TIMÓTEO, Lidianeiza de Moura. As manifestações epistêmicas e evidenciais como marcas de (des)comprometimento em artigos científicos. 2011. 142f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2011. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-18T16:37:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_lmtimoteo.pdf: 1748454 bytes, checksum: 66b5f1d9f0e8a7e7fd2f44582d92af4b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-18T16:44:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_lmtimoteo.pdf: 1748454 bytes, checksum: 66b5f1d9f0e8a7e7fd2f44582d92af4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-18T16:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_lmtimoteo.pdf: 1748454 bytes, checksum: 66b5f1d9f0e8a7e7fd2f44582d92af4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This study aims at analyzing evidentiality and epistemic modality and their relationship with the level of engagement of a scientific article writer and the stated content. To the description and analysis of the data it is used the functional perspective on language, in which the language is not understood as an independent object, but as a system under the pressure of communicative situations. Thus, this investigation focuses on the expressions in use, trying to understand the functioning of the language, since it is through the use that the expressions acquire meaning. In order to make this research possible the corpus used is constituted by 9 scientific articles taken from Linguistics annals published within the years of 2008 and 2009. We have chosen the analysis of evidentiality and epistemic modality as functional domains which mark the level of engagement of a scientific article writer since we have as a presupposition that in such case, we may find several registers of these categories used as detachment strategies, considering that the author of this type of writing leads towards objectiveness as stipulated by manuals of scientific methodology, getting detached from the content to preserve the work scientific style. 410 occurrences have been collected and analyzed concerning synthetic (means of expressions and position of evidential marks in the statement), semantic (type of domain and source of the evidential manifestation), and pragmatic (level of commitment of a scientific article writer with the stated content, and the presence of explicit marks of adhesion) aspects. The results proved that evidentiality and epistemic modality are used in scientific texts to promote an effect of medium engagement, revealing that the scientific discourse is marked by the use of expressions that mask the author’s subjectivity and highlight their partial engagement with the established truth. Concerning the means of expressions used, we observed that scientific article writers prefer the use of evidential and epistemic modal manifestations expressed through verbal items. Regarding the analyzed genre, it has been found more occurrences related to the reported evidentiality from a definite source, with interspersed marks between the source of information and the established content. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar as manifestações evidenciais e modais epistêmicas e sua relação com o grau de comprometimento do autor de artigos científicos com o conteúdo asseverado. Para a descrição e análise dos dados, adotamos a perspectiva funcionalista da linguagem. Nesta, a língua não é entendida como um objeto autônomo, mas como um sistema que sofre pressões da situação comunicativa. Dessa forma, a investigação realizada parte das expressões em uso, buscando entender o funcionamento da língua, pois é no uso que as expressões adquirem sentido. O corpus desta pesquisa é constituído por nove artigos científicos retirados de anais de encontros ocorridos na área de Linguística, no período de 2008 e 2009. Optamos pela análise da evidencialidade e da modalidade epistêmica como domínios funcionais marcadores do nível comprometimento do autor em artigos científicos por pressupormos que, em tal gênero, poderemos encontrar várias marcas dessas categorias utilizadas como estratégias de distanciamento, já que o autor desse tipo de texto busca maior objetividade, conforme prescrição dos manuais de metodologia científica, distanciando-se do conteúdo para garantir cientificidade ao seu trabalho. Coletamos 410 ocorrências que foram analisadas quanto aos aspectos sintáticos (meios de expressão e posição da marca evidencial no enunciado), semânticos (tipo de domínio e tipo de fonte da manifestação evidencial) e pragmáticos (grau de envolvimento do autor de artigos científicos com o conteúdo enunciado e presença de marcas explícitas de adesão). Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que a evidencialidade e a modalidade epistêmica são utilizadas em textos científicos para promover um efeito de médio comprometimento. Essa constatação revela que, o discurso científico é marcado pelo uso de expressões que “mascaram” a subjetividade do autor e evidenciam um comprometimento parcial dele com a verdade enunciada. Quanto aos meios de expressão utilizados, verificamos a preferência dos autores de artigos científicos pelo uso de manifestações evidenciais e modais epistêmicas expressas através de itens verbais. No gênero analisado, constatamos maior recorrência de evidencialidade reportada de fonte definida, com marca intercalada entre a fonte da informação e o conteúdo comunicado.

Submitted by Caroline Periotto (carol@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:26:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFPCL.pdf: 1521629 bytes, checksum: 32df91d88dd4de97bbbc3d65b365e51a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:48:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFPCL.pdf: 1521629 bytes, checksum: 32df91d88dd4de97bbbc3d65b365e51a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:48:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFPCL.pdf: 1521629 bytes, checksum: 32df91d88dd4de97bbbc3d65b365e51a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFPCL.pdf: 1521629 bytes, checksum: 32df91d88dd4de97bbbc3d65b365e51a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / In this research, we propose the study of a type of evidential marker not yet described in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), the conditional tense, which indicates how the speaker had access to the information conveyed in the statement, in other words, what is the source of the information. The “evidential conditional value” has been studied in several languages. In French, Dendale (2010) seeks to characterize it and considers it as an essentially evidential use. In European Portuguese (EP), Oliveira (2013) analyzes it as a way that allows speakers to establish a detachment from the propositional content of their statements. On the other hand, Squartini (2001) describes this use in Romance languages (European Portuguese, English, French, Spanish and Italian), considering it a grammatical phenomenon internal to the verbal system. Therefore, based on the functionalist theory, in this research it is intended to make a detailed description of this conditional use in real contexts of use in BP. Based on occurrences provided by a corpus of the journalistic domain, comprising editorials, news and opinion articles, we aim to describe the functioning of the “conditional evidential value”, looking to set the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of this use. With this characterization will be possible to verify if the conditional morpheme can be considered a way of grammatically marking evidentiality in BP, a process which happens in other languages. This description will enable, besides, the verification of the discursive function of this use in the journalistic genres that compose the corpus. It is expected that the results of this research provide a refinement of the evidentiality category in BP, providing, in addition, a contribution to those who work with the journalistic genre, since this use can be considered an important discursive strategy in this area. / Neste trabalho, propõe-se o estudo de um tipo de uso evidencial ainda não explorado no português do Brasil (PB), que se dá por meio do condicional, ou seja, a forma verbal futuro do pretérito, que indicará como o locutor teve acesso à informação transmitida no enunciado, ou seja, qual a fonte da informação. O chamado “condicional de valor evidencial” tem sido objeto de estudo em diversas línguas. Na língua francesa, Dendale (1993,2010) busca caracterizá-lo, considerando-o um uso essencialmente evidencial. No português europeu (PE), Oliveira (2013) busca analisá-lo como uma forma que permite ao locutor estabelecer um distanciamento em relação ao conteúdo proposicional de seus enunciados. Squartini (2001), por sua vez, faz uma descrição desse uso nas línguas românicas (português europeu, inglês, francês, espanhol e italiano), considerando-o como um fenômeno gramatical interno ao sistema verbal. Assim, baseando-se em pressupostos teóricos funcionalistas, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo fazer uma descrição detalhada desse uso do condicional em contextos reais de uso no PB. Com base nas ocorrências fornecidas por um corpus composto por gêneros do domínio jornalístico, editoriais, notícias e artigos de opinião, busca-se descrever o funcionamento do “condicional de valor evidencial”, de modo a definir suas características sintáticas, semânticas e pragmáticas. Com essa caracterização, será possível verificar se o morfema do condicional pode ser considerado como uma forma de se marcar gramaticalmente a evidencialidade no PB, assim como ocorre em outras línguas. A descrição possibilitará, além disso, a verificação da função discursiva desse uso nos gêneros jornalísticos que compõem o corpus. Espera-se que os resultados dessa pesquisa possibilitem um refinamento da categoria de evidencialidade no PB, fornecendo, além disso, uma contribuição àqueles que trabalham com o gênero jornalístico, uma vez que esse uso pode ser considerado como uma importante estratégia discursiva nesse meio.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O presente estudo investiga, sob a perspectiva funcionalista, a manifestaÃÃo da evidencialidade no portuguÃs escrito do sÃculo XX no contexto de gÃneros textuais. Tendo em vista o suporte teÃrico-metodolÃgico da GramÃtica Discursivo-Funcional (GDF - HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), analisamos a correlaÃÃo entre a expressÃo da evidencialidade e os condicionamentos cognitivos e discursivos originados nos agrupamentos dos gÃneros da ordem do narrar (GON), do relatar (GOR), do argumentar (GOA), do expor (GOE) e do prescrever (GOP). Para isso, utilizamos o COMTELPO (2006) - Corpus MÃnimo de Textos Escritos da LÃngua Portuguesa, de onde selecionamos 400 pÃginas escritas no sÃculo XX em Portugal e no Brasil. Com o auxÃlio do programa computacional SPSS, observamos que a evidencialidade Reportativa à mais utilizada nos GOR, nos GOE e nos GOA, assumindo efeitos reportativos distintos, a depender da capacidade de linguagem envolvida no agrupamento. A evidencialidade Inferida ocorre com maior frequÃncia nos GOA, sugerindo que essa estratÃgia evidencial à condicionada pela necessidade comunicativa de se chegar a conclusÃes a partir de premissas (dados). A evidencialidade Genericidadade à recorrente nos GOA e nos GOE, demonstrando que seu uso à motivado pelas aÃÃes de linguagem argumentativa e expositiva. A evidencialidade PercepÃÃo de Evento està relacionada à narraÃÃo, no mundo real (GOR) ou no mundo ficcional (GON), de fatos obtidos de forma direta. Os GOP sÃo os que menos favorecem a expressÃo da evidencialidade, apresentada, quase sempre, na forma Reportativa. No NÃvel RetÃrico-Textual, verificamos que a sequÃncia textual determina as escolhas realizadas no plano evidencial. A evidencialidade Reportativa predomina nas sequÃncias explicativa e narrativa. A evidencialidade Inferida e a Genericidade sÃo mais frequentes na sequÃncia argumentativa. A PercepÃÃo de Evento ocorre com maior frequÃncia na sequÃncia narrativa. Nas sequÃncias dialogal e descritiva, predomina a evidencialidade Reportativa. No NÃvel Interpessoal, as unidades evidenciais exercem funÃÃes ligadas Ãs motivaÃÃes pragmÃticas inerentes aos agrupamentos de gÃneros. A funÃÃo retÃrico-textual, relacionada à construÃÃo organizacional do texto, à mais frequente nos GON, manifestando-se na forma Reportativa e PercepÃÃo de Evento. A funÃÃo pragmÃtica, ligada Ãs necessidades argumentativas do Falante, predomina nos GOA e nos GOR, expressando-se por marcas Inferidas e Reportativas. A funÃÃo informacional, que diz respeito ao conhecimento de mundo do Falante, à mais recorrente nos GOE e nos GOP, exteriorizando-se como uma unidade Reportativa ou Genericidade. No NÃvel Representacional, os dados demonstram que, na maioria dos casos, o Falante, ao apresentar a fonte da informaÃÃo, designa, tambÃm, o modo de obtenÃÃo dessa informaÃÃo. No NÃvel MorfossintÃtico, a ExpressÃo LinguÃstica (composta por duas OraÃÃes) e o Sintagma Preposicional constituem os meios mais frequentes de manifestaÃÃo da evidencialidade. Por fim, os dados sugerem que entre as categorias cognitivo-pragmÃticas e a codificaÃÃo da evidencialidade hà um alinhamento, refletido na preferÃncia pela ordem direta do enunciado evidencial, representado, na maior parte das ocorrÃncias, por meio de uma ExpressÃo LinguÃstica construÃda pela fonte da informaÃÃo explicitada (lexical ou pronominal), por um verbo de elocuÃÃo de valor axiolÃgico nÃo marcado (marca Reportativa) e pelo conteÃdo asseverado na forma de discurso indireto. / The present study investigates, under the functionalist perspective, the manifestation of evidentiality in 20th century written Portuguese in the context of textual genres. Given the Functional Discourse Grammar theoretical-methodological support (FDG - HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), we analyzed the correlation between the expression of evidentiality and discursive and cognitive conditioning originated from the Narrative genres (NGs), Report genres (RGs), Argumentative genres (AGs), Expository genres (EGs) and Prescription Genres (PGs). For this, we used the Minimum Corpus of Written Texts in Portuguese (2006), in which we selected 400 pages written in the twentieth century in Portugal and Brazil. With the aid of SPSS computer program, we observed that the Report evidentiality is more used in the RGs, in the EGs and in the AGs, assuming different report effects, depending on the capacity of language involved in the group. The Inferred evidentiality occurs more frequently in the AGs, suggesting that this evidential strategy is conditioned by the communicative need to reach conclusions from premises (data). The Genericity evidentiality is recurrent in the AGs and in the EGs, demonstrating that its use is motivated by the actions of expository and argumentative language. The Event Perception evidentiality is related to narration, in the real world (RGs) or the fictional world (NGs), from the facts obtained directly. The PGs are the least favor the expression of evidentiality, presented almost always in the Report form. At a Rhetorical-textual level, we found that the textual sequence determines the choices made in the evidential plan. The Report evidentiality predominates in the explanatory and in the narrative sequences. The Inferred evidentiality and genericity are more frequent argumentative sequences. Perception Event occurs more often in narrative sequence. The Report evidentiality predominates in dialogical and descriptive sequences. At an Interpersonal level, the evidential units perform functions related to pragmatic motivations inherent to groupings of genres. The textual-rhetorical function, related to the organizational construction of the text, is more common in NGs, manifesting itself in the Report and Event Perception form. The pragmatic function, linked to argumentative needs of the speaker, predominates in the AGs and the RGs, expressing itself by Inferred and Report marks. The informational function, which relates to the knowledge of the speakerâs world, is more recurrent in the EGs and the PGs, externalizing as a Report or genericity unit. At a Representational Level, the data show that, in most cases, the speaker, while presenting the information source, means also for obtaining this information. At a Morphosyntactic Level, the Linguistic Expression (composed of two clauses) and the prepositional phrase are the most frequent manifestation of evidentiality. Finally, the data suggest that there is an alignment between the cognitive-pragmatic categories and evidentiality codification, reflected in the preference for direct order from the evidential statement, represented at the occurrences through a constructed Linguistic Expression by an explicit source of information (lexical or pronominal), by an unmarked axiological value verb (Report mark) and the content asserted in the form of indirect speech.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-14T20:05:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alicequeirozfrascarolli.pdf: 1257881 bytes, checksum: 958b79b9944c8f34e77d9111a523d6e7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-22T13:09:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alicequeirozfrascarolli.pdf: 1257881 bytes, checksum: 958b79b9944c8f34e77d9111a523d6e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-22T13:09:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alicequeirozfrascarolli.pdf: 1257881 bytes, checksum: 958b79b9944c8f34e77d9111a523d6e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem a finalidade de averiguar o processo de gramaticalização pelo qual os verbos achar e parecer passam no português falado, na comunidade de Conceição de Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais. Utilizaremos as propostas de Galvão (1999) e Gonçalves (2003) aplicadas às amostras de fala carioca. Galvão (1999) investigou a trajetória do verbo achar, que funciona como organizador de predicação (achar1), passa a funcionar como um verbo performativo-modalizador, marcador de apreciação (achar2) e como um verbo modalizador epistêmico que marca palpite (achar3) até funcionar de maneira semelhante a um advérbio, aparecendo fora da estrutura sentencial (achar4). Gonçalves (2003) analisou o verbo parecer, em que fica comprovado que parecer, que pertencia à categoria dos verbos organizadores de predicação (parecer1), passa a ter função de verbo suporte (parecer2) e a pertencer à classe dos verbos de atitude proposicional (parecer3), adquirindo até mesmo funções de satélite atitudinal, de caráter de um advérbio (parecer 4,5). Todo este processo de mudança ocorre de maneira gradual. A investigação mostra que os dados de fala mineira não apresentam todas as etapas encontradas na fala carioca. Para mostrar a gramaticalização dos verbos, submetemos as amostras às análises qualitativa e quantitativa (parte do programa GoldVarb) para garantir que as ocorrências sejam analisadas de forma coerente e sistemática. Os dados coletados em Conceição de Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, fazem parte do banco de dados de Resende (2006). / This paper had as its aims at verify the grammaticalization process which the verbs achar (to think) and parecer (to seem) go through in spoken Brazilian Portuguese in Conceição do Ibitipoca in the state of Minas Gerais. The proposals by Galvão (1999) and Gonçalves (2003) applied to the samples of spoken discourse of Rio de Janeiro city were used. Galvão (1999) investigated the path of the verb achar, which functions as a full-verb class (achar1), as a performative-modal verb, appreciation marker (achar2), and as an epistemic modal verb that marks a hunch (achar3), finally functioning similarly to an adverb, appearing outside the sentence structure (achar4). Gonçalves (2003) analyzed the verb parecer and proved that this verb, identified as a full-verb class (parecer1), becomes a support verb (parecer2), comes to belong to propositional attitude verbs class (parecer3), and claims the functions of attitudinal satellites, with adverbial characteristics (parecer 4,5). All this process of change occurs gradually. An investigation showed that data from the Minas Gerais spoken discourse do not present all the steps found in the Rio de Janeiro discourse. In order to show the grammaticalization of the verbs, we submitted the samples to qualitative and quantitative analyses (part of the GoldVarb program) to make sure that the occurrences were analyzed coherently and systematically. The data in Conceição do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, are part of Resende’s database (2006).

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-02-20T17:23:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mauritasartorigomesferreira.pdf: 971832 bytes, checksum: 44bcefca29f25f15df1dc2005ee8caf8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-20T19:50:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mauritasartorigomesferreira.pdf: 971832 bytes, checksum: 44bcefca29f25f15df1dc2005ee8caf8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T19:50:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mauritasartorigomesferreira.pdf: 971832 bytes, checksum: 44bcefca29f25f15df1dc2005ee8caf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar, caracterizar e analisar as estratégias de construção e negociação de evidencialidade utilizadas pelos participantes de audiências de conciliação do Procon e do Juizado Especial Cível de Juiz de Fora. Como referencial teórico-metodológico seguimos a tradição de pesquisa da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica e da Sociolingüística Interacional. Procuramos mostrar, nas três audiências analisadas – Saudeplan, Banco Sul e Banco Green – a forma através da qual reclamantes, reclamados e mediadores recorrem a estratégias interacionais para a atribuição de credibilidade e confiabilidade às suas falas, bem como a aceitação das evidências produzidas nas interações. Ao fim dessa análise, identificamos como principais estratégias evidenciais o uso do raciocínio lógico, através da construção se a, então b e do entimema; o uso de analogia; a prova documental, representada pelo contrato; o conhecimento de senso comum; o relatado ou dito; a identidade de expert e a lei. A análise evidenciou que, das sessenta e oito ocorrências de utilização de estratégias evidenciais, o raciocínio por silogismo foi a mais utilizada pelos participantes das audiências, num total de vinte e quatro vezes. As demais estratégias evidenciais mantiveram uma média entre nove a sete ocorrências. O estudo destaca, ainda, que as estratégias evidenciais foram utilizadas mais por reclamantes e reclamados do que pelos mediadores. / This study is aimed at identifying, characterizing and analyzing the strategies of construction and negotiation of evidentiality used by participants in conciliation hearings at Procon and at Juizado Especial Cível from Juiz de Fora. As a theoretic and methodological reference, we have followed the orientation of Ethnometodological Conversation Analysis and Interactional Sociolinguistics. We attempted to show in the three conciliation hearings analyzed – Saudeplan, Banco Sul e Banco Green – the way by which complainers, complainees and mediators employ interactional strategies in order to attribute credibility to their talk, as well as the accepting/rejection of the evidences produced during the interaction by the other participant. As results, we identified as main evidential strategies the use of logical thinking, by the construction if a, then b and the entimema; the use of analogy; the document as a proof, represented by the contract; the common sense knowledge; the constructed dialogue; the identity of expert and the law. The analysis showed that, from the sixty-eight occurrences of evidential strategies, the logical thinking was the most used, totalizing twenty four uses. The other strategies maintained na average of nine to seven occurrences. This study still shows that the evidential strategies were more used by complainers and complainees than by mediators.

L’étude du système verbal du tibétain littéraire présente un intérêt typologique à plus d’un titre. D’une part, elle permet d’observer l’évolution du système verbal, notamment les constructions avec un auxiliaire et les connecteurs verbaux, sur une période de plus de mille ans. Cette langue classique a l’avantage d’avoir quasiment préservé la même orthographe au cours de cette très longue période. J’ai choisi de me concentrer sur la période du quinzième siècle en choisissant pour corpus principal une œuvre très célèbre : la biographie de Milarépa. J’ai ensuite comparé le système verbal de cette période avec le tibétain littéraire contemporain. La principale raison qui a motivé cette étude, est l’émergence en tibétain moyen d’un système d’auxiliaires indiquant l’évidentialité, c'est-à-dire la grammaticalisation de la source épistémologique et de l’accès à l’information. Le tibétain est la seule langue littéraire d’Asie ayant une grande ancienneté qui ait développé un système verbal évidentiel complexe. Outre l’étude de la sémantique grammaticale, la deuxième motivation à l’origine de cette étude est la syntaxe des constructions avec un auxiliaire et des connecteurs du tibétain moyen et leur évolution en tibétain littéraire contemporain. Les données du tibétain littéraire et les analyses synchronique et diachronique sont susceptibles d’apporter une contribution à la typologie aussi bien en ce qui concerne l’évidentialité et les modalités épistémiques qu’en ce qui concerne la syntaxe des auxiliaires et des connecteurs. / The analysis of the literary Tibetan verb system is an object of typological interest for several reasons. Firstly, it allows us to look at the evolution of the verb system notably auxiliary verb constructions and clause linking during a period of more than a thousand years. Classical Tibetan has the advantage of having preserved almost the same orthography during this very long period of time. I decided to focus on the fifteenth century by selecting a well-known book as a main corpus: the Life of Milarepa. I then compared the verb system of this period with contemporary literary Tibetan. The main reason for this study is to better understand the emergence of an auxiliary verb system in middle Tibetan which marks evidentiality, that is to say the grammaticalization of the epistemological source and the access to information. Literary Tibetan is the only language in Asia with an ancient history which has developed a complex evidential verb system. Apart from the analysis of grammatical semantics, the second reason for this study is my interest in the syntax of auxiliary verb constructions and of clause linking in middle Tibetan and their evolution in contemporary Tibe! tan. My data on literary Tibetan and my synchronic and diachronic analysis may make a significant contribution to the typological studies of evidentiality and epistemic modality as well as of the syntax of auxiliary verb constructions and clause linking.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第20108号 / 文博第733号 / 新制||文||642(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)准教授 千田 俊太郎, 教授 吉田 和彦, 教授 吉田 豊, 教授 ｴﾘｯｸ･ﾏｸﾚﾃﾞｨ / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DFAM

Johanson (2003: 274) refers to the grammatical categories of evidentiality found in Turkiclanguages as indirectivity, characterised “by reference to its reception by a conscious subject”.The East Old Turkic post-terminal verbal item in -miš and copula particle in ermiš are theoldest known markers of indirectivity in Turkic and have been morphologically preserved inthe West Oghuz languages. However, the topic of indirectivity in Azeri seems to have beentouched upon very sparingly in previous empirical studies. For instance, there seem to be nostudies that acknowledge the discursive context in examining the marking of indirectivity inAzeri. This thesis adopts a qualitative, corpus-linguistic discourse-analytical perspective toanalyse the functions of the verbal inflectional suffixes {-mỊš}/{-(y)ỊB-DỊ(r)} and the copulaparticle {Ị-mỊš}, and their possible indirective uses or connotations, as well as other strategiesfor marking of indirectivity, in various discourse types in speech corpora from the Azerispeaking regions of Urmia, Ardabil, and Zanjan in Iran. The analysis illustrates how the givenmarkers acquire different functions in different discourse contexts and may be used tosignalise indirectivity in Azeri. It also shows how certain lexical expressions may be used toencode and strengthen indirective readings. As such, the results of this study can be useful asa point of departure for further research in the area.

En el presente estudio se ha analizado la frecuencia fundamental (F0) o pitch de parece mediante el programa PRAAT, en enunciados que difieren respecto al modo de acceso a la información (n=80), producidos por informantes chilenos entre 24-50 años. Para la primera fase del estudio, se elicitaron enunciados experimentalmente, mediante la creación de distintas situaciones, siendo todas las situaciones correspondientes a evidencialidad indirecta, ya sea referida (n=40) o inferida (n=40), respectivamente. Además, se aplicó un análisis de sistema ToBi para examinar la cadencia final de los enunciados. La segunda fase del estudio está compuesta por un experimento ABX de distinción y un experimento de identificación, donde se les solicitó a los participantes escuchar los enunciados suscitados en la primera fase y distinguir/identificar los distintos estímulos, pertenecientes a distinto modo de acceso a la información.  Los resultados indican que en el pitch de parece existe un promedio de diferencia de 1.967 semitonos (st) entre situaciones de referencia y situaciones de inferencia, siendo las situaciones referidas más prominentes, es decir, que mantienen un tono más elevado. En lo que respecta la cadencia final de los enunciados, se observó una mayoría considerable que es asertiva en inferencia, al ser comparada con situaciones referidas. Por consiguiente, es posible afirmar que en estos casos se distingue la evidencialidad mediante la prosodia. En la segunda fase del estudio se verificó una tasa de error de 23.2% en el experimento ABX de distinción y de 29.1% en el experimento de identificación, lo cual indica que los participantes son capaces de distinguir y categorizar distintos estímulos, así como también identificarlos sin etiqueta previa, en una tasa de error menor al 30% en ambos casos. / In the present study, the fundamental frequency (F0) or pitch of parecer ‘seem’ has been analysed through PRAAT, in statements that differ regarding the mode of access to the information (n=80), produced by Chilean informants between 24-50 years old. For the first phase of the study, statements were elicited experimentally, through the creation of different situations corresponding to indirect evidentiality, whether referred (n=40) or inferred (n=40), respectively. Additionally, a ToBi system analysis was applied to examine the final cadence of the utterances. The second phase of the study is composed of an ABX distinction experiment and an identification experiment, where the participants were asked to listen to the statements elicited in the first phase and distinguish/identify the different stimuli, belonging to different modes of access to the information.  The results indicate that in the pitch of parecer ‘seem’ there is an average difference of 1,967 semitones (st) between reference situations and inference situations, with the referred situations being more prominent, that is, they maintain a higher pitch. Regarding the final cadence of the statements, it was observed that a considerable majority is assertive in inference, when comparing to referred situations. Consequently, it is possible to affirm that in these cases evidentiality is distinguished through prosody. In the second phase of the study, an error rate of 23.2% was verified in the ABX distinction experiment and 29.1% in the identification experiment, which indicates that the participants are capable of distinguishing and categorizing different stimuli, as well as identifying them without previous labelling, with an error rate of less than 30% in both cases.

This thesis is an investigation of the structural and formal semantic properties of copy raising constructions in English, as well as their expletive counterparts. The first main claim is that contrary to what has been previously assumed, the perceiver of the event (i.e. the Pgoal in Asudeh & Toivonen's 2012 terms) is an obligatory syntactic and semantic argument of the matrix verb. I argue that the identification of the Pgoal is not left to pragmatics, but rather that is represented as a silent pronoun in the structure: one that picks up a logophoric antecedent. The result of this is that the material in the embedded clause is semantically interpreted with respect to the Pgoal's perspective. The second major claim of the thesis is that this perspective-sensitivity is most appropriately captured using a modal semantic framework (Kratzer, 1977, 1981 von Fintel & Heim, 2002). Specifically, I argue that each of the different copy raising verbs encodes a different accessibility relation between possible worlds or situations, while the Pgoal's information state provides the relevant domain of worlds. Using these insights, I propose truth conditions for these constructions, which ultimately are sensitive to a kind of stereotypical ordering, and account for inter-speaker variability. Finally, I discuss the anomalous class of copy raising constructions with non-thematic subjects, and argue that overlapping discourse functions may have resulted in a shift away from modal semantics in these cases. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / This thesis investigates the linguistic meaning associated with the "copy raising" sentence construction, e.g. "Your cat looks like she wants to go outside." I argue that the interpretation of these sentences is dependent on establishing the individual whose perspective is conveyed in the sentence, which does not need to be the speaker. After examining the range of contexts in which various different copy raising constructions can be used, I propose an analysis of their core meaning that draws on the philosophical idea of possible worlds, and the psychological notion of stereotypicality. I also address the question of whether these constructions are related to the phenomenon of evidentiality, a property of certain languages which allows the speaker to linguistically mark the source of evidence for their claim.