Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pre-textuais.pdf: 271506 bytes, checksum: 151cbaa7092273c39910646dcfaf0f39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-27 / Starting from a publicist conception of procedural law, which is considered to be an instrument for guaranteeing an effective jurisdictional tutelage, we cannot any longer admit the idea of a passive judge, a mere spectator of the activities on the side. In the current procedural conjuncture, we expect from the judge a proactive performance during the carrying out of the procedure, by studying the dogma of civil procedural law on the proactive probative practice of judges. The research begins with an analysis of the principal procedural systems by focusing on the practices of the judges during the procedures and examining also the fact-finding powers of the same judges during Brazilian civil procedures. It broaches the ground principies of the proactive probative practices of judges in civil proceedings. Some elementary notions on proof and the shedding of light on the distribution rules with regard to the burden of proof and its relation to the fact- finding powers of judges are also discussed. It analyses some classifications as shown by PhDs on the powers of judges when they are the State representative in the carrying out of judicial power. In this way, we understand that the fact-finding powers of judges in civil procedures must be very ample, and they must use ali their powers in the proactive performance in their search for the real truth. In the Brazilian legal system, the foundation for fact-finding powers of judges is in the CPC article number 130, moreover, other devices also give the judges specific fact-finding powers, however, constituting exclusive emphatic enumeration. Finally, we cannot forget that in arder to avoid abuse and trespassing by the judges, the judicial power itself foresaw limitations to the fact-finding activities by the magistrates, as they must observe the judicial principais in their carrying out of duties. In this way this dissertation sheds lights on the real proactive probative activity of judges, their ranges and limits. / Partindo-se de uma concepção publicista de processo, o qual é tido como instrumento para garantia da tutela jurisdicional efetiva, não mais se admite a idéia de um juiz passivo, mero espectador da atividade das partes. Na conjuntura processual atual, espera-se do juiz uma atuação proativa na condução do processo, pelo que se estuda a dogmática da legislação processual civil sobre a atividade probatória proativa do juiz. A pesquisa inicia-se pela análise dos principais sistemas processuais no enfoque da atividade do juiz no processo, examinado também a evolução dos poderes instrutórios do juiz no processo civil brasileiro. Aborda os fundamentos principiológicos da atividade probatória proativa do juiz no processo civil. Disserta algumas noções elementares sobre a prova, com destaque para as regras de distribuição do ônus da prova e sua relação com os poderes instrutórios do juiz. Analisa algumas classificações apresentadas por doutrinadores sobre os poderes que o juiz, uma vez que este é o representante do Estado no exercício da função jurisdicional. Dessa forma, entende-se que amplos devem ser os poderes instrutórios do juiz no processo civil e que deve ele se valer de todos os seus poderes, atuando proativamente na busca da verdade real. No ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, o alicerce dos poderes instrutórios do juiz é o art. 130 do CPC, mas, além desse, outros dispositivos também lhe conferem poderes instrutórios específicos, constituindo, no entanto, enumeração exclusivamente taxativa. Por fim, não se pode olvidar que, para evitar abusos e desmandos por parte dos juízes, o próprio ordenamento jurídico previu limites à atividade instrutória do magistrado, devendo o mesmo observar os princípios jurídicos em sua atuação. Dessa forma, a presente dissertação destaca a real atividade probatória proativa do juiz, seu alcance e seus limites.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Agnelo_Limeira.pdf: 1081852 bytes, checksum: d362eb99c004730969e61b39fb242c5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-22 / The thesis presented here is the result of an accurate reading on the institutes that now guide the contemporary Brazilian civil procedural law, based on the possibility of irreparable harm or difficult to repair allied to technical summary of cognition and cognition in a future depth of proof when the need arises the stronge raction of the judiciary . Here is also a demonstration that the emergency wards while they are being used more oftem today , existed inourland , whether in the civil procedure code 1939 , with the coercive actions , whether in the current code of civil procedure , such as the inhibitory guardianship , the guardianship of the specific obligations of doing and not doing as well as the extravagant legislation such as the warrant of preventive security , which demonstrates that our law enforcers , like lawyers , prosecutors , judges , have demonstrated a concern not only restore the heritage of those who were unfairly harmed , but to anticipate this event - the damage , so that even under jurisdiction arrives to suffer any injury , arming this jurisdictional out in search of a trust , an instrument of coercion prior / A dissertação ora apresntada é resultado de uma leitura apurada sobre os institutos que hoje norteiam o direito processual civil brasileiro contemporâneo , baseados na possibilidade de dano irreparável ou de difícil reparação aliados à técnica de cognição sumária e numa futura cognição aprofundada da prova, quando houver necessidade de uma ação mais enérgica do poder judiciário . Aqui também é feita uma demonstração que as tutelas de urgência embora estejam sendo mais utilizadas hoje , já existiam em nosso ordenamento , seja no código de processo civil de 1939 , com as ações cominatórias, seja no código de processo civil atual , como por exemplo , da tutela inibitória , a tutela específica das obrigações de fazer e de não fazer, bem como na legislação extravagan e como é o caso do mandado de segurança preventivo, o que demonstra que os nossos aplicadores do direito , sejam advogados, procuradores, juízes, têm demonstrado uma preocupação em não só recompor o patrimônio de quem foi injustamente lesado , mas antecipar-se a esse evento o dano, para que o jurisdicionado sequer chegue a sofrer qualquer prejuízo , munindo este jurisdicionado que sai em busca de uma tutela , de um instrumento de coerção prévio

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The purpose of the research was to establish action steps than can assist the criminal investigator in the processing of information into evidence for prosecution purposes, by focusing on the basic principles of criminal investigation from where information sources could be utilised to their full potential in the search for the truth. The researcher evaluated the current methods that investigators within the SAPS use and read extensively on the topic in international literature sources. The research used an empirical research design because of the limited information available, and a qualitative research approach which enabled real-life observations. Simple random sampling was used to interview 30 experienced investigators each with more than five years experience and purposive sampling was used to identify five expert respondents who had more than 30 years' investigation experience. Data was obtained from their real-life experiences and data was further collected through case studies of case dockets. / Criminology / M.Tech. (Forensic investigation)

Die ekstrinsieke getuienis-reël word in die algemeen beskou as een van die mees problematiese areas van die Suid-Afrikaanse bewysreg. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Regskommissie het dan ook redelik onlangs ondersoek ingestel na die wenslikheid van die behoud of afskaffing van die reël. Ondersoek word ingestel na die ware aard van die ekstrinsieke getuienis-reël en of die reël op ’n korrekte wyse in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg ingevoer is. ’n Deeglike kritiese ontleding word verder gedoen van die twee komponente waaruit die ekstrinsieke getuienis-reël bestaan, naamlik die integrasiereël en die interpretasiereël, met behoorlike verwysing na relevante regspraak en die standpunte van akademiese skrywers op hierdie gebied. Kritiese ondersoek word verder ingestel na die verslag en aanbevelings van die Suid-Afrikaanse Regskommissie ten aansien van die ekstrinsieke getuienis-reël. Die impak van die 1996 Grondwet, asook die moderne ontwikkeling van die rekenaar en elektroniese dokumente op die ekstrinsiekegetuienis-reël word ook kortliks ondersoek. Daar word verder grondig ondersoek ingestel na die ekstrinsieke getuienis-reël in ’n regsvergelykende perspektief met spesifieke verwysing na die Engelse, Amerikaanse, Kanadese, Nederlandse, Duitse, Franse en Switserse reg, asook die moontlike waarde wat sodanige benaderings kan toevoeg tot die reël in ’n Suid-afrikaanse konteks. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe gekom word in hierdie proefskrif is dat die ekstrinsieke getuienis-reël aansienlik gemodifiseer moet word in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg deur middel van die promulgering van spesifieke wetgewing op hierdie gebied. Die essensie van hierdie wetgewing moet daaruit bestaan dat alle relevante ekstrinsieke getuienis toegelaat behoort te word ten einde die ware bedoeling van die kontrakspartye vas te stel, behalwe waar dit blyk dat hulle ooreengekom het om hulle algehele ooreenkoms in die skriftelike kontrak te integreer. Daar behoort egter terselftertyd ’n aansienlike bewyswaarde aan die skriftelike dokument, asook die terme daarin vervat, geheg te word ten einde die onskendbaarheid van die skriftelike dokument te preserveer. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.D.

Text in Afrikaans / "Free people expect much from their police. In such societies the police stand at the point of balance on the one hand securing human rights on the other exercising their lawful powers given to them by Governments in the name of the people, to protect people and their institutions" (J Alderson Human Rights and Police Rights. Publication of the Council of Europe.) This is no small expectation. It means that the police are expected to maintain and secure the principles of democracy and human rights, the principles upon which our Constitution is based. At the same time it is the duty of a police service to maintain law and order which sometimes require the exercise of power and the use of force which on the face of it may appear to violate human dignity and certain rights and freedoms which a police force is expected to maintain in a democratic society. The manner of exercising that power has an impact on the credibility and effectiveness of the police. Human rights law internationally accepts that a police service needs to be given the power to, at times restrict certain individual freedoms in the interests of the security of the community at large. These restrictions may take place only in a constitutional way. If it takes place in an unconstitutional way the courts must have the right to exclude evidence which is unconstitutionally obtained. At this stage the courts have to formulate such a qualified exclusionary rule, but the ultimate goal must be to include such an exclusionary rule in a future Constitution. / Department of Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Text in Afrikaans / In the past, witness statements obtained by or on behalf of a party to a criminal case were protected, from disclosure to the opponent, by privilege. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate whether such claims to privilege are justified and whether openness before and during the trial is not perhaps more important to the interests of justice. The disclosure of witness statements to the defence is a commonly recognized practice all over the world. This practice enhances openness before and during the criminal trial. The arguments against and in favor of such a practice are many, but investigation into these has shown that it is in the interests of justice to disclose such statements to the defence, rather than to deny access. Furthermore, the writer investigates whether it would be in the interests of justice to compel the defence to assist the court in determining the truth. / In die verlede is getuieverklarings wat deur of ten behoewe van 'n party tot 'n strafsaak bekom is deur privilegie beskerm, teen openbaarmaking aan die teenstander. Verskeie argumente is aangevoer om die beroep op getuieverklaring privilegie te regverdig. Die doel van hierdie verhandeling is om ondersoek in te stel of sulke aansprake geregverdig is en of openheid voor en gedurende die verhoor nie meer belangrik vir die belang van geregtigheid is nie. Die openbaarmaking van getuieverklarings aan die verdediging is 'n algemeen erkende praktyk regoor die wereld. Hierdie praktyk bevorder openheid voor en tydens die strafverhoor. Die argumente vir en teen so 'n praktyk is baie en 'n ondersoek daarvan dui daarop dat dit in die belang van geregtigheid is om sulke verklarings aan die verdediging te openbaar, eerder as om toegang daartoe te weier. Die vraag is nou of dit nie ook in die belang van geregtigheid is dat die verdediging verplig word om die hof by te staan om die waarheid vas te stel nie. Ten slotte het die skrywer aan die hand gedoen dat partye tot 'n straf saak getuieverklarings gelyktydig voor die verhoor uitruil en ondersoek ingestel of so 'n praktyk in ooreenstemming met die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika 108 van 1996 kan wees. / Law / LL.M.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie proefskrif word daar gekonsentreer op die bewyslas in die nywerheidshof omdat die nywerheidshof se benadering met betrekking tot die bewyslas verskil van geval tot gevaL afhangende van die aard van die regshulp waarvoor die party je die nywerheidshof nader. In die tweede plek volg 'n bespreking van hoe en deur wie die voorlegging van getuienis aan die nywerheidshof mag geskied, hetsy by wyse van dokumente of getuies en daarbenewens oak 'n bespreking van watter soort getuienis aan die nywerheidshof voorgele mag word met spesifieke verwysing na inter alia, klankopnames, videobande en die resultate van leuenverklikkertoetse. / In this thesis there will be concentrated on the burden of proof in the industrial court because the industrial court's approach in regard to the burden of proof differs from case to case, depending on the nature of the legal aid for which the party /ies approaches the industrial court. In the second place a discussion will follow of how and by whom the presenting of evidence can be done, whether by documents or by witnesses, and in addition thereto also a discussion on which sort of evidence can be presented to the industrial court with specific reference to, inter alia, taperecordings, video tapes and the results of lie-detector tests. / Private Law / LL.M. (Handelsreg)

The aim of this research is to investigate how handwriting as an individualisation technique in fraud investigation can be used by police detectives, SARS investigators and forensic investigation specialists, who are responsible for the investigation and linking the perpetrator, with a view to criminal prosecution. A further intent was to share and introduce a number of important concepts, namely: criminal investigation, identification, individualisation, fraud, evidence and handwriting. The research will explain the sophisticated investigation techniques used to obtain sufficient information to prove the true facts in a court of law. Identification is the collective aspect of the set of characteristics by which an object is definitively recognisable or known, while the individual characteristics establish the individuality of a specific object. Many types of evidence may be used to link an individual with a crime scene, and associate that individual with the performed illegal handling. It also explained that during a cheque/document fraud investigation, it is in most cases the only link to information to trace, identify and individualise the perpetrator, and to obtain a handwriting specimen. It is also discussed how to eliminate a person being a writer of a document, and how to collect, package and mark a disputed document during the investigation. If the investigators use their knowledge of these concepts, it should enhance their investigative skills, and empower them to be become better equipped for the challenges they face in identifying, individualising and linking the perpetrators, in order to ensure successful prosecution and conviction. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

隨著社會變遷，近一二十年來，我國醫療糾紛有大幅增加之現象，而經由媒體的報導，醫療糾紛在我國亦經常成為眾所矚目、備受爭議的社會焦點。由於醫療行為所導致的損害，直接侵害病人之身體權、健康權、甚至生命權，對於病人及其家屬生活所造成之影響，難謂非為鉅大，故醫療糾紛之妥善處理，實係吾人從事醫療法律之研究者，應予正視並深入探討之議題。 我國醫療糾紛之處理，向以刑事訴訟為主要之救濟途徑，惟晚近醫界、法界均已達成共識，認為醫療糾紛應回歸至以民事程序為主之處理模式。惟吾人若欲藉由民事法律關係妥善處理醫療糾紛，則須注意醫療民事訴訟之特殊性，亦即，因醫病雙方專業知識上之落差，導致雙方在民事程序上處於武器不平等之地位。為衡平此一武器不平等，我國實務上部分法官在審理醫療民事訴訟時，曾打破傳統民事過失歸責原則，將消費者保護法無過失責任與民法第191條之3一般危險責任之規定適用於醫療行為，惟自民國93年醫療法第82條第2項修正之後，該法既規定「醫療機構及其醫事人員因執行業務致生損害於病人，以故意或過失為限，負損害賠償責任。」邇近之實務判決遂多採醫療行為過失責任之見解，也多排除民法第191條之3之適用。我國醫療訴訟醫病爭執之重點，乃於近年由實體法之無過失責任之採擇與否，轉換至程序法之舉證責任分配。 於醫療訴訟等現代型訴訟事件中，被害人時常發生舉證上之困難，倘若依照僵化固定的舉證責任分配規則，則不免有失公平正義。因此，舉證責任分配於醫療訴訟上應如何操作方屬適當，實為醫療民事訴訟中值得觀察的重點所在。基於上述之問題意識，本論文的研究架構共分為七章，其內容綱要如下： 第一章 緒論：闡釋說明研究動機，並指明目前民事醫療糾紛事件之問題重心在於「程序法」，特別係在「舉證責任之分配」。進而說明本論文之研究動機、研究目的、研究範圍與研究方法。 第二章 醫療糾紛之發生及其處理：本章由醫療糾紛之發生談起，進而說明醫療糾紛之法律關係，探討不同法領域下醫療提供者違反義務時之法律責任，包括民事責任、刑事責任及行政責任等，並論證醫療糾紛實應回歸至以民事程序為主之處理模式。最後，介紹醫療糾紛發生後，國內外現今法制上之醫療糾紛處理機制，並分析其優缺點。 第三章 醫療糾紛之民事法律關係與醫療民事訴訟之特殊性：本章聚焦於醫療糾紛之民事法律關係，探討醫療提供者之契約責任、醫療無因管理與醫療提供者之侵權責任等。同時，討論醫療民事訴訟之特殊性，分析醫療民事訴訟被害人舉證困難之原因，並分析加重醫療提供者民事責任之法理基礎、以及過度加重醫療提供者民事責任所可能導致之反效果。 第四章 民事訴訟舉證責任分配之學說：按我國關於民事舉證責任之立法明文，係規定於民事訴訟法第277條：「當事人主張有利於己之事實者，就其事實有舉證之責任。但法律別有規定，或依其情形顯失公平者，不在此限。」學者乃認為，在我國法制下，所謂舉證責任分配法則係一總體概念，而可區分為「舉證責任分配一般原則」與「舉證責任分配減輕」二者，而以前者為原則，後者為例外。本章即由舉證責任之基礎觀念出發，藉由介紹國內外之學說，而分別處理「舉證責任分配之一般原則」與「舉證責任分配之減輕」等概念。 第五章 醫療民事訴訟舉證責任分配規則之具體適用：本章集中討論醫療民事訴訟之舉證責任。本章前半段介紹醫療民事訴訟舉證責任分配之一般規則、以及比較法上(包括德國、美國與日本)醫療糾紛舉證責任減輕之具體規則，後半段則分析我國實務操作醫療糾紛舉證責任分配之問題。本文一共歸納出實務判決於適用舉證責任分配時共六個問題，並分別找出判決加以闡釋。於本章末，則提出將醫療糾紛類型化，應有助於解決我國實務之問題。 第六章 醫療糾紛之類型化與舉證責任分配體系之建構：本章先試從「法學思維」、「醫學思維」、以及「綜合醫學思維與法學思維」出發，分別建立三套操作模組，以將醫療糾紛類型化，並建構其各別之舉證責任分配體系。關於純粹由「法學思維」或「醫學思維」所建立之操作模組，本文將分析其操作上之侷限，而針對本文所建議「綜合醫學思維與法學思維」之操作模組，亦將於各醫療糾紛分類，舉實務案例諸例實際操作之，以驗證本文所建議操作流程之可行性。章末則另提出法院於適用舉證責任分配規則時，其他與客觀舉證責任分配無直接相關，但應予考量之事項，以助於更正確地適用舉證責任分配規則。 第七章 結論、建議與展望：綜合前開章節討論，針對醫療民事爭訟程序中之舉證責任分類體系與操作模式，做出總結。並提出其他相關建議，以終極落實醫療需求者憲法上基本權之保障。 / The number of malpractice claims filed in Taiwan against physicians has increased significantly in the recent decades. Medical malpractice litigations are characterized by a huge gap in medical knowledge between physicians and patients, leading to an unequal status between both parties in the trials. To ensure that the principle of equality of arms is upheld in civil procedures, the courts applied the strict liability embodied in Article 7 of the Consumer Protection Law and Article 191-3 of the Civil Code to malpractice cases. However, since the amendment and promulgation of Article 82 of the Medical Care Act, there has been a consensus that strict liability is no longer applicable in medical litigations, and negligence becomes an essential element for establishing the liability of medical practitioners. In addition to modifying liability rules, an alternative for achieving equality of arms is to relieve the plaintiffs from the burden of proof. However, the burden of proof should be adjusted with precaution, because an excessive shift might contribute to defensive medicine. Accordingly, this study aims to standardize the algorithm for allocating the burden of proof by classifying medical malpractice disputes. The thesis is composed of the following seven chapters: Chapter 1 Introduction: This chapter outlines the background of the present study, with a special emphasis on the pivotal role of the burden of proof in medical litigations. Also delineated in this chapter are the objectives and methodology of the present study. Chapter 2 The occurrence and resolution of medical malpractice disputes: In this chapter, the incidence of medical injury and medical malpractice is discussed first, followed by an analysis of the civil, criminal, and administrative liabilities of medical professionals. The plethora of resolutions for settling medical malpractice disputes are summarized at the end of the chapter. Chapter 3 Civil liabilities of medical malpractice and characteristics of medical litigations: This chapter focuses on the civil liabilities of medical malpractice, which arise from failure to undertake contractual duties or tort liabilities. The characteristics of medical litigations, such as the unequal status in arms between plaintiffs and defendants and the difficulties in concluding negligence or deciphering causation, are discussed in the second half of the chapter. Chapter 4 Theories and rules in allocating the burden of proof: The allocation of the burden of proof is determined according to Article 277 of the Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure: A party bears the burden of proof with regard to the facts which he/she alleges in his/her favor, except either where the law provides otherwise or where the circumstances render it manifestly unfair. Consequently, in principle, the burden of proof is allocated according to the “Normentheorie,” with specific rules applied to ease the plaintiff’s burden of proof under exceptional and unfair circumstances. Chapter 5 Rules for allocating the burden of proof in medical litigations: German, American, and Japanese rules for allocating or relieving plaintiffs from the burden of proof in medical litigations are introduced. The current problems in applying these rules to medical litigations in Taiwan are inspected. The solution to these problems relies on a precise classification of medical malpractice disputes. Chapter 6 Establishing the algorithm for allocating the burden of proof by classifying medical malpractice disputes: Three models for allocating the burden of proof are created on the basis of three classification systems: classification from a legal perspective, classification from a medical perspective, and classification from a combined medical-and-legal perspective. A comparison of these three models reveals that the last might be the best algorithm. Specific tips for an accurate application of this algorithm are also provided. Chapter 7 Conclusions: This chapter highlights the importance of an appropriate allocation of the burden of proof in medical litigations, as well as the algorithm for allocating the burden of proof established in the present study. Also included are suggestions on how to ameliorate Taiwan’s medical litigation system in the future.