Zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus wurden im Rahmen der „T4“-Aktion sowie der anschließend stattfindenden dezentralen Krankenmorde hunderttausende psychisch kranke und behinderte Menschen getötet. Auch Patientinnen und Patienten der Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Lohr am Main wurden nach vorherigen Selektionen in Tötungsanstalten deportiert und dort ermordet. Der Einfluss der Pflegenden auf die ärztliche Dokumentation, welche einen relevanten Einfluss auf die Auswahl der getöteten Menschen hatte, war erheblich. Die Studie befasst sich unter anderem mit dem Psychiatriealltag in der Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Lohr am Main zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, den Lebens- und Arbeitsbedingungen der Kranken sowie des Personals, den therapeutischen Ansätzen mit dem Schwerpunkt Arbeitstherapie, der Analyse von Einzelschicksalen der psychisch kranken Bewohnerinnen und Bewohner, der Vergabehäufigkeit der todbringenden Diagnose „Schizophrenie“ nach den Deportationen 1940 sowie der Vermutung, dass auch in Lohr am Main nach der Beendigung der „T4“-Aktion dezentrale Krankenmorde stattfanden. / During the National Socialist era, hundreds of thousands of mentally ill and disabled people were murdered within the scope of the so-called “T4”-Aktion as well as the subsequent decentralized murders of the sick. Patients of the mental institution Lohr am Main were also deported to killing centers and murdered there after previous selection. The influence of the caregivers on the medical documentation, which had a relevant influence on the selection of the murdered people, was significant. Among other things, this study deals with the daily psychiatric routine in the mental institution Lohr am Main during the time of National Socialism, the living and working conditions of the sick as well as of the staff, the therapeutic approach with the emphasis on occupational therapy, the analysis of individual fates of the mentally ill patients, the frequency of the lethal diagnosis “schizophrenia” after the deportations of 1940, as well as the assumption that decentralized murders of the sick also took place in Lohr am Main after the termination of the “T4”-Aktion.

Thèse de doctorat : Droit privé : Artois : 2007. / Notes bibliogr. Bibliogr. p. 706-848. Index.

Résumé Euthanasia is and always will be a hot topic of very heated debate among both non specialists and experts. The purpose of my thesis is to provide the reader with information about euthanasia and a list of rules dealing with the issue of euthanasia in selected countries. The introduction outlines the problems of euthanasia. The second chapter is devoted to clarifying the content of the notion of euthanasia, which comes from the Greek word for the phrase, "eu" meaning good and "thanatos" meaning death, a "good death", sometimes we can also meet the looser translation of euthanasia as a beautiful death. The content of the notion of euthanasia in the course of history changed. Today we see euthanasia as an act which one person intentionally ends the life of another person's own request with the intent to end her suffering. In the chapter are identified and defined forms of euthanasia, especially active and passive. The third chapter deals with the European Union's attitude to euthanasia. No law of the European Union explicitly addressed the euthanasia. Health policy in principle falls within the competence of national governments. And every Member State has its own position on the issue of euthanasia. In this chapter, I mention the idea and recommendations of the Council of Europe, though it isn't the...

Zugl.: Würzburg, Univ., Diss., 2006

Euthanasia represents one of the most controversial topics around the world. As I mentioned in the first chapter there is no worldwide consistency whether to accept the idea of legalization Active Voluntary Euthanasia ("AVE") or not. The goal of this diploma thesis is not to persuade anybody. In approximately 60 pages of the text I am providing readers with some essential information about euthanasia in the Czech Republic. I am also trying to compare the foreign legal regulation of euthanasia and assisted suicide but theoretical ideas as well. The first chapter is mainly trying to capture the reader's focus and setting the theme of my diploma thesis. The second chapter of my thesis is called ,,The Term Euthanasia". This chapter provides readers with several definitions of euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide ("PAS") as well as some historic data. The act of euthanasia has its origin in Greek. First word euthanasia is mentioned in old Greek literature. The term euthanasia is composed from two Greek words. Eu which means good or normal and Thanatos which means death. The word euthanasia can be literally translated as a "good death". It should be mentioned that during the centuries the meaning of euthanasia has changed. Today's understanding of euthanasia is ending ones life in order to relieve...

Le travail s'effectue sur six roman gabonais : "Parole de vivant" de Moussirou-Mouyama, "Histoire d'Awu" de Justine Mintsa, "Les Matitis" de Freddy Ndong Mbeng, "Au bout du silence" de Laurent Owondo, "La courbe du soleil" de Maurice Okoumba-Nkoghé, et "Fureurs et cris de femmes" d'Angèle Rawiri. La subjectivité se comprend dans un double sens : elle signifie que l'individu est sujet de l'action au sens grammatical du terme, et qu'il est en outre l'objet de cette action. Organisée en deux parties, la thèse étudie le déploiement de la subjectivité en tant que modèle romanesque et modèle anthropologique. En ce sens, la première partie s'applique à relever le fonctionnement autotélique du roman. La subjectivité romanesque s'exprime à travers la littérarité de chaque texte en se distinguant d'une tradition normative que semble exemplifier le roman. Les singularités langagières, la redistribution des valeurs à travers la persistance de thématiques qui ouvrent de nouveaux horizons de sens. Mais malgré leurs singularités, les romans gabonais se signalent d'abord par une "poétique du cliché" qui, non seulement reprend les thématiques traditionnelles, mais adopte aussi une écriture ayant un fort ancrage anthropologique. Sous cette double critique, la critique universitaire gabonaise s'est appesantie à démontrer d'abord l'absence de préoccupation stylistique puis un certain "minimalisme de la pensée". A la faveur d'une querelle portant sur "l'existence de la littérature gabonaise", cette dernière semble affirmer son hégémonie sur tous les autres genres. Deux régimes poétiques semblent s'opposer clairement : un régime de proximité anthropologique et un régime de distanciation maximal. Les romanciers semblent conduits par un impératif social où l'oeuvre signifie au premier degré. A l'opposé, la critique attend de l'oeuvre littéraire qu'elle déjoue les logiques narratives et sociales traditionnelles pour se hisser à un niveau critique conséquent. La controverse a toutefois permis au genre romanesque d'affirmer son hégémonie dans l'espace littéraire gabonais. La seconde partie aborde la question de la subjectivité au double plan éthique et politique. Les sociétés africaines, et la société gabonaise en particulier, ont vu s'étaler l'organisation sociale sous le primat de la collectivité. L'holisme communautaire vient signifier que les individus trouve leur sens à l'intérieur d'une totalité qui les transcende par ses normes. Celles-ci ont cours à travers les traditions, les mentalités, les rites et coutumes qui ont façonné des manières d'être et du vivre ensemble. Les changements structurels qui opèrent depuis l'envolée du capitalisme font apparaître chez les individus un "souci de soi" dont la priorité n'est plus la stabilité absolue de la collectivité. En effet, l'individu se signale comme sujet et laisse s'épanouir ses désirs et ses voeux. Toutefois, au risque de sevoir marginaliser, l'anticonformisme du sujet s'accomode encore avec une réappropriation de la raison objective qui permet de concilier les écarts du sujet et l'impératif communautaire. A travers l'étude des personnages, il apparaît que les tentatives du sujet n'ont pas touché à "l'ivresse de soi". L'expression de la subjectivité y est donc bien observable, allant jusqu'à des écarts sexuels. Même sur le plan politique, le sujet revendique de plus en plus d'espaces de liberté. Aussi renverse-t-il les pouvoirs qui méprisent le bien commun et la dignité d'Autrui. La subjectivité imprime ainsi sa volonté dans les relations intimes, dans l'espace social. Elle laisse entrevoir de la sorte une nouvelle "ère de l'individu" / The work is based on six Gabonese novels : "Parole de vivant" by Moussirou-Mouyama, "Histoire d'Awu" by Justine Mintsa, "Les Matitis" by Freddy Ndong Mbeng, "Au bout du silence" by Laurent Owondo, "La courbe du soleil" by Maurice Okoumba-Nkoghé, et "Fureurs et cris de femmes" by Angèle Rawiri. Subjectivity in this work means that not only the individual is subject, thus performs an action as shown in grammar but also that he is the object of the performed action too. The thesis deals with the analyses of the deployment of subjectivity as a fictional and anthropological pattern. It is split into two parts. The first part strives to point out the autotelic functioning of the novel. The fictional subjectivity is read through the literary feature of each text by distinguishing itself from a normative tradition that the novel seems to represent. The linguistic peculiarities, the redistribution of values through the persistence of themes which open up new horizons of sense. But in spite of their peculiarities, Gabonese novels distinguish themselves by a "poetic of cliché" which adopt not only the traditional themes but also a writing which is deeply rooted anthropologically. Through this double criticism, the Gabonese university criticism dwelt to demonstrate at first the absence of stylistic preoccupation then a certain "minimalism of the throught". On the debate on "the existence of the Gabonese literature", one retains that the Gabonese literature seems to assert her hegemony over all other genres. Two poetic regimes seem to oppose clearly : a regime of anthropological closeness and a regime of maximal distanciation. The novelists seem to be driven by a social obligation in which the novel must be read in its surface meaning. In contrast, the criticism expects from the literary work that it thwarts the traditional narrative and social logic to raise itself on a consequent critical level. The controversy however allowed the novel to assert its hegemony in the Gabonese literary space. The second part approaches the issue of subjectivity through the double ethical and political plan.Among African communities, and the Gabonese ones in particular, the social organization spreads out under the primacy of the community. The community holism means that the individuals find their essence inside a totality which transcends them by its standards. These standards are present in traditions, mentalities, rites and customs which shaped ways of being and living together. The structural changes which take place since the rise of capitalism create a "self concern" among the individuals whose priority is no longer the stability of the community by any means. Indeed, the individual distinguishes himself as subject and lets bloom his desires and his whishes. However, at the risk of being marginalized, the non-conformism of the subject still adapts with a re-appropriation of the objective reason which allows to reconcile the distances from the subject and the community obligations. Through the study of the characters, it seems that the attempts of the subject did not reach "the fullness of oneself". The expression of subjectivity is therein very welle noticeable, goingso far as to sexual infringement. Even on the political plan the subject claims for more and more spaces of freedom. Thus, he knocks down the powers which disdain the common property and the dignity of the others. Subjectivity therefore prints its will in the private relations and in the social space. So, it helps glimpse a new "era of the individual".

Euthanasia was and still is one of the most controversial topics. It is a complex problem that involves religious, moral, medical and legal aspects. My thesis is focused on euthanasia in relation to the law. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the issue of euthanasia from the perspective of legislation in the Czech Republic. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter contains introduction to the topic of euthanasia. The second chapter is devoted to the definition of term euthanasia. Euthanasia is a word of Greek origin ("eu"- good and "thanatos"- death). Its meaning is good, beautiful or merciful death. Nowadays the term is used in the sense of intentionally termination of life on request to relieve pain and suffering. This chapter also includes the definition of forms of euthanasia. The third chapter is focused on euthanasia in the sense of killing on request. In this meaning, euthanasia has never been explicitly regulated in the Czech Republic. But it does not mean that the issue of legislation of euthanasia is not actual. This chapter is subdivided into the three parts. The first part is about history of legislation of euthanasia. The second part is concentrated on legal classification of euthanasia according to the Czech Penal Code. The last part contains the ideas de lege ferenda....

The aim of this Master's degree thesis is an overall assessment of the issue of euthanasia and a consideration of its possible legal regulation. In order to accomplish this aim it was necessary to carry out an analysis of foreign legislations of euthanasia. Furthermore, I have dealt in this thesis with the current status of euthanasia under the legal order of the Czech Republic with primary emphasis on criminal law. This thesis consists in total of four chapters. Chapter One deals with the most general matters of euthanasia, in particular with the matter of the term itself, usually determined forms and historical developments of attitudes towards euthanasia. Chapter Two compares foreign legislations of euthanasia and their impact on practice. Chapter Three clarifies the status of euthanasia in respect of the Czech legal order, in particular from the perspective of criminal law, in respect of recent legislative efforts for its legal regulation and considerations of possible future legal development. The last chapter deals with fundamental arguments of supporters and dissenters of euthanasia and provides its summarizing assessment. The conclusion, which I have reached while working on this thesis, is kind of a compromise. I suppose that legalization of euthanasia does not stand for a right direction,...

Consiste o trabalho em tela na proposição de um estudo da eutanásia em seus variados aspectos, que se refletem em amplos e distintos setores do conhecimento humano, sejam eles filosóficos, religiosos, históricos, culturais, sociológicos, políticos e, particularmente, jurídicos. O estudo é iniciado com a noção geral sobre o tema eutanásico, procurando-se apresentar definições trazidas por autores dos mais diferentes matizes, na busca de uma definição que permita à norma legal amoldar-se ao conceito extraído, sob as garantias constitucionais - individuais e sociais - pertinentes. Segue-se a apreciação histórica da noção de morte, sua relação com a moral e a ética, a religião, a sociologia e o direito, assim como a idéia da morte piedosa no transcorrer do ordenamento jurídico pátrio. Também são abordadas as noções do direito à vida, do direito sobre a vida, do direito à morte e do direito de morrer dignamente, além dos princípios da dignidade da pessoa humana, da intimidade e da autonomia da vontade. Apresenta-se, ademais, uma classificação eutanásica essencial, mencionando-se algumas figuras que indevidamente se apropriam do termo, assim como é dispensada particular atenção aos critérios do estado terminal, da doença incurável e da dor intolerável. De igual modo são tratados os institutos da ortotanásia e da distanásia, e a relação da eutanásia com o suicídio assistido, o aborto, a manipulação de embriões e o momento (legal) da morte. Releva anotar, outrossim, a análise da relevância do consentimento do interessado, os diferentes entendimentos acerca dos aspectos jurídicos da eutanásia, de sua relação com o balanceamento de bens jurídicos tutelados e vulnerados, e dos fundamentos constitucionais para a incriminação, mitigação especial de pena ou impunidade da conduta. Por fim, analisaram-se os projetos de lei pátrios e a legislação estrangeira sobre o tema, sendo ainda discutidos alguns tipos penais a ele pertinentes e formulados, genericamente, novos tipos. / Le présent travail consiste en la proposition dune étude de leuthanasie dans sés divers aspects , lesquels apparaissent dans de vastes et distincts secteurs de la connaissance humaine, quils soient philosophiques, religieux, historiques, culturels, sociologiques, politiques et, en particulier, juridiques. Létude commence par la notion générale sur le thème de leuthanasie, cherche à présenter quelques définitions apportées par dês auteurs des plus différents courants , dans le but de trouver une définition permettant à que la norme légale sadapte au concept extrait, sous les garanties constitutionnelles - individuelles et sociales - pertinentes . Suit lappréciation historique de la notion de mort, sa relation avec la morale et léthique, la religion, la sociologie et le droit , ainsi que lidée de la mort par pitié dans le déroulement de lordre juridique. Sont aussi vues les notions du droi t à la vie, du droi t sur la vie, du droi t à la mort et du droi t de mourir dignement , en plus des principes de la dignité de la personne humaine, de lintimité et de lautonomie de la volonté. Cest présenté, dailleurs , un classement euthanasique essentiel, où on mentionne certaines figures qui sapproprient indûment du terme. Une attention importante est consacrée aux critères de létat terminal , de la maladie inguérissable et de la douleur intolérable. De même façon sont traités les instituts de lorthothanasie et ceux de la disthanasie, et la relation de leuthanasie avec le suicide assisté, lavortement, la manipulation dembryons et le moment (légal) de la mort. Il faut souligner, également , lanalyse de l importance du consentement de lintéressé, les différentes compréhension concernant les aspects juridiques de leuthanasie, de sa relation avec le balancement de biens juridiques sous tutelle et vulnérés , et des fondements constitutionnels pour lincrimination, mitigation spéciale de peine ou impunité de la conduite. Et finalement, ont été analysés les projets de loi nationaux et la législatíon étrangère sur le thème, ayant encore été discutés quelques types pénaux à lui pertinents et formulés, génériquement, de nouveaux types.

Bien que la technologie médicale a largement contribué à améliorer la qualité ainsi qu’à augmenter la longévité humaine, celle-ci est aussi responsable d’avoir créé de nouvelles responsabilités difficiles. En effet, il est maintenant de notre responsabilité d’un côté de choisir si on désire faire appel à la technologie afin de prolonger la vie et d’un autre côté choisir le moment quand celle-ci devrait être retirée et de « laisser mourir ». Quand est-il approprié de venir à cette conclusion? Comment y arrive-t-on? Nous proposons, à travers la description du processus décisionnel afin de retirer le ventilateur à titre de traitement pour laisser mourir un individu, d’explorer le rôle des différents acteurs impliqués. Ceci est accompli en suivant la perspective de la théorie des acteurs en réseau jumelé à la méthode de la réflexivité institutionnelle, expérientielle et des savoirs. Notre expérience comme thérapeute respiratoire a été centrale afin de décrire le réseau qui se forme lorsque le processus décisionnel afin de retirer le ventilateur pour laisser mourir quelqu’un se produit.