihoods specific to Gedalas watershed. For this effect, the
study investigated the dynamics, deriving forces and implications of LULC, soil erosion and soil fertility
status of the watershed, current status of watershed management practices, pertinent challenges and
opportunities for practicing land management technologies and approaches that might help meet the
sustainability requirements of SLM practices. In addition, the study explored factors that determine the
willingness of farming households to undertake SLM practice. As the study carried in the coupled
human-environment system of rural landscapes, interdisciplinary geographical approaches which
integrats social and natural science methodologies were employed to deal with issues of land
degradation-and-rehabilitation status comprehensively. The general findings of the study show that
though it would be dificult to measure all the composite aspects of land degradation, some of the
parameters considered in this study revealed that land degradation is a perpetuating challenge in the
watershed. It is evidenced from the overall undesirable land use/cover changes i.e transition of 21.25%
of Afro/sub alpine landscapes, 17.59% of the grasslands and 8% of shrub lands to either to cultivated
land or settlement areas over the 1973–2017 period, which have unintended negative socio-ecological
repercussions on the watershed; high annual mean soil loss value (which range from 37t/ha/year average values to 393 t/ha/yr soil loss rates on water courses) that exceed threshold level and a wide
gap between the need for SLM and the actual achievement of SLM practices,including limited adherence
to the idea behind contemporary land management policies and implementation principles and
approaches. The study further revealed the presence of opportunities as well as a myriad of challenges
that need to be tackled in order to achieve sustainable land management goals. The study colcludes
that, though, some encouraging progresses have been observed in the SLM project sites; land
degradation has remained a problem in the watershed. This calls for strenuous efforts to promote and
assist wide scale adoption of SLM practices that address the pervasive land degradation problem and
achieve land degradation neutrality as highlighted in sustainable development goals. / Department of Geography / Ph. D. (Geography)
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Who interprets the Constitution : a descriptive and normative discourse on the Ethiopian approach to constitutional reviewFisseha, Yonatan Tesfaye January 2004 (has links)
"The Ethiopian Constitution, in a 'creative stroke', provides the power to "interpret" the Constitution to the House of Federation (the House), which is referred to by some writers as the "Upper House" or "Second Chamber" of the bicameral parliament. The Constitution also establishes the Council of Constitutional Inquiry (the Council), a body composed of members of the judiciary, legal experts appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives and three persons designated by the House from among its members, to examine constitutional issues and submit its recommendations to the House for a final decision. This is, of course, very different from a number of other more well-known legal systems which vest the power of constitutional review either in general courts or in constitutional courts set up exclusively for constitutional matters. The formal way through which issues of constitutional interpretation take place is via the Council. Issues of constitutional interpretation are referred to the Council by a court or "the interested party" to a dispute. The Council, after examining the constituitonal issue, can either remand the case to the competent court after it has found no need for constitutional interpretation, or submit its findings on constitutional interpretation to the House. The House, after deliberating on the suggestions of the Council, can either accept or reject the recommendations of the Council. It should be noted that a party not satisfied with the order of the Council to remand the case to the competent cout for lack of grounds of constitutional interpretation, may appeal against the order to the House. As indicated above, the House has the final and ultimate power to interpret the Constitution. However, the role of the courts in the interpretation of the Constitution is still far from settled. The function, relation and co-existence of the courts and other organs of state need to be spelled out clearly. The extent to which, and the circumstances under which, the judiciary should defer to other institutions, and especially to the House, need to be ascertained. The difficulty lies in determining where the role of the court ends and that of the other institutions (especially the Council and House) begins. The problem has a normative component as well. The Ethiopian approach to constitutional review, one may argue, is a response to the ocunter-majoritarian dilemma. By excluding the involvement of ordinary or special courts from the business of constiutional review ,the government has made it impossible for the court to "usurp legislative power". A question, however, remains whether this really represents an adequate response to the counter-majoritarian dilemma. This research paper investigates both the descriptive and normative component of the problem. As the title of the study and the discussion in the preceding paragraphs suggest, it asks who interprets the Constitution and who should do so. While the first part sets out to investigate the structure and institutions of constitutional review in Ethiopia, the second part evaluates the legitimacy of the system." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM
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The impact of changes in land-use patterns and rainfall variability on range condition and pastoral livelihoods in the Borana rangelands of southern Oromia, EthiopiaKeba, Habtamu Teka January 2013 (has links)
This study was conducted in the Borana rangelands, southern Oromia, Ethiopia with the aim of
investigating land-use/cover changes, rangeland condition and indentifying major change drivers
in the rangelands. Satellite image scenes, ground survey and people’s perceptions were assessed
to identify changes on herbaceous and woody species composition. Ordination techniques were
used for correlation of grass and woody species into environmental variables. Piospheric effects
on vegetation composition around patch resources were also examined. These assessments were
designed to bring out both spatial and seasonal variation in vegetation parameters. Rangeland
condition was determined using the ecological index (EIM) and the weighted palatability composition (WPC) methods. Grazing capacity assessment was largely based on rain-use
efficiency, range condition, density of woody plants. Woody cover in the Borana increased from 11.3% in the 1970s to 49.26% in 2000s, while,
grassland cover declined from 58% to 32% during the same period. The cultivated/built up area
also increased gradually over the years though the extent of increment was less compared to the
woody cover changes. The calculated NDVI values for the 2000s were low relative to the 1970s.
Ground survey results demonstrated that herbaceous biomass production and woody plant
density varied significantly (P < 0.01) for the different sites in Borana. Nevertheless, herbaceous
plant diversity and evenness did not differ significantly (P>0.05) across the different sites and
around patch resource areas. This confirms the resilience of the Borana rangeland to the effects
of grazing pressure and climatic variability. Overall, the density of woody plants varied from
moderate to sever encroachment, which corresponds to the rangeland condition classes from very
poor to fair. The results of the present study showed that the nutrient contents of herbaceous plants (CP,
NDF, ADF, ADL and ash) were greatly influenced by species, stage of maturity, site and season.
Herbaceous species with high crude protein content based on laboratory results were also ranked
as the top important species by the pastoralists. Similarly, herbaceous forage species with a high
structural fiber were considered inferior. Pastoralists’ knowledge and laboratory results on the
nutritive value of key herbaceous species complemented each other.
The stocking density of livestock units was higher than the grazing capacity for the Borana
rangelands. Stocking density for the Borana rangeland using rain-use efficiency was 1.43
ha/TLU. There was no significant difference in the grazing capacity across the different sites in
the study area under the existing management.
The majority of pastoralists believed that the rangelands in Borana have been degraded, as
consequence of recurrent drought (83%), population pressure (65%), poor management and
inappropriate government policy (38%). The majority of the respondents (94%) also asserted that
the traditional coping mechanisms of Borana pastoralists have declined. There is therefore a need for designing appropriate pastoral land-use policies that fit the ecological potential of the region
to ensure sustainable ecosystem functioning. We suggest a comprehensive and adaptive range
management for the implementation of appropriate land-use systems for the different livestock
species. There is need to adjust stocking rates based on seasonal availability of forage. This
would foster economic feasibility and ecological sustainability of the Borana pastoral production
system. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Plant Production and Soil Science / Unrestricted
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