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Impacts of landscape restoration on the environment and farmers' livelihood in Hita-Borkena watershed, northeastern EthiopiaAlemayehu Assefa Ayele 10 1900 (has links)
Land degradation has been a global agenda. It has been affecting both developed and
developing nations (including Ethiopia). The overall objective of the study was to assess
the impact of landscape restoration (including area closure) on the environment and
farmers‘ livelihood in Hita-Borkena watershed, northeastern Ethiopia. Three Landsat
images (1986, 2001 and 2015) were used to detect land cover dynamics. Laboratory
analysis of selected soil physico-chemical properties were made to compare the soil
properties of closed/restored and open grazing areas. Household questionnaire was
administered to investigate environmental problems before and after landscape
restoration, the role of area closure and different conservation measures, and the
impact of the restoration on farmers‘ livelihood. A total of 255 household heads were
selected randomly for the questionnaire survey. This survey was also substantiated by
interviewing agricultural experts, observation and reviewing reports prepared by Kalu
District Agriculture Office. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to
analyze quantitative data. Besides, qualitative approach was implemented in order to
analyze qualitative data. The study found out that forestlands and shrublands shrunk
through 1986 – 2015, grasslands expanded mainly due to the implementation of area
closure under MERET project since 2001. The study revealed that better organic
matter, total nitrogen, clay and silt contents, CEC and total porosity were recorded
under area closure than under open grazing land. However, both available P and K
were found minimum under the former land use type. This may be due to the reason
that such nutrients exist more in unavailable form or it may be because of the fact that
large amount of those nutrients are extracted by the restored vegetation. The study
showed that rates of soil erosion, overgrazing and illegal cutting of trees were relatively
higher before landscape restoration. The respondents also appreciated the positive role
of land restoration in improving the fertility of the soils of the study watershed and then
the positive impact to their livelihood. Based on the results of the study, it is
recommended that similar restoration activities shall be implemented in similar
environments in Ethiopia to improve both the environment and farmers‘ livelihood / Geography / Ph. D. (Geography)
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Coping mechanisms of food insecure households in urban EthiopiaTilahun Girma Argaw 01 1900 (has links)
With an increasing rate of urbanisation in East Africa, and with the highest prevalence rate of
undernourished population than any region in the developing world, the issue of food access
insecurity in urban areas has received considerable attention. While there are noticeable differences
between big, medium- and small-sized towns, the variation in the household’s response to food access
insecurity across urban hierarchies remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the
social, economic and demographic factors in coping with food access insecurity among households in
urban slum areas of Ethiopia.
The study used both secondary and primary data sources. The national surveys of household
consumption and expenditure survey and welfare monitoring surveys of 2004/5, 2010/11, and
2015/16 was used to analyse the food security situation in Ethiopia across time and urban hierarchies.
Primary data of 500 households and three focus group discussions were conducted from slum areas of
Addis Ababa, Hawassa, and Sheki representing a big city, medium- and small-sized town,
respectively. The household survey data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and a
standard regression model to investigate the relationship between factors such as household structure
and composition, economic resources, social protection programmes and projects, and urban-rural
linkages with coping with food access insecurity across urban hierarchies. A global model and three
site-specific regression models were constructed.
Descriptive results from both the primary and the secondary data sources have revealed that the
proportion of the households affected by food shortage varies across the urban hierarchy that food
insecurity was highest in the small-sized town as compared with the medium-sized town and the big
city. The quality of food consumed was consistently low among female-headed households regardless
of their socio-economic characteristics when compared with male-headed households. The result of
the regression analysis for the global model has shown that economic resources (asset and source of
income) predict nearly half of the variability in coping with food access insecurity. Household
structure and composition such as gender and education of the head of the household, family structure
(nuclear/extended), and the ratio of young children in the household predict a quarter of the variability
in coping. Social protection programs and services predict one-tenth; the remaining variability in
coping is explained by the combined effect of all the factors involved.
The significance of these factors in predicting coping with food access insecurity, however, varies
across the urban hierarchies. The contribution of economic factors in predicting coping is the highest
at the big city (Addis Ababa); household structure and composition took the leading role in predicting
coping at the small-sized town (Sheki); the significant factors in predicting coping at the mediumsized
town (Hawassa) was the combined effect of all the factors involved. Household characteristics
such as female headship, a higher ratio of young children, low education of the household head, lack
of access to the financial loan, asset and income poverty, and weak linkages with kin structure at rural
areas increase vulnerability to food insecurity and put households under stress to cope with food
access insecurity.
The study results show that the traditional urban-rural dichotomy may not suffice to portray the
degree of food insecurity, as well as the mechanisms how food insecure households strive to cope
with food access insecurity, which varies across the continuum of urban hierarchies. Those who wish
to support food insecurity challenges need to be sensitive to the variability of factors in coping with
food access insecurity across urban hierarchies. During policy, design and program implementation
policymakers and international partners need to consider that the needs and coping mechanisms of
urban households vary across urban hierarchies besides the other social, economic and demographic
variables. / Development Studies / Ph. D. (Development Studies)
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Determinants of rural household food security in drought-prone areas of Ethiopia : case study in Lay Gaint District, Amhara RegionArega Bazezew Berlie 11 1900 (has links)
This study examines rural household food security and its determinants in drought-prone Amhara Region of Ethiopia by focusing on Lay Gaint district as a case study site. A range of factors from physical environmental circumstances to policy and institutions-related issues determine households‟ vulnerability to food insecurity and livelihood outcomes. The survey results showed that the majority (74%) of the sampled households experienced food insecurity. The situation was worse among female-headed households such that 86% of them were food insecure. The study revealed that, despite the low level of productivity related to local environmental constraints, rural livelihoods remain undiversified with small scale rain-fed agriculture to provide the primary source of livelihood for the large majority of households (~93% of respondents). Only about 25% of the respondents participated in some form of non-farm or off-farm activities, but with only little contribution to their total annual incomes. Food insecurity is a chronic problem in that, on average, households in the study area consume from own production for only about six months. The study found out that the majority of households (about 80%) perceived annual rainfall to be inadequate to support the growing of crops and grazing of animals. The main adaptive strategies employed by the majority of households included diversifying livestock kept, planting trees and diversifying crops. The study revealed that incidence, depth and severity of food insecurity of the food insecure households showed that Woina-Dega and Kolla agro-ecologies are prone to vulnerability to food insecurity. This suggests that development interventions that are geographically differentiated; and build household assets will improve household food security in the study area, and in other similar environments in the country. / Geography / D. Phil. (Geography)
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The application of liberation pedagogy : have members of rural development committees in southern Ethiopia become critically aware of their poverty after participating in consciousness-raising education?Gilman, Lori-Ann January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
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Factors influencing female food-for-work participation in the Southern Shoa region of EthiopiaBantayehu, Alem 05 December 2009 (has links)
This study analyzes the factors influencing female food-for-work (FFW) participation in the Southern Shoa region of Ethiopia. The objectives are to determine the significant factors that affect women's participation in FFW projects and to explain this behavior with socio-economic and other factors.
Using data from a public works project conducted in 1991 by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), the Ethiopian Nutrition Institute (ENI) and the Institute of National Nutrition (INN), analyses were done on a sample of 655 females from three awrajas (districts) in Southern Shoa. The sample consisted of 28.4 percent females who participated in FFW and 71.6 percent who did not participate in FFW activities. More than 85 percent of the female sample had no education, over half were single and 48 percent of the women were unemployed.
A logit probability model was used to explain women's participation in FFW projects. The results indicate that family size, occupation, marital status, reproductive status, total non-food expenditures, amount of output sold from agricultural production, women's wages from FFW and wages from other agricultural work were the most significant factors influencing female FFW participation. The family size variable had the most significant impact on increasing women's probability of participating in FFW projects.
For the study's sample, women with larger family sizes are more likely to participate in FFW projects. Those who are not gainfully employed are also more likely to participate in FFW activities since they view FFW as a source of employment. Women in polygamous households are less likely to participate in FFW than women in monogamous households. In terms of a woman's reproductive status, those who are not pregnant and not lactating are more likely to participate in FFW programs. It was found that the greater the non-food expenditures incurred by the household, the more likely women participate in FFW; the less output sold from agricultural production, the greater the likelihood that women engage in FFW; the higher a woman's wages from FFW, the more they were attracted to FFW programs; and interestingly, the higher the wages from agricultural work (non-FFW), the more likely they participate in FFW activities. / Master of Science
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Productivity analysis of private and socialized agriculture in EthiopiaMirotchie, Mesfin January 1989 (has links)
The system of cereal grain production in Ethiopia has been stratified into private, cooperative and state farms since the 1975 land reform. The private farms are being gradually replaced by the cooperative farms while the state farms are receiving increased technical and budgetary assistance by the Ethiopian government. lt is, however, not clear if these policies are consistent with the technical characteristics of these three modes of production. This study, therefore, evaluated technical efficiency, impacts of known and latent input factors, and returns to scale parameters for each farm type.
Sample data were collected from Ethiopia on five cereal crops, namely, barley, com, sorghum, teff and wheat and several input factors, including labor, land, oxen, traditional farm implements, tractors, machinery services, modern yield·increasing inputs, livestock, education and rainfall over 77 awrajjas for the 1980-1986 production period. A covariance regression model was applied with these data to determine an appropriate functional form between the Cobb-Douglas and translog production functions. The Translog functional form was selected for the analysis on the basis of statistical tests.
Results of the analysis suggest that the producer cooperatives collectively appear to have a potential to generate increased gross income per hectare at a declining rate with respect to an equiproportionate increase in all inputs, except land, upon an increasing average cost of production per unit of cereal output. The private and state farms appear to be operating with a close to fixed proportions type of production technology with a constant average cost of production per unit of cereal output per hectare. Moreover, the range of substitutability between input factors tends towards a complementary relationship as the institutional transformations and management techniques of the cereal producing farms shift from the traditional to a more advanced and centrally managed state mode of production.
Partial income elasticity parameters suggest that (a) the private sector’s gross income per hectare is most responsive to traditional hand tools, fertilizer, labor, human capital at primary level of education, and rain in August and September; (b) the cooperative sector’s gross income per hectare is most responsive to the use of tractors and September rain; whereas (c) gross income per hectare of the state farms is most responsive to the use of traditional labor, machinery services and rain in June and August. Thus, Ethiopia’s agricultural income production per hectare is likely to be revitalized by: (a) qualitative changes in the traditional inputs, water management, and introduction of modem technical inputs such as fertilizer and farmer education in the private sector; (b) increased traditional labor employment, improved management of water, machinery and modem yield-increasing inputs on the state farms; and (c) a better usage of tractors and collaborative input factors, improved water management, and a substantial increase in capital investment to achieve full employment of the seemingly redundant labor and oxen input factors on the cooperative farms. It seems unlikely that the producer cooperatives will achieve the goal of maximum cereal output per hectare with the most prevalent composition of the redundant traditional input factors which contribute insignificantly at the margin without a major change in the current production techniques and structural policies of the sector. / Ph. D.
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Socio-economic impacts of Villagisation and large-scale agricultural investment on the indigenous people of Gambella, South West EthiopiaAfera Alemu Desta 12 1900 (has links)
Villagisation and large-scale agricultural investments in Gambella region has been a major concern of human right groups. The Ethiopian government argues that Villagisation program is voluntary and part of Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) which attempts to bring
development to indigenous communities and nothing to do with large-scale agricultural investment. On the contrary, human right groups and local civil society organizations claim that the Ethiopian government is forcefully relocating indigenous people from their ancestral
land under the disguise of development while the true motive of the government is to expand agricultural investment in the region at the expense of the livelihood of the local communities.
This research is an attempt to investigate the controversial Villagisation and large-scale agricultural investment in Gambella regional state by looking into the link between large scale agricultural investment and Villagisation. The main focus of the research is to examine
the impacts of agricultural investment and Villagisation in Gambella region the light of the Ethiopian government policy in the region and the alleged development induced human right violations.
The research is based on a qualitative method to capture data from 32 Villagisation sites using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and field observations. For the purpose of this study, 241 participants were selected from the study sites to participate in the research.
Out of the 241 participants 75 of them were participated in in-depth interviews and the rest were included in focus group discussions and informal discussions based on the participants’ knowledge, views, experience and feelings associated with Villagisation and
large-scale agricultural investment in the region. The findings of this study show no indication of involuntary Villagisation, no significant
relationship between Villagisation and investment, or no evidence of previously occupied land being leased to investors. However, the study reveals that there has been serious lack of communication and misinformation from the government side in the process of planning
and implementing the Villagisation program. Owing to this, suspicion and lack of trust between government officials and the local communities characterized implementation of the Villagisation project. / Geography / M.A. (Geography)
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Clients' perspectives of quality emergency obstetric care in public health facilities in EthiopiaAnteneh Zewdie Helelo 11 1900 (has links)
The contribution of Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC) in reducing maternal mortality in Ethiopia is very minimal as evidenced by poor provision and low utilization of EmOC. Client centred EmOC provision improves the provision and utilization of EmOC; leading to the treatment of the majority of obstetric complications which are the main causes of maternal mortality. This study describes clients’ views and perspectives concerning the quality of EmOC provision in Ethiopian public health facilities. An explorative and descriptive phenomenological qualitative study design was used in the study in order to explore and describe the lived experiences of clients with EmOC services. Key informant interviews with women who had direct obstetric complications and received EmOC at three public health facilities in Addis Ababa generated rich data on their lived experiences. Content analysis was used to analyze the data as it complies with the phenomenological data analysis and Atlas ti version 6.2 qualitative data analysis software was employed. The findings revealed that quality EmOC is a welcoming, life-saving timely care given in a clean environment with humility, respect, equal treatment and encouragement. It is care that is safe for the client, technically sound, responsive and meets clients’ needs and expectations. Accessibility of life saving care at all time and collaborative and coordinated care created good experiences for the clients. The causes of clients’ disappointment with the provision of EmOC were higher expectations from female providers, underestimation by providers, non responsive providers, and ethical misconduct by providers such as mocking, insulting, yelling, advantage taking providers, undelivered promises by providers, expectation with place of delivery, expectation with newborn care and a limited number of health workers attending delivery. Discrimination, high cost of care and asking client to buy drugs and supplies and referrals from centres, are some of the barriers on r the use of EmOC at public health facilities. The provision of EmOC is constrained by overloaded staffs, shortage of space to accommodate clients and inadequate number of beds. In conclusion, clients have expectations and experiences of provision of EmOC that influence their future decision to seek care. Finally, a client centred guideline for the provision of client centred EmOC provision was developed. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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Learning styles and attitudes towards active learning of students at different levels in EthiopiaAdamu Assefa Mihrka, Mihrka, Adamu Assefa 11 1900 (has links)
The government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia proclaimed a new curriculum for reconstructing the education system. The programme aimed at changing the predominantly-used teacher-centred instructional strategies to student-centred, active learning methods. This motivated the main research question of this study namely What are Ethiopian students’ learning styles and attitudes towards active learning approaches? The specific research questions that were investigated were:
• What are the learning styles of students in Grade 10 public and private schools and at second year university level, and do these students prefer certain learning styles?
• What are the attitudes of students at Grade 10 public and private schools, and at second year university level in respect of active learning approaches?
• Do significant relationships exist between the students’ learning styles and their attitudes towards active learning as regards the four dimensions of the Index of Learning Styles (ILS), namely active-reflective, sensing-intuitive, visual-reflective and sequential-global?
• Are there significant differences in the students’ learning styles and their attitudes towards active learning in respect of gender, different education levels and types of schools?
In order to answer these questions, the study made use of an exploratory, descriptive design. By means of questionnaires data were collected from a purposefully and a conveniently selected sample of 920 students from Grade 10 government and private schools and second year university students in Hawassa, Ethiopia. The sample comprised of 506 males and 414 females, 400 students from Government schools and 249 from private schools, and 271 from the university. The data were analysed by means of descriptive statistics (means and correlations) and inferential statistics (analysis of variance).
The results indicated that the majority of the students’ learning styles were balanced between the two dimensions of the ILS scales. As secondary preference, they tended towards moderate categories, and a small section of the students preferred the strong categories of the scales. Secondly, the study determined that the sampled students in general, demonstrated a positive attitude towards active learning. Thirdly, by means of the study a significant relationship was ascertained between the students’ attitudes towards active learning and the active-reflective dimension of the ILS. Fourthly, significant differences were indicated in the students’ learning styles and attitudes towards active learning in respect of their gender, their education level and the types of schools. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)
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A model for teaching learning methods of geography in the Ethiopian colleges of teacher educationMohammed, Awol Ahmed 01 1900 (has links)
In this study the status of the active learning methods of teaching employed in Teachers‟ Training Colleges in Ethiopia was examined from the perspective of the trainee-teachers and their lecturers. Factors relating to active learning were discussed within the framework of the social-cognitive constructivists‟ theory, as learning (knowledge construction) requires the direct involvement of an individual, as well as interaction with the social environment. Three main groups of learning theories were investigated, namely the behavioural, the cognitive and the constructivist theories. The behavioural theories emphasise the transmission of information from the teacher to the learner, whereas the cognitive and constructivist theories emphasise the learners‟ construction of knowledge from their own experiences and their interaction with one another. The methods and strategies for teaching Geography in Ethiopian Teachers‟ Training Colleges were also discussed.
The empirical research investigated the perceptions of trainee-teacher and lecturers regarding active learning methods at their respective colleges, the current teaching-learning methods and strategies that the trainee-teachers employ, how they experience the current teaching methods and approaches and other related matters, such as class size and facilities, the integration of assessment with active learning, the teachers‟ attitudes towards active learning, whether or not the lecturers receive short-and long-term training on active learning, the support obtained from the managing body, and whether or not any guidelines existed. Interviews were conducted as embedded research that was intended to supplement the quantitative findings.
The results of the empirical investigation indicated a lack of systematic and appropriately organised active learning at college level. Some of the barriers that profoundly hindered the use of active learning pedagogies are the lecturers‟ tendency to maintain the traditional (lecture) method of teaching, insufficient pre-service and in-service training, the large class sizes, the lack of administrative support, the scarcity of resources/facilities, the lack of integration between assessment and active learning, and finally, the absence of guidelines.
Pertinent information was extracted from the relevant literature and the empirical study to develop a model to address the problem of active learning in Teachers‟ Training Colleges. Thus, a Model of Active Learning, which is relevant to the teaching of the learning of Geography at College level in the Ethiopian context, was developed. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)
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