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Resettlement and sustainable livelihoods in Ethiopia : a comparative analysis of Amhara and southern regionsKassa Teshager Alemu 02 1900 (has links)
Resettlement as a development discourse has become a worldwide phenomenon. This
phenomenon is mainly caused by population pressure, war or prolonged hostilities between countries or groups within the country, irreversible environmental degradation and development projects. While there are diverse causes of resettlement situations, this study focused on state sponsored resettlement programmes caused by socio-economic, political and environmental problems in Amhara and the southern regions of Ethiopia. The main objective of this empirical study was to analyse the effects of planned government intra-regional resettlement programme on the sustainable livelihoods of resettled households in Ethiopia. The central research question was: Does a planned intra-regional resettlement programme provide sustainable livelihoods for settler households in the two selected regions of Ethiopia? If it does, what chain of factors explains the livelihood security and sustainability? If it does not, what are the interacting variables and how
have they generated a process of livelihood insecurity? To this end, the combination of Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) and Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction (IRR) models were used as the pillars of the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study. Mixed method design that combines both quantitative and qualitative data from primary and secondary sources were used in this study. Primary data were collected through a household survey, key informants interview, focus group discussion and field observation. A total of 250 households were surveyed and a total of 28 interviewees were contacted from the two regions. A total of 6 focus group discussions were also conducted with purposively selected participants. This study concludes that the effects of planned resettlement on the sustainable livelihoods of resettlers were mixed and challenged the generic representation of the scheme as a success or a failure. The adverse effects
were mainly due to policy gaps, the mismatch between policy and practice, poor inter-sectoral and inter-regional integration and inadequate capacity building efforts. Recommendations were provided in line with these gaps. In addition, the knowledge documented through the application of SLF and IRR in mixed method design contributed to the methodological and theoretical advancement of resettlement and livelihood studies. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)
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Factors affecting agricultural production in Tigray Region, Northern EthiopiaBihon Kassa Abrha 07 1900 (has links)
This study investigates the factors affecting agricultural production of farm households in the National Regional State of Tigray, Ethiopia. The major primary sources of data for the study were farm household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The study revealed that the annual average crop production of respondents was found to be below the standard annual food requirement recommended by the international organizations. The proportion of irrigated land to total cultivated land was only 11per cent. The proportion of irrigated land in the two districts is lower than 11.27 per cent at the regional level. The utilization of chemical fertilizers for the majority of the respondents was below the recommended standard for the region. Although the farmers were interested in using improved seeds, the supplied varieties were not based on their preferences. Extension agents were mainly engaged in activities which were not related to their professions. The farm income model result showed that landholding size (p<0.0001), possession of oxen(p<0.0001), amount of fertilizer(p=0.010), improved seeds(p=0.002), irrigation(p=0.028), soil quality(p=0.019), village distance to the district market(p=0.066), average distance of plots from the homestead (p=0.023) and crop rotation(p=0.016) were determinant variables. Farmers were engaged in off-farm activities to fulfill the cash requirements in credit constrained conditions. The laws of the region do not allow farmers to be out of their localities for more than two years and the farmerswere restricted to renting out only half of their land. This discouraged farmers from off-farm participation for fear of land confiscation. In the Probit model, the determinant variables of off-farm participation were: irrigation (p=0.001), age (p=0.007), amount of money borrowed (p=0.078), village distance to the wereda market (p=0.055), fear of land confiscation (p=0.023) and access to electricity (p=0.044).
It is recommended that if farmers are to use chemical fertilizers, they should be supplied with High Yielding Varieties (HYV)and enough water through access to irrigation. Furthermore, farmers should be allowed to have long term off-farm employment to augment the farming sector. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)
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Challenges and prospects of small enterprises in Ethiopia : a study of entrepreneurs in Tigray RegionMesfin Seyoum Kebede 10 1900 (has links)
The small enterprise has become a major sphere of interest for policy makers and donors. Despite the institutional and policy support, these enterprises have fallen short of expectations. This study is intended to fill the gap by exploring the challenges and prospects of the entrepreneurs in the small enterprise in general and specifically rate the challenges across each sector in Mekelle and Adigrat, Tigray Regional State of Ethiopia.
Generally, 154 samples of the small enterprise were selected using a stratified proportional random sampling technique, from which the required data were generated and analysed employing the descriptive and exploratory research design. In the first part, the characteristics and prospects of the entrepreneurs and the small enterprise are presented. The finding reveals that the gender of the entrepreneurs is dominated by and is in favour of male entrepreneurs when compared to that of their female counterparts.
The majority of respondents lack the relevant experiences and operate as sole proprietors. Furthermore, business plan is found out to be used only to meet the requirements of the financial institutions. The result also revealed that small enterprises are operated mainly by the owners of the business themselves and hence their contributions to employment and income generation for others is very limited.
Financial constraint is found out as a general challenge to entrepreneurs of the small enterprises. In addition, different constraints such as training, access to finance, market opportunities, policy and legal measures are examined and rated across different business types where each factors are found to affect small enterprises at a different rates. What is severe problem for one sector is found out to be not a problem when compared to other sectors. These imply that policies and support programs need to take in to account the heterogeneous nature of enterprises and entrepreneurs.
Overall, the result discloses a high failure rate of the small enterprises in the study sites and one can conclude that there is a lack of innovation from the side of entrepreneurs and a weak support from the government and other supporting institutions. In view of these, the researcher recommends an innovative support schemes to ameliorate and accelerate the growth of the small enterprises. / Development Studies / D. Phil. (Development Studies)
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Guidelines for gender sensitive HIV and AIDS prevention strategies among reproductive age women in EthiopiaAbraham Alemayehu Gatta 18 November 2015 (has links)
Background
AIDS remains one of the world’s most serious health challenges affecting more females than men. The differences in the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among gender groups stem from biology, sexual behaviour and socially constructed
gender differences between women and men in roles and responsibilities, access to
resources and decision-making power. It could also be due to the females’ status in
society which could be justified by lower economic and decision making ability.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the role of gender in the spread
of HIV among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia; with the view of developing gender sensitive HIV and AIDS prevention strategies.
Methods
The study used sequential mixed method with quantitative and qualitative paradigm.
During first phase of the study, health facility based descriptive cross-sectional study
design was used. Data was collected from 422 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Forty participants were recruited by purposive sampling from representatives working in reproductive health or related fields.
Results
About 83.2% of respondents reported that sexual intercourse discussion should be
initiated by male partners. This showed that majority of respondents were dependent on their male partners in decision-making regarding sexual matters in their relationship. Multiple sexual partners were common among the respondents. One third of the respondents reported to have had intercourse with more than one partner during the
past twelve months of the study period. Higher proportion of respondents (61.4%,
n=259) had never used condom during sexual intercourse with their partner/s. As a result these risky sexual practices are a potential threat for spread of HIV and AIDS among women. Thus developed guidelines would alleviate the existing problems
through implementation of strategies of HIV and AIDS prevention to enhance women’s
status at household and different administrative structure level.
Conclusion
Gender disparities in relation to negotiating sexual relations among the study respondents were found to be still relevant. The culture that has placed men at the helm of leadership in sexual matters is strongly upheld and that includes who recommends
use of preventive measures and who regulates when and how to enter into a sexual relationship. Guidelines for gender sensitive prevention strategies if applied appropriately would educate women and men to make decision about what directly affects their health / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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Pre-antiretroviral services in rural Ethiopia: patient retention, factors associated with loss to follow up, and reasons for discontinuationRobi, Zinash Dewo 06 1900 (has links)
This study was conducted to determine retention rate and factors associated with loss to follow-up (LTFU) of adult pre-ART patients in St. Luke hospital, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional study with quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques was used. Review of patient records, focus group discussions and review of program guidelines was conducted to determine level of adherence among pre-ART patients. In addition, pre-ART service quality and perceived reasons for discontinuation was explored. The study revealed that only 38.2% of the 335 patients enrolled in the pre-ART care were retained after 12 months of follow-up in the program. More than half (55.6%), of the LTFU occurred during the first 6 months of follow-up. Fear of discrimination, high transportation cost and mistrust in the pre-ART service were perceived reasons for LTFU. Absences of clear pre-ART service package and implementation guideline were also identified as important factors that may be related to LTFU. The findings call for improved quality of care and a better pre-ART service packaging that will address the gaps identified in order to increase patient retention. / Health Studies / MA (Public Health)
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The impact of Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) on tuberculosis incidence among HIV infected patients in Addis Ababa, EthiopiaSade, Anteneh Habtenarian, Anteneh Habtemariam Sade 24 October 2013 (has links)
Background: IPT is an effective, safe and feasible disease prevention scheme that should
be administered for all PLHIV living in areas with high latent TB prevalence.
Objective: To assess the impact of isoniazid in the incidence of tuberculosis among HIV
infected individuals in Addis Ababa.
Methods: A case control study design was undertaken among 489 HIV and TB infected
patients in Addis Ababa from January 2008 to December 2010.
Results: Tuberculosis incidence rate among those who developed TB after completing 6-9
month isoniazid preventative therapy was17.14 PYO compared to 10.28 PYO among
those who were not. Isonizide reduced the chance of developing tuberculosis among HIV
infected patients (OR= 0.072; 95% CI 0.044, 0.12). Age (AOR= 0.14; 95% CI 0.03, 0.97)
and sex (AOR= 1.86; 95% CI 1.02, 2.23) of the patient, CD4 count at HIV diagnosis
(AOR= 0.21; 95% CI 0.13, 0.31), clinical stage of HIV illness (AOR= 1.22; 95% CI 1.09,
1.84) and past tuberculosis history (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.24, 3.67) were major factors
associated with tuberculosis incidence.
Conclusions: INH prophylaxis was associated with lower incidence of tuberculosis among
PLHIV. / Health Studies / M. Public Health
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Assessment of environmental-livestock interactions in crop-livestock systems of central Ethiopian highlandsNigatu Alemayehu Minase 09 1900 (has links)
The study was done in Adaa district which is one of the 12 districts in East Shoa zone in Oromia regional state of Ethiopia. It is located southeast of Addis Ababa at 38o51’ 43.63’’ to 39o04’ 58.59’’ E and 8o46’ 16.20’’ to 8o59’ 16.38’’ N, on the western margin of the Great East African Rift Valley. The altitude ranges from 1 500 to ≥ 2 000 meters above sea level. The district has a high potential for mixed livestock and crop production systems. The purpose of this study was to make up for the paucity of information on livestock and environment interaction by assessing the relationship of livestock, soil, water, land, climate and crops under mixed crop-livestock production systems in central Ethiopian highlands.
The objectives of the study were: (a) to assess the effect of change in land management on carbon storage and the contribution of livestock to carbon storage; (b) to examine the impact of livestock on natural resources and the environment; (c) to assess the effects of the change in traditional agricultural practices, expansion of factories, slaughter houses, greenhouses and flower farms on water and soil quality; (d) to evaluate the effect of climate change on livestock production under small-scale agriculture; and (e) to recommend options for mitigation and adaptation to environmental changes.
The research design was non-experimental and did not involve the manipulation of the situation, circumstances or experiences of the interviewees. The design was comparative research that compared two or more groups on one or more variables, such as the effect of agricultural land use management, tillage type etc. on carbon storage in the soil. This research also applied a longitudinal design that examined variables such as the performance exhibited by groups over time. Purposive sampling was often used to measure the effect of agricultural, industrial effluent and human interferences on the environment by measuring nutrient contents at sources in the soil, water and manure. Biological data were complemented by key socio-economic survey by interviewing individual farmers and focus groups from sampling sites. Secondary data were also reviewed to measure soil degradation and run-off attributed to livestock.
Results showed that animal waste and farmyard manure had the highest contribution in the addition of carbon in the soil. This implied that for most of carbon inputs livestock products and by-products had a greater place in the carbon sink. Therefore, livestock production could be considered as one of the major agricultural production systems in soil carbon storage. Similarly, livestock production systems also play an important role in maintaining the eco-system balance through nutrient recycling.
On the average, the number of livestock per household for most species increased during the Derge regime in the 1990s compared to the Haile Sellassie regime in the 1970s when people did not own land; and then the number declined in the 2000s except for equines, crossbreeds and oxen. The change to crop intensification led to the change in the purpose for livestock keeping. Farmers started keeping certain types of animals for specific purposes unlike before when livestock was kept for prestige and economic security. The major drive for the change of attitude towards the purpose of keeping livestock was scarcity of resources, mainly feed and water. Equine ownership has significantly increased due to their low off-take rate and their feeding habits which allowed them to survive in harsh environments where feed resources were extremely scarce.
There was a significant difference in crop response to manure application. Vegetables produced higher yields with manure than chemical fertilizers. Cereals on the other hand responded more to chemical fertilizers than to manure. Therefore, combining manure and chemical fertilizers was the best option for the sustainability of crop production in the study area. Some of the limitations to the use of manure as an organic fertilizer were inadequate manure production, high labour cost, bulkiness and high cost of transport to the fields and weed infestation. Manure management systems in the study area were affected by livestock husbandry practices. Only crossbred cattle (5%) were zero-grazed and used; and manure was stored in pits as slurry. Indigenous cattle were grazed outdoors in the fields during the day and at night they were kept in kraals near homesteads. There was a substantial loss of nutrients during the day when animals were grazing in the fields through leaching and trampling of dung and urine patches. Indoor or zero grazing of livestock could reduce nutrient losses.
The use of manure as fuel in the study area had no significant effect on CO2 emissions at household or local level, but had a negative impact on soil organic carbon storage and soil fertility. Therefore, for improved yield and balanced eco-systems manure burning has to be replaced by other alternative energy sources such as bio-gas and kerosene. The largest carbon equivalent emissions were from CH4 (72.6%), N2O (24%) and CO2 (3.4%) which indicated the need to improve livestock and manure management systems under smallholder agriculture.
Overall, there was an indication of a decline in water resources on per capita basis. The major contributing factors were combined pressure of human and animal population on natural resources that led to excessive deforestation, loss of biological diversity, overgrazing, soil degradation and various forms of pollution and contamination. The global climate change also played a role in the decline in water resources due to the decrease in annual precipitation and increasing temperatures. Urbanization and economic growth increased the demand for milk and meat, which required additional water use for each unit of increased animal protein. The demand for milk and meat is expected to double in the next 20 years with an annual growth rate of between 2.5 to 4%.
From the sixty-year meteorological data (1951-2009) there was an established increase in rainfall by 2% per annum; and maximum and minimum temperature by 0.08oC per decade, which amounted to a cumulative temperature increase of 0.5oC in the last decade. The increase in precipitation and temperature favoured the adaption of lowland crops like maize and sorghum to highland agro-ecology. Climate prediction models forecasted that most of the highlands in Ethiopia will remain suitable for cereals like wheat and Teff for the next 50 to100 years. However, the perception of farmers indicated that they felt more heat and warm weather than they have experienced before. They reported that rainfall is now more erratic or comes late and stops earlier before plants completed their vegetative growth. / Environmental Sciences / D. Litt. et Phil. (Environmental Science)
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Poverty alleviation through community development : the case of PRO PRIDE-EthiopiaAtfaye, Haile 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Misunderstanding of poverty and lack of sound poverty alleviating strategy, among
others, are problems of some of the few NGOs existing in Ethiopia. There is a
problem of understanding their roles in relation to the State and other stakeholders.
The principles they apply in their intervention are other problems. These are the issues
that were researched in the PRO PRIDE case study.
The legitimacy of PRO PRIDE as a poverty-alleviating programme in view of global
and Ethiopian poverty and the consequent policy focuses is justified.
The principles of PRO PRIDE - community participation, gender equity, intersectoral
collaboration, appropriate technology, focus on prevention, participatory
management, cost effectiveness and sustainability of programmes - are sound
principles. Reviewing the practices of PRO PRIDE as guided by the aforementioned
principles it is understood that the community development principles - human
orientation, public participation, empowerment, ownership, release, social learning,
adaptiveness and simplicity - are commendably achieved.
PRO PRIDE well dealt with understanding poverty and its interwoven nature. Issues
such as the deprivation trap that the poor are entangled in; the general explanation of
poverty that are given by different authors; vicious cycles of poverty and social,
economic and political causes of poverty which are operating at local, national and
international levels; and the rural-urban dynamics that work in exacerbating the urban
poverty are covered in its socio-economic study. The study of the programme areas
shows that they depict a dismal picture as a result of the operation of these poverty
dynamics.
Regarding the integrated rural-urban poverty alleviation strategy, the State has made
favourable policies and itself dwelled on rural poverty due to lack of financial
capacity to cover both rural and urban areas. The State's rural focus is accepted to
impact on the urban poverty through changing the migration pattern. PRO PRIDE is
operating in the urban setting to connect the nexus - the rural-urban strategy. PRO
PRIDE is operating with an integrated urban development strategy encompassing
income generation, basic education, primary health care, HIV IAIDS prevention and
control and environmental sanitation. Through integrating these areas of intervention
PRO PRIDE is improving the quality of life, promoting sustainable urban economic growth, creating income and employment generating opportunities, giving people
access to resources and opportunities, improving the distribution of income and
welfare, and applying sound developmental principles.
The functioning of PRO PRIDE is proven to be in a well compliance with the
requirement for organisations alike. It is functioning in collaboration and participation
with the popular sector - the people themselves and their community leaders. It
operates with the agreement of the State bodies such as FRDCB and with other line
bureaus such as Health, Education, Environmental Development, and Labour and
Social Affairs. It collaborates with donors the major being ActionAid - Ethiopia
(AAE). Internal components of PRO PRIDE such as the Board and the staff as well as
its organisational development influence its operation. All the programmes and the
projects are managed through PRO PRIDE's interaction with its internal and external
stakeho lders.
PRO PRIDE as an agent of development has played as a catalyst to initiate
development, focused on empowerment and using the people's latent potential,
materialised capacity building and facilitation. These are basically the requirements
that the current NGOs should fulfill, which PRO PRIDE commendably did.
The study has indicated that although PRO PRIDE is an organisation of overall
success, there are some areas of future focus both by the State and PRO PRIDE.
Recommendations are made as to what both parties should do in their future focuses. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanopvattings oor armoede en die gebrek aan gesonde strategieë vir die verligting
van armoede, onder andere, is swakhede van sommige van die paar bestaande NGO's
in Ethiopië. Verder ondervind hulle ook probleme om hulle rol met betrekking tot die
Staat en ander deelhouers te verstaan; ook die beginsels wat hulle by intervensie
beoefen, is problematies. Hierdie is die kwessies wat deur die PRO PRIDE
gevallestudie ondersoek word.
Die legitimiteit van PRO PRIDE as 'n armoede-verligtende program, gesien in die lig
van die globale en Ethiopiese armoede en die voortspruitende beleidsfokusse, word
geregverdig.
Die beginsels van PRO PRIDE - gemeenskapsdeelname, geslagsgelykheid,
intersektorale samewerking, geskikte tegnologie, fokus op voorkoming, deelnemende
bestuur, koste-effektiwiteit en die volhoubaarheid van programme - is gesonde
beginsels. Oorweging van die praktyke van PRO PRIDE aan die hand van
voorgenoemde beginsels toon dat die beginsels van gemeenskapsontwikkeling -
menslike oriëntasie, openbare deelname, bemagtiging, eienaarskap, bevryding, sosiale
leer, aanpasbaarheid en eenvoudigheid - noemenswaardig verwesenlik is.
PRO PRIDE het goed daarin geslaag om armoede en die verweefde aard daarvan te
verstaan. Kwessies soos die ontberingsvalstrik waarin die armes vasgevang is; die
algemene verklarings vir armoede deur verskillende skrywers; die bose kringloop van
armoede en die sosiale, ekonomiese en politieke oorsake van armoede, aangetref op
plaaslike, nasionale en internasionale vlakke; asook die landelik-stedelike dinamika
wat meewerk tot die verergering van stedelike armoede word gedek in die sosio-ekonomiese
studie. Die bestudering van die programareas verbeeld 'n droewige
prentjie te wyte aan die operering van hierdie armoede- dinamiek.
Betreffende die geïntegreerde landelik-stedelike armoede-verligtingstrategie, het die
Staat gunstige beleide gemaak en oorheersend gefokus op landelike armoede vanweë
'n gebrek aan finansiële kapasiteit vir die aanspreking van die probleem in beide
landelike en stedelike gebiede. Die Staat se landelike fokus is aanneemlik gevind vir
die impak wat dit op stedelike armoede kon hê deur verandering van die migrasiepatroon.
PRO PRIDE opereer vanuit 'n stedelike omgewing om die verbinding, landelik-stedelike strategie, te bewerkstellig. Dit opereer binne 'n geïntegreerde
stedelike ontwikkelingstrategie behelsende inkomstegenerering, basiese opvoeding,
primêre gesondheidsorg, VIGS-voorkoming en -beheer, asook omgewingsanitasie.
Deur integrering van hierdie tussenkomsgebiede verbeter PRO PRIDE
lewenskwaliteit, bevorder dit volhoubare stedelike ekonomiese groei, genereer dit
inkomste- en indiensnemingsgeleenthede, maak dit hulpbronne en geleenthede
toeganklik vir mense, verbeter dit die distribusie van inkomste en welvaart en pas dit
gesonde ontwikkelingsbeginsels toe.
Die funksionering van PRO PRIDE is bewys te voldoen aan die vereistes gestel vir
ooreenstemmende organisasies. Dit funksioneer met die samewerking en deelname
van die volksektor - die mense en hulle gemeenskapsleiers. Dit opereer met die
instemming van Staatsorgane soos FRDCB en ander lynstaatsinstansies soos dié van
Gesondheid, Opvoeding, Omgewingsontwikkeling en Arbeid en Sosiale
Aangeleenthede. PRO PRIDE werk ook saam met donateurs van wie die vernaamste
ActionAid-Ethiopië (AAE) is. Interne komponente soos die Raad en personeel, asook
die organisatoriese ontwikkeling van PRO PRIDE beïnvloed die operering daarvan.
Alle programme en projekte word bestuur deur PRO PRIDE se interaksie met sy
interne en eksterne deelhouers. PRO PRIDE as 'n ontwikkelingsagent het as 'n
katalisator opgetree om ontwikkeling te inisieer, het gefokus op bemagtiging en
gebruik van die mense se latente potensiaal en het kapasiteitsbou en fasilitering
bewerkstellig. Hierdie basiese vereistes waaraan NGO's behoort te voldoen is
noemenswaardig deur PRO PRIDE gerealiseer.
Die studie het getoon dat hoewel PRO PRIDE in die geheel geslaag het as
organisasie, daar tog sommige gebiede is wat toekomstige aandag van beide die Staat
en PRO PRIDE verdien. Aanbevelings word gemaak oor wat beide partye in hul
toekomstige fokus behoort te onderneem.
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A model for teaching learning methods of geography in the Ethiopian colleges of teacher educationMohammed, Awol Ahmed 01 1900 (has links)
In this study the status of the active learning methods of teaching employed in Teachers‟ Training Colleges in Ethiopia was examined from the perspective of the trainee-teachers and their lecturers. Factors relating to active learning were discussed within the framework of the social-cognitive constructivists‟ theory, as learning (knowledge construction) requires the direct involvement of an individual, as well as interaction with the social environment. Three main groups of learning theories were investigated, namely the behavioural, the cognitive and the constructivist theories. The behavioural theories emphasise the transmission of information from the teacher to the learner, whereas the cognitive and constructivist theories emphasise the learners‟ construction of knowledge from their own experiences and their interaction with one another. The methods and strategies for teaching Geography in Ethiopian Teachers‟ Training Colleges were also discussed.
The empirical research investigated the perceptions of trainee-teacher and lecturers regarding active learning methods at their respective colleges, the current teaching-learning methods and strategies that the trainee-teachers employ, how they experience the current teaching methods and approaches and other related matters, such as class size and facilities, the integration of assessment with active learning, the teachers‟ attitudes towards active learning, whether or not the lecturers receive short-and long-term training on active learning, the support obtained from the managing body, and whether or not any guidelines existed. Interviews were conducted as embedded research that was intended to supplement the quantitative findings.
The results of the empirical investigation indicated a lack of systematic and appropriately organised active learning at college level. Some of the barriers that profoundly hindered the use of active learning pedagogies are the lecturers‟ tendency to maintain the traditional (lecture) method of teaching, insufficient pre-service and in-service training, the large class sizes, the lack of administrative support, the scarcity of resources/facilities, the lack of integration between assessment and active learning, and finally, the absence of guidelines.
Pertinent information was extracted from the relevant literature and the empirical study to develop a model to address the problem of active learning in Teachers‟ Training Colleges. Thus, a Model of Active Learning, which is relevant to the teaching of the learning of Geography at College level in the Ethiopian context, was developed. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)
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Guidelines for the prevention of the burden of hypertension among adults in Hawassa City administration of EthiopiaTsegab Paulose Helelo 12 1900 (has links)
PURPOSE: The main aim of this study was to develop guidelines for prevention of hypertension among adults in Hawassa City, Ethiopia.
METHOD: The study used mixed methods approach. In Phase 1, a quantitative community-based comparative cross-sectional survey was used to establish the burden of hypertension and its determinant factors in the urban and peri-urban areas. The survey was meant to describe adult’s knowledge and attitudes regarding hypertension risky behaviour and its prevention. Secondly, in the qualitative phase, focus group discussion (FGD) among health care providers of selected sub-cities of the first phase of the study was conducted to explore their perspectives towards efforts exerted for the prevention of hypertension. Thirdly, based on the findings of the two phases of the study, review of literatures, the researcher’s insights and exploring expertise opinion using a Delphi technique, a guideline for hypertension prevention among adults was developed.
RESULTS: The overall prevalence of hypertension was 21.2%, higher in the urban setting (24.5%) than the peri-urban (14.7%) (x2=7.81 and p-value 0.003). Fifty-five (55) of the hypertensive participants were newly screened. In the urban setting age, wealth, use of top added salt on plate, mode of transport, family history of hypertension, ever-told have diabetes and body mass index were significantly association with hypertension. In the peri-urban setting age, sex, vegetable eating habit, performing physical fitness activities and family history of hypertension showed significantly association with hypertension.
Regarding knowledge of hypertension risky behaviour and prevention, 46.1% (n=282) of the respondents were with “low”, 37.6% (n=230) with “medium” and 16.3% (n=100) with “high” level of knowledge on hypertension risky behaviour and prevention.
The majority of respondents demonstrated positive attitude toward perceived susceptibility and perceived severity whereas the minority had poor attitude toward their perceived benefit of applying hypertension prevention. In the qualitative study, four themes and 12 sub-themes emerged, which explored health care providers’ perspectives regarding efforts exerted for the prevention of hypertension
In conclusion prevalence of hypertension is high and has become a public health problem but activities done on the prevention are minimal. Guidelines developed from this research, if utilised, will assist in lessening the burden of hypertension in Ethiopia among adults. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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