In this dissertation on Nat Nakasa I argue, in Chapter 1, that he is one of South Africa's first literary flaneurs. Walking the city as an urban spectator, part journalist, part sociologist, his modernist writings of the metropolis celebrate Johannesburg and also place him in a broad international context. His `tactics of the habitat', in Foucault's phrase, become subversive ruses, a navigation through the cultural seam of South Africa in the 1960s, and this approach offers an alternative to a reductionist anti-apartheid critique. Chapter 2 analyses the excavation of his memory and subsequent elevation to media icon, with the naming of the SANEF Award for Media Integrity after him. Chapter 3 discusses how his auto/biographical writings and representation of self and other contribute to `making history's silences speak'. Finally in chapter 4, I discuss his elusive identity as part of the Drum generation, an insider/outsider, and his exile and suicide in America. / English Studies / M.A. (English)

This dissertation examines Breyten Breytenbach‟s memoir Dog Heart, and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong‟o‟s novel Matigari, with particular attention to the use of a mother tongue or another language in the texts, and whether these reflect or impact on the writers‟ sense of personal, cultural and political identity. It compares and contrasts the authors‟ views on, and experiences of, culture, language, translation and exile, and whether these aspects appear in the two primary works. Dilemmas associated with the authors‟ choice of language in their creative works, preferred audiences, and affiliations to their mother tongue speech communities are also explored. By drawing on Breytenbach‟s and Ngũgĩ‟s diverse stances on these issues, and following their respective publishing decisions, it is hoped an interesting conversation is created between these significant political activists and their writing. / English Studies / M.A. (English literature)

The Old Testament is the story of Yahweh and His Covenant relationship with His people Israel. Many other Ancient Near Eastern (ANE) peoples are mentioned in the context of their relationship to Israel. This Covenant relationship which began with Abraham had a core component, the gift of land (Gen 12:7), the Promised Land. The Covenant was ratified at Mount Sinai where the terms, the Ten Commandments were given to Israel. Core to the terms was the obligation that Israel would serve no other god but Yahweh and without any representative image. Israel must be a monotheistic people. Only then would they retain the Promised Land. The Promised Land was occupied by the Canaanites. The Canaanites though difficult to identify with precision, were a people whose religious cult was the direct opposite of Yahwism. They worshipped Baal the fertility god. The fertility cult was a belief that there is no absolute being but a universal realm with a womb of fertility. This womb is the source of fertility and the gods are the agents. In the land of Canaan, Baal was the agent of fertility. The wealth and fertility of the land, crops, livestock, and humans was attributed to Baal. Baal was worshiped through the fertility cult which had cult personnel like prophets, and temple prostitutes. The fertility cult had festivals in which sympathetic magic was performed to induce the gods into action. This magic involved cultic sex and wine consumption in honor of Baal. The Canaanites were driven out of the land lest they influence Israel to copy their ways. This would violate the Covenant and Israel would be ejected out of the land because the occupation was based on keeping the Covenant. There were no strict conditions of obedience in Baal worship like in the Covenant. Baal offered them release from „Covenant Obedience‟ to indulge in sensuality while enjoying the blessings. In the end, the Baal fertility cult had such a negative impact on the Covenant that Israel was ejected out of the Promised Land and deported into the Babylonian Exile as seen in the book of Jeremiah / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / D. Th. (Old Testament)

Atento ao impacto que o exílio provocou nas nervuras ideológicas e nas estratégias de resistência e de intervenção política e cultural da intelligentsia contestatária latinoamericana, busco analisar, comparativamente, no corpus textual de Encontos com a Civilização Brasileira (1978-1982), da segunda época dos Cuadernos de Marcha (1979- 1984) e de Controversia (1979-1981), alguns dos temas que inflamaram as polêmicas no interior do meio intelectual crítico da América Latina entre os anos de 1978 e de 1984, marcos de fundação e fechamento das revistas que conformam o objeto desta tese. Anos, no contexto latino-americano, de reajustes, de redefinições e de encruzilhadas, definidos pela transição de um ambiente sociocultural cerceado e conduzido por um Estado autoritário para uma circunstância em que se deveria constituir um Estado de Direito com novas relações, fundadas em “regras compartilhadas”, com a emergente sociedade civil. Anos em que se fragmentaram estratégias de resitência política e cultural, tornadas gradualmente mais tensionadas. / The second half of the Seventies was notoriously a time of acute political and cultural transformations not only in the international arena, but also in the context of Latin American transition to democracy. During the Seventies, many Latin American intellectuals were banished into exile. Through the analysis of three political and cultural journals, Encontros com a Civilização Brasileira (1978-1982), Cuadernos de Marcha in its second epoch (1979-1985) and Controversia (1979-1983), I develop the argument that the exile of a segment of the Latin American intelligentsia, within the context of the Cold War, in place of choke the democratic resistance off, directed the political ponderings of the contestatory intellectual field on a course of critical revision and reorganization of the political thought. The distinctive atmosphere of anxiety, bewilderment and agitation has favored, in specific circumstances, the accumulation of critical mass. I assume that the political and cultural journals had an indisputable significance within this context. Moreover, it played an important role, as structures of sociability, in the restoration of Latin American intellectual networks, coexisting with emerging tensions.

Ce travail a pour but de réhabiliter la correspondance du jésuite portugais Antônio Vieira Ravasco, connu dans les annales de la Littérature brésilienne et portugaise comme le Père Antônio Vieira. Figure emblématique de la lusophonie, Vieira vécut en Amérique Portugaise, actuellemente territoire du Brésil, au cours du dix-septième siècle. C’est justement dans cette imprévisible Amérique, le Brésil-colonie, que l’exilé Vieira écrivit la majorité de sa correspondance et de son oeuvre, pratiquant non pas une littérature portugaise ou brésilienne à proprement parler, mais plutôt une littérature déterritorialisée, une littérature luso-brésilienne écrite dans un entre-deux-mondes. La lettre vieirienne est une cartographie du paysage géographique et textuel de l’auteur, d’un Brésil en formation, d’une culture en gestation dont l’unité naît paradoxalemente sous le signe de la diversité. Les lettres se configurent comme textes fondateurs de notre culture même si elles contribuèrent à la formation de l’imaginaire national. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo reabilitar a correspondência do jesuíta português Antônio Vieira Ravasco, conhecido nos anais das Literaturas Brasileira e Portuguesa como Padre Antônio Vieira. Figura emblemática da lusofonia, Vieira viveu na América Portuguesa, atual território do Brasil, durante o século XVII. É justamente nessa imprevisível América Portuguesa, nesse Brasil-colônia, que o “exilado” Vieira escreveu grande parte da sua correspondência e da sua obra praticando não uma literatura portuguesa ou brasileira propriamente dita, mas uma literatura portuguesa desterritorializada, uma literatura lusobrasileira escrita no intervalo de dois mundos. A carta vieiriana é uma cartografia da paisagem geográfica e textual do autor, de uma cultura em gestação, cuja unidade nasce, paradoxalmente, sob o signo da diversidade. As cartas configuram-se como textos fundadores da nossa cultura, conquanto tenham contribuído para a formação do imaginário nacional. / This study aims at recovering correspondence written by the Portuguese Jesuit Antônio Vieira Ravasco, known in Brazilian and Portuguese annals as Father Antônio Vieira. An emblematic symbol of the Portuguese language, the priest lived in the Portuguese America, where nowadays lies the territory of Brazil during the seventeenth century .It is precisely in this unpredictable Portuguese America, in this Colonial Brazil where, as an “exile”, Vieira wrote most of his letters and works, producing a literature that was neither Portuguese nor Brazilian, but a deterritorialized Portuguese Literature – a Portuguese-Brazilian literature, written between two worlds. Vieirian epistolography comprises a cartography depicting the author’s geographic and textual scenery, as well as a culture that was still in bloom and whose unity rose paradoxically under the sign of diversity. These letters are the founding texts of the Brazilian culture, once they have contributed to the development of a national imaginary.

Atento ao impacto que o exílio provocou nas nervuras ideológicas e nas estratégias de resistência e de intervenção política e cultural da intelligentsia contestatária latinoamericana, busco analisar, comparativamente, no corpus textual de Encontos com a Civilização Brasileira (1978-1982), da segunda época dos Cuadernos de Marcha (1979- 1984) e de Controversia (1979-1981), alguns dos temas que inflamaram as polêmicas no interior do meio intelectual crítico da América Latina entre os anos de 1978 e de 1984, marcos de fundação e fechamento das revistas que conformam o objeto desta tese. Anos, no contexto latino-americano, de reajustes, de redefinições e de encruzilhadas, definidos pela transição de um ambiente sociocultural cerceado e conduzido por um Estado autoritário para uma circunstância em que se deveria constituir um Estado de Direito com novas relações, fundadas em “regras compartilhadas”, com a emergente sociedade civil. Anos em que se fragmentaram estratégias de resitência política e cultural, tornadas gradualmente mais tensionadas. / The second half of the Seventies was notoriously a time of acute political and cultural transformations not only in the international arena, but also in the context of Latin American transition to democracy. During the Seventies, many Latin American intellectuals were banished into exile. Through the analysis of three political and cultural journals, Encontros com a Civilização Brasileira (1978-1982), Cuadernos de Marcha in its second epoch (1979-1985) and Controversia (1979-1983), I develop the argument that the exile of a segment of the Latin American intelligentsia, within the context of the Cold War, in place of choke the democratic resistance off, directed the political ponderings of the contestatory intellectual field on a course of critical revision and reorganization of the political thought. The distinctive atmosphere of anxiety, bewilderment and agitation has favored, in specific circumstances, the accumulation of critical mass. I assume that the political and cultural journals had an indisputable significance within this context. Moreover, it played an important role, as structures of sociability, in the restoration of Latin American intellectual networks, coexisting with emerging tensions.

This study examines the nature and possible causes of the changes in the art and artistry of Abdul Rahim Ghafori, an Afghan artist who has migrated to Sweden. The premise of this paper is that over time a person who migrates to another culture will undergo change. In an artist this change should manifest itself in his art and artistry. The study examines this process of change and how it is manifested in the artistry and art of Abdul Rahim Ghafori. The study intends to increase knowledge and understanding of the changes a person undergoes when experiencing a culture change. / Studien är en detaljerad fallstudie vilken ingående belyser ett konstnärskap och utförligt diskuterar ett antal av konstnärens verk. Studien undersöker vilka förändringar i konst och konstnärskapberoende på kulturbyte som kan skönjas hos den afghanske men till Sverige invandrade konstnären Abdul Rahim Ghafori. Att det över tid sker en förändring hos en person som invandrat till en annan kultur är ett utgångsantagande för studien. Hos en konstnär bör denna förändring visa sig i konst och konstnärskap. I studien undersöks vad som händer och hur detta visar sig i Ghaforis konstnärskap och konst samt vilka möjliga orsaker dessa förändringar har. Studien avser att utöka kunskapen om och förståelsen för de förändringar en människa går igenom när han eller hon byter kultur.

Les fictions franco-vietnamiennes, qui ont relevé le défi de dépasser le carcan folklorique, offrent un point de vue original sur les concepts de femmes, d’histoire et d’exil dans des contextes de dominations politique et sociale différents. Néanmoins, ces fictions mettent en place des stratégies de résistance très proches. Parmi toutes les questions soulevées par les représentations qu’élaborent ces œuvres, celle de la résistance a été retenue car elle est particulièrement riche et révélatrice de la complexité de leur identité littéraire. Comment s’écrit la résistance dans les œuvres franco-vietnamiennes ? À quoi résistent-elles ? Quels sont les enjeux de cette résistance ? L’étude se focalise sur les fictions de quatre écrivaines franco-vietnamiennes contemporaines, Linda Lê, Kim Lefèvre, Ly Thu Ho et Anna Moï. Ces écrivaines offrent des pistes de réponses à ces questions, en mettant en évidence trois dominations qui se croisent et s’articulent entre elles : la résistance à la domination masculine, à l’histoire surplombante et à la glorification d’une identité nationale figée. Le cadre d’analyse choisi est celui des resistance studies.Cette méthode permet d’engager une description systématique des figures de résistance présentes dans les récits de fiction. Le champ d’investigation pose tout d’abord le problème des représentations de la place des Vietnamiennes, tiraillées entre la société patriarcale teintée de confucianisme et la société française moderne. Elle implique également l’examen des modalités déployées dans les œuvres du corpus pour déjouer les pièges d’une écriture de l’histoire du Vietnam qui accorderait peu de place aux voix subalternes : aux Vietnamiens et en particulier aux femmes. Finalement, à travers l’analyse de l’exil comme forme masquée d’insoumission, nous interrogerons la façon dont le sujet femme-postcoloniale s’approprie les apports exogènes sans renoncer à son éthique et son identité particulières. / Having successfully taken up the challenge of going beyond the limits of folklore, French-Vietnamese fiction offers an original point of view on the ideas of women, history and exile. These elements are staged in different contexts of social and political domination, but they nevertheless set up very similar strategies of resistance. This is why, among all the issues raised by the representations framed by these works, that of resistance was chosen, since it is so rich and revealing of the complexity of their literary identity. How is resistance described in French-Vietnamese works? What is being resisted against? What is at stake in this resistance?This study is focused on the works of four French-Vietnamese contemporary writers: Linda Lê, Kim Lefèvre, Ly Thu Ho and Anna Moï. These female writers provide answers to the questions above by highlighting three correlated and intertwined dominations: resistance to male domination, to overarching history, and to the glorification of a frozen national identity. The framework of the analysis is that of resistance studies.This approach enables a systematic description of the resistance figures encountered in these fictional works. The field of investigation first reveals the issue of the representation of Vietnamese women, torn between a Confucean and patriarchal society and that of modern France. It also implies the study of the means developed in these works to avoid the traps of a writing of Vietnamese history that allows little space to subaltern voices of the Vietnamese, and of women in particular. Finally, through the analysis of exile as a hidden form of insubordination, we will question the way in which French-Vietnamese narrative gives initiative to the postcolonial woman subject and enables her to appropriate contributions from outside without denying her ethics
and her identity.

Max Ophuls reste un cinéaste méconnu. Plusieurs de ses films (Liebelei, Lettre d’une inconnue, La Ronde) l’ont associé à la Vienne fin de siècle et à la littérature autrichienne, faisant oublier sa relation avec l’Allemagne, son pays natal, et avec Goethe. Cette thèse propose une nouvelle approche auctoriale fondée sur l’étude de sa relation avec l’écrivain. Il s’agit d’examiner la façon dont le matériau goethéen travaille les œuvres inspirées de Goethe et nourrit les conceptions esthétiques du cinéaste. La première partie s’attache à Goethe en tant que source d’inspiration créatrice. Elle repose essentiellement sur l’analyse du Roman de Werther, film français de 1938, et de la Nouvelle, pièce radiophonique allemande de 1954. Cette nouvelle lecture d’œuvres considérées comme mineures montre l’évolution de la relation à Goethe et met en évidence le rapport d’Ophuls à la culture allemande et à l’Allemagne dans le contexte mouvementé du XXème siècle. La seconde partie établit sur un plan plus théorique les liens entre la conception de l’art d’Ophuls et l’esthétique goethéenne. L’analyse des Réflexions sur le cinéma (pièce radiophonique allemande de 1956) montre l’importance de Goethe comme référent théorique. L’examen d’écrits de natures diverses d’Ophuls met au jour une poétique implicite du cinéma, fondée sur l’esthétique organique goethéenne. / Max Ophuls remains a neglected film maker. Several movies he directed (such as Liebelei, Lettre d'une inconnue, La Ronde) have linked his name with fin de siècle Vienna and Austrian literature, overshadowing his relationship with Goethe and with Germany, his native country. Our thesis proposes a new approach to Ophuls, based on a study of his relationship with the German writer : we examine the way in which the Goethean sources both operate in the works directly inspired by Goethe and influence the aesthetic tenets of the director. The first part of our work deals with Goethe as a source of inspiration. It is mostly based on the analysis of the 1938 movie Le Roman de Werther, and of the 1954 radio drama Novelle. This new approach to works considered of lesser importance reveals the development of Ophuls's relationship with Goethe and highlights his connection with Germany and German culture in the turbulent context of twentieth century. The second part, on a more theoretical level, traces the paths linking Ophuls's conception of art and Goethean aesthetics. Our analysis of Thoughts on Film (Gedanken über den Film), a 1956 radio drama, highlights the importance of Goethe as a theoretical frame of reference: other texts of different nature allow us to describe an implicit poetics of cinema, based on Goethean organic aesthetics.

Ce travail a pour but de réhabiliter la correspondance du jésuite portugais Antônio Vieira Ravasco, connu dans les annales de la Littérature brésilienne et portugaise comme le Père Antônio Vieira. Figure emblématique de la lusophonie, Vieira vécut en Amérique Portugaise, actuellemente territoire du Brésil, au cours du dix-septième siècle. C’est justement dans cette imprévisible Amérique, le Brésil-colonie, que l’exilé Vieira écrivit la majorité de sa correspondance et de son oeuvre, pratiquant non pas une littérature portugaise ou brésilienne à proprement parler, mais plutôt une littérature déterritorialisée, une littérature luso-brésilienne écrite dans un entre-deux-mondes. La lettre vieirienne est une cartographie du paysage géographique et textuel de l’auteur, d’un Brésil en formation, d’une culture en gestation dont l’unité naît paradoxalemente sous le signe de la diversité. Les lettres se configurent comme textes fondateurs de notre culture même si elles contribuèrent à la formation de l’imaginaire national. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo reabilitar a correspondência do jesuíta português Antônio Vieira Ravasco, conhecido nos anais das Literaturas Brasileira e Portuguesa como Padre Antônio Vieira. Figura emblemática da lusofonia, Vieira viveu na América Portuguesa, atual território do Brasil, durante o século XVII. É justamente nessa imprevisível América Portuguesa, nesse Brasil-colônia, que o “exilado” Vieira escreveu grande parte da sua correspondência e da sua obra praticando não uma literatura portuguesa ou brasileira propriamente dita, mas uma literatura portuguesa desterritorializada, uma literatura lusobrasileira escrita no intervalo de dois mundos. A carta vieiriana é uma cartografia da paisagem geográfica e textual do autor, de uma cultura em gestação, cuja unidade nasce, paradoxalmente, sob o signo da diversidade. As cartas configuram-se como textos fundadores da nossa cultura, conquanto tenham contribuído para a formação do imaginário nacional. / This study aims at recovering correspondence written by the Portuguese Jesuit Antônio Vieira Ravasco, known in Brazilian and Portuguese annals as Father Antônio Vieira. An emblematic symbol of the Portuguese language, the priest lived in the Portuguese America, where nowadays lies the territory of Brazil during the seventeenth century .It is precisely in this unpredictable Portuguese America, in this Colonial Brazil where, as an “exile”, Vieira wrote most of his letters and works, producing a literature that was neither Portuguese nor Brazilian, but a deterritorialized Portuguese Literature – a Portuguese-Brazilian literature, written between two worlds. Vieirian epistolography comprises a cartography depicting the author’s geographic and textual scenery, as well as a culture that was still in bloom and whose unity rose paradoxically under the sign of diversity. These letters are the founding texts of the Brazilian culture, once they have contributed to the development of a national imaginary.