Abstrakt Bakgrund: En ökande trend av blodburen smitta kan ses i Sverige. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal löper en ökad risk att drabbas genom sitt arbete, framförallt operationssjuksköterskor på grund av deras ständiga exponering för blod och kroppsvätskor samt hantering av vassa instrument. Den största risken för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal att smittas är genom stick- och skärskador av instrument som är kontaminerade med smittat blod eller genom blodstänk på slemhinna eller sår. Varje år inträffar 2 miljoner stick- och skärskador inom vården i världen där personalen på operation drabbas oftast. I Sverige uppger 80 % av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal att de vid minst ett tillfälle blivit utsatta för detta i sin yrkesutövning. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa erfarna operationssköterskors upplevelser av och förhållningssätt till att assistera vid operationer av patienter med blodsmitta. Metod: En kvalitativ forskningsmetod har använts där datainsamlingen skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna har skett vid centraloperation på ett sjukhus i Mellansverige där 13 operationssjuksköterskor intervjuats. Materialet har bearbetats genom en latent innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Majoriteten av operationssjuksköterskorna i studien upplevde inte någon uttalad rädsla vid att assistera vid operationer med blodsmitta, dock kunde en viss oro tydas hos några av informanterna. Tankarna går mer mot det praktiska vid blodsmitta, vilken skyddsutrustning som ska användas samt handhavandet vid instrumentering. Operationssjuksköterskorna poängterade vikten av att se alla patienter som potentiell blodsmitta, ett synsätt som medför att de inte behöver vara rädda vid en känd blodsmitta. Paralleller kunde dessutom dras mellan kunskap samt erfarenhet och förhållningssätt. Diskussion/slutsats: Hög utbildning, kunskap och erfarenhet medför en minskad rädsla för att vårda patienter med blodsmitta vilket även styrks av tidigare forskning. Nyckelord: blodburen smitta, erfaren, omvårdnad, operationssjuksköterska / Abstract Background: An increased trend of blood-borne pathogen is recognized in Sweden. Health and medical personnel is experiencing an increased risk of being exposed in their work, in particular surgical nurses due to their exposure to blood and body fluids and usage of sharp instruments. The biggest risk of becoming infected is through puncture and cuts from instruments that have been contaminated with infected blood or through blood-splatter on the mucosa membrane or wounds. Two million punctures and cuts occurs every year world-wide where the personnel at surgery is the most affected. 80% of health and medical personnel in Sweden states that they have been exposed to this in their profession. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to illuminate experienced surgical nurses experiences and approaches when they assist surgery with patients that are infected with blood disease. Method: A qualitative research method has been used where data has been collected through semi-structured interviews. The interviews took place at the surgery center at a hospital in the central region of Sweden where 13 surgery nurses was interviewed. The material is processed by a latent content analysis with an inductive approach.Result: The majority of surgery nurses in the study did not experience any pronounced fear of assisting in surgery with blood-disease. However a certain amount of concern could be understood in some of the informants. The thoughts are more directed to the practical aspects of blood-infection, which protective equipment that should be used and the handling of instruments. The surgery nurses stated the importance to see all patients as a potential blood-disease, an approach that gives extra security when handling persons with known blood-infection. Parallels could also be drawn between knowledge, experience and approach. Discusion/conclusion: High education, knowledge and experience leads to a reduced fear of caring for patients with blood-bourne pathogen which are corroborated by previous research. Keywords: blood-bourne pathogen, experienced, nursing, operationnurse

This thesis investigates the question: Can Experience Design be applied to create a perception shift from elderly as a burden to elderly as a resource for society? This is done by researching the social norms about ageing and the aged in Swedish society. To conduct this research I put together a focus group of 7 people with different professional backgrounds and ages ranging from 23 to 74. In four workshops I used design-led research methods to research these “mental models”. Using participatory theatre techniques we investigated the personal view of the ageing process. And through discussions and design thinking we articulated the often unspoken social norms. In the workshops we defined our current social norms regarding ageing as Aged Thinking. A counter philosophy was developed called Ageless Thinking. In order to create a change in mindset from Aged Thinking to Ageless Thinking a tool was developed called the Enticon. With this tool people can show what their focus is in life right now regardless of their chronological age. The Enticon was introduced at the Konstfack Spring Exhibition 2013 and also as a web based application.

Bakgrund: Enligt Socialstyrelsen drabbar ofrivillig barnlöshet omkring 10-15 % av alla par i Sverige. Vanliga orsaker till infertilitet kan vara skador på äggledarna eller för lågt antal spermier.  Kvinnor och män kan reagera olika på beskedet kring infertilitet. Det är viktigt som sjuksköterska att ha förståelse för hur kvinnor och män upplever problemet. Syfte: Att belysa kvinnor och mäns upplevelser av ofrivillig barnlöshet. Metod: I litteraturstudien har nio kvalitativa artiklar granskats och analyserats. Artiklarna valdes ut ifrån databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i sju kategorier: meningen med livet, att längta efter barn, att känna utanförskap, att känna förändringar i förhållandet, att stötta och känna stöd och att gå vidare i livet utan barn. Slutsats: Litteraturstudiens resultat visade på både likheter och skillnader bland kvinnor och mäns upplevelser av infertilitet. Längtan efter föräldraskap, en social press att skaffa barn och känslan av utanförskap var vanligt. Det är viktigt som sjuksköterska att ha förståelse och kunskap om individers upplevelser och att de kan skilja sig åt. Det finns ett behov av fortsatt forskning inom ämnet. / Background: According to Socialstyrelsen 10-15 % of all couples in Sweden is affected by involuntary childlessness. Common causes of infertility can be injuries on the fallopian tube or a low sperm count. Women and men can react differently to the information about the infertility. As a nurse it is important to have an understanding about how women and men perceive this problem. Aim: To illustrate the lived experience of involuntary childlessness among women and men. Method: In this literature study nine qualitative studies have been compiled and analyzed. The articles were chosen from CINAHL and PubMed data bases. Result: The result was sorted in seven categories: the meaning of life, to be longing for children, to feel exclusion, to feel changes in the relationship, to support and to feel supported and to carry on life without children. Conclusion: The result of the literature study indicated similarities and differences in the lived experience of infertility among women and men. Desire for parenthood, a social pressure to conceive a child and feelings of alienation was commonly mentioned. As a nurse, it is important to have an understanding and knowledge about how the experience of infertility can differ among individuals. Further research on the subject is needed.

This descriptive, holistic, single case study focuses on how an experienced teacher with 21 years of teaching was able to negotiate participation in a community of practice (CoP). The study applies Wenger’s (1998) Community of Practice framework as a lens through which to gain insight into the subject’s professional transformation. Wenger’s multilayered theoretical approach, including the four components of his social learning model, provides a common language to describe participation. The specific research questions that frame this inquiry are: 1) How did an experienced secondary mathematics teacher, involved in an ongoing and dual-faceted professional development project, negotiate meaningful participation in a community of practice? 2) How did the kinds of participation in which she chose to engage affect her professionally? and, 3) How did her classroom practice change? Findings from the study include: 1) Wenger’s Stages of Development (potential, coalescing, active, dispersed and memorable) for a CoP were in evidence in this teacher’s participatory experiences. 2) Internal and external factors worked in concert to support transformed practice. 3) The tension between experience and competence is an important factor when thinking about the difference between an expert and experienced teacher. 4) The case subject negotiated her participation through intellectual partnerships formed through the interaction with her Peer CoP and educational experts and researchers—an example of legitimate participation in authentic professional activities at a level quite different from most “teacher professional development” activities. The evolving shared repertoire of changed mathematical instructional practices was tangible evidence of transformative interactions. These findings indicate that a viable, robust CoP can be stimulated through external scaffolding and coordination of learning activities in combination with a joint enterprise of growth-minded professionals. The data provide insight into the professional transformation that occurred within the case teacher’s practice as she enacted the new, shared repertoire with students in her classroom. The new repertoire resulted in improved student learning not just during her active involvement in the CoP but after the community disperses, in a penultimate stage of a CoP described by Wenger (1998), suggesting that the results and transformed practice can be sustained.

The aim of this study was to identify difficulties experienced by caregivers of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. The aim was achieved through the following objectives: investigate the family background of caregivers of AIDS orphans; investigate the general emotional impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the health impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the extent of financial impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the impact of caring for AIDS orphans on the social life of caregivers; to make recommendations so as to assist in helping caregivers. A literature review and the qualitative empirical research method were used to achieve the aim and thus, the objectives stated above. The literature review revealed the following difficulties experienced by caregivers of AIDS orphans: lack of knowledge regarding the formal adoption of orphans; lengthy process administered by an increasingly overstretched system; bad behaviour by orphans; stress resulting to poor physical and mental health, strained personal relationships and lowering of standards of care; poverty; "role strain" and "identity"; interpersonal and family conflicts; isolation and fear for the future; excessive workload of having to care for children; and stigma and discrimination relating to HIV/AIDS. However, this study highlighted the following difficulties: poverty; stress and depression; family fights; adoption; bad influence on orphans by neighbours; education; lack of training; lack of social services support; lack of community support structures; and lack of prior planning by orphans' parents. The conclusions drawn from this study are that there were similar problems revealed in this study to those identified in the literature. For example, both literature and this study revealed poverty, stress and interpersonal and family conflicts as major problems experienced by caregivers. Grandparents and other family members who were caregivers in this study did not see "role strain" and "identity" as major stumbling blocks. Stigma and isolation were also some of the problems not directly experienced by most caregivers. However, it was evident that lack of involvement of some of these caregivers with the community, has led to their not experiencing stigmatisation and isolation. The following recommendations were made: caregivers should be given adequate training on how to use the grants given to orphans; researchers should use their research findings to influence government policy regarding termination of grants for orphans, that is, as long as orphans are still attending school or university, grants should not be terminated; universities and government should set aside special bursaries or study loans for orphans at universities, and these loans must only be paid when the orphans are in the position to do so; government should make extra funds available to give to caregivers as incentives; Social Welfare Department should be strengthen so that free counselling could be given to caregivers whenever is necessary; School-Based Support Teams (SBST) committees in schools should be capacitated and empowered; capacitate and empower non -governmental organisations (NGOs); and there should be a strong interaction between schools, NGOs, social workers, nurses and police. Limitations of the current study were also identified. This study could not show with absolute certainty whether the problems identified are related to orphanhood in general, rather than orphanhood by HIV/AIDS. Thus it was deemed necessary in future to have a comparison group of caregivers of orphans due to reasons other than HIV/AIDS. Other limitations included reliance on one population race. The study cannot ascertain whether these findings can be applicable to caregivers from other race groups such as white or coloured races. South Africa is a multicultural society with different norms and values. Thus, the way we react to certain stimuli might be influenced to a large extent by our customs and values. Further limitations included reliance on one specific type of caregiving. The study did not explore other type such as orphanages, but concentrated on what is regarded as the traditional safety net. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

The aim of this study was to identify difficulties experienced by caregivers of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. The aim was achieved through the following objectives: investigate the family background of caregivers of AIDS orphans; investigate the general emotional impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the health impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the extent of financial impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the impact of caring for AIDS orphans on the social life of caregivers; to make recommendations so as to assist in helping caregivers. A literature review and the qualitative empirical research method were used to achieve the aim and thus, the objectives stated above. The literature review revealed the following difficulties experienced by caregivers of AIDS orphans: lack of knowledge regarding the formal adoption of orphans; lengthy process administered by an increasingly overstretched system; bad behaviour by orphans; stress resulting to poor physical and mental health, strained personal relationships and lowering of standards of care; poverty; "role strain" and "identity"; interpersonal and family conflicts; isolation and fear for the future; excessive workload of having to care for children; and stigma and discrimination relating to HIV/AIDS. However, this study highlighted the following difficulties: poverty; stress and depression; family fights; adoption; bad influence on orphans by neighbours; education; lack of training; lack of social services support; lack of community support structures; and lack of prior planning by orphans' parents. The conclusions drawn from this study are that there were similar problems revealed in this study to those identified in the literature. For example, both literature and this study revealed poverty, stress and interpersonal and family conflicts as major problems experienced by caregivers. Grandparents and other family members who were caregivers in this study did not see "role strain" and "identity" as major stumbling blocks. Stigma and isolation were also some of the problems not directly experienced by most caregivers. However, it was evident that lack of involvement of some of these caregivers with the community, has led to their not experiencing stigmatisation and isolation. The following recommendations were made: caregivers should be given adequate training on how to use the grants given to orphans; researchers should use their research findings to influence government policy regarding termination of grants for orphans, that is, as long as orphans are still attending school or university, grants should not be terminated; universities and government should set aside special bursaries or study loans for orphans at universities, and these loans must only be paid when the orphans are in the position to do so; government should make extra funds available to give to caregivers as incentives; Social Welfare Department should be strengthen so that free counselling could be given to caregivers whenever is necessary; School-Based Support Teams (SBST) committees in schools should be capacitated and empowered; capacitate and empower non -governmental organisations (NGOs); and there should be a strong interaction between schools, NGOs, social workers, nurses and police. Limitations of the current study were also identified. This study could not show with absolute certainty whether the problems identified are related to orphanhood in general, rather than orphanhood by HIV/AIDS. Thus it was deemed necessary in future to have a comparison group of caregivers of orphans due to reasons other than HIV/AIDS. Other limitations included reliance on one population race. The study cannot ascertain whether these findings can be applicable to caregivers from other race groups such as white or coloured races. South Africa is a multicultural society with different norms and values. Thus, the way we react to certain stimuli might be influenced to a large extent by our customs and values. Further limitations included reliance on one specific type of caregiving. The study did not explore other type such as orphanages, but concentrated on what is regarded as the traditional safety net. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:42:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zivierineto_o_dr_arafcl.pdf: 1081667 bytes, checksum: 4b9217b3516b688376343026dedf8e7f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal levantar os conhecimentos de base e ação dos professores (Ponte, 1997), ou de gestão da matéria ou de classe (Gauthier et al., 1998) em Matemática, para verificarmos, em sua trajetória, se o tempo determina mutações em seus fazeres diários e no nível de consciência que esses profissionais têm de sua articulação teórico-prática. O estudo objetiva, ainda, caracterizar o professor experiente que emerge da prática dos saberes amalgamados na experiência diária, a partir de suas fases da carreira docente. Esta investigação traz a perspectiva fenomenológica levada a efeito em três escolas públicas de um município do interior do estado de Rondônia e teve como participantes 04 professores de matemática de sexto ao nono ano do Ensino Fundamental, dois desses professores com mais tempo de serviço, e dois com menos tempo. Os dados foram coletados através dos seguintes instrumentos: biografia profissional construída a partir de depoimentos orais; observação participante de 71 aulas; e entrevista semi-estruturada decorrente da análise de suas biografias profissionais. As análises dos dados obtidos apontaram a influência do tempo, tanto no reservatório de saberes resultantes da experiência como na constituição do professor experiente em matemática. Foi verificado, ainda, que as fases da carreira docente - entre as fases de consolidação da carreira, quando se tem a formação de uma identidade profissional, e as fases subseqüentes até o desinvestimento - seriam caracterizadas como a zona de constituição dos professores experientes em matemática. Entre a diversificação vs. questionamento, serenidade/distanciamento afetivo vs conservadorismo, as crises e as “reposições” identitárias caracterizariam as habilidades de gestão de conteúdo e de gestão de sala de aula do professor experiente em matemática... / This study aimed to raise the basic knowledge and action of teachers (Ponte, 1997), or management of the matter or class Gauthier et al. (1998) in mathematics, to verify in their trajectory, if the time determines changes in their daily doings and in the level of awareness that these professionals have in their theoretical-practical articulation. This study aimed also to characterize the experienced teacher that emerges from the practice of knowledge amalgamated in everyday experience, from their early career teachers. This research, based on a phenomenological approach, was carried out in three public schools in a municipality in the state of Rondônia. The participants were 04 mathematics teachers from sixth to the ninth grade of elementary school, two of those teachers with more seniority, and two with less time. Data were collected through the following instruments: professional biography built from verbal deposition, participant observation of 71 lessons, and semi-structured interview derived from the analysis of their professional biographies. The analysis of data showed the influence of time, both the reservoir of knowledge from experience in setting up the experienced teacher in mathematics. It was found also that the phases of the teaching profession - between stages of consolidation of his career, when you have the formation of a professional identity, and subsequent phases until the divestment - would be characterized as the zone of formation of the experienced teachers in mathematics. Among the diversification vs. questioning, serenity and emotional distance vs conservatism, crises and identity “re-positions would characterize the abilities of management of content and management of classroom of the experienced professor in mathematics. Finally, we have noted that the experienced teacher does not match the phase of disinvestment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Pain has a significant burden on individuals and society; however challenges remain in the measurement of pain-related utility. Research was conducted to design a measurement framework for valuing pain states, for use in policy making. Within the theoretical framework of utility theory, the bio-psychosocial model of pain was used to select co-variates impacting the pain-utility relationship. The applicability of two utility theories (prospect theory and hedonist theory) to pain was evaluated, with EQ-5D-5L and utility values for scenarios of different pain intensities elicited using time-trade-off (TTO) and willingness-to-pay (WTP). Prospect theory was tested using the pain-utility relationship in 600 members of the general population (‘genpop’) by examining the presence of a reference point and the relationship between pain decreases/increases (gains/losses) and utility. Hedonist theory was tested through examination of predicted, experienced and remembered utilities, and ‘peak-end’ effects, principally using data from 56 university athletes experiencing training pain. Pain intensity had the greatest influence on EQ-5D values, with present and worst pain showing additive effects. Duration of the pain episode, general health, mood, age and gender also had significant impacts. In addition to pain intensity, TTO ‘genpop’ models included age, income, experienced pain and general health; WTP ‘genpop’ models included residual pain, age and income. The TTO and WTP models did not fit the athletes’ data well and alternative models were developed. The data did not confirm prospect theory: a reference point could not be identified (‘genpop’ and athletes) and the shape of the utility curve contradicted theory (athletes). Results for hedonist theory were inconclusive: predicted utility was consistently higher than experienced utility in athletes but the relationship depended on pain levels in ‘genpop’; remembered and experienced utility differed despite being consistent for pain levels; peak-end effects were not found. Further research in controlled environments is recommended for further theory testing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T13:54:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Cassia Castelo Branco.pdf: 788878 bytes, checksum: 825c0768694ac2236753e7377fe6370f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-28 / Reflexion on the questions related to the formation of the teachers and some of their specificities as perspective of this paper. The text is resulting from a field research about the continued Formation and the Experiencial Knowledges of teachers at a Unit of Municipality Basic Education in São Luís and their implications theoretical-practical. It deals with a case study, so at the sphere of this paper which is prone to study the repercussion of the mentioned formative, process developed at the school s rooms as to the docent s practice. The investigative course based itself in the legal aspects linked to the education and the theoretical contributions from exponentials like Althusser (1999), Bourdieu (1983), Gramsci (1991), Forquím (1995) and others. Its focus is centered upon the teachers, school managers and pedagogical coordinator who get their functions at the Fundamental teaching and considered that all of them take part at the activities linked to the São Luís te Quero lendo e Escrevendo Programme, developed by the Municipal Secretary of Education SEMED, which has as one of its segments the teacher , continued formation. Besides the documental analysis, the bibliographical inquire, it was applied the questionnaire and it was developed a half - structured interview as well as the observation, aiming the recollection of informations. From the interpretations upon the talking of the school representatives, studying field, it was contemplated aspects linked to the occurrence of the continued formation, at the school and its importance to the teachers. / Reflexão sobre as questões relativas à formação de professores e algumas de suas especificidades como perspectiva desta dissertação. O texto é resultante de uma pesquisa sobre a Formação Continuada e os Saberes Experienciais de Professores numa Unidade de Educação Básica Municipal de São Luis e suas implicações teórico-práticas. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, portanto, no âmbito desta pesquisa que se propôs estudar a repercussão do mencionado processo formativo, desenvolvido no recinto escolar, na prática docente. O percurso investigativo respaldou-se nos aspectos legais referentes à educação e nas contribuições teóricas dos expoentes Althusser (1999); Bourdieu (1983); Gramsci (1991); Forquim (1995) e outros. O foco de estudo centrou-se nos professores, gestores e coordenadores pedagógicos que desenvolvem suas funções no Ensino Fundamental, considerando que todos participam das atividades vinculadas ao Programa São Luís te Quero Lendo e Escrevendo, desenvolvido pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação - Semed, o qual tem como um dos segmentos a formação continuada de professores. Além da análise documental, da pesquisa bibliográfica, aplicou-se o questionário, desenvolveu-se a entrevista semi-estruturada bem como as observações feitas, com vistas à coleta das informações. A partir das interpretações dos depoimentos dos representantes da escola, campo de estudo, contemplam-se aspectos pertinentes à ocorrência da formação continuada, na escola e sua significância à docência.

It is a topic of discussion that finds its way into almost every setting in the South African context. Is leaving South Africa not the best option available to us? From old to young it seems many South Africans, are contemplating leaving the shores of South Africa in search of opportunity elsewhere. The purported reasons behind this exodus, or even just the thought going into the possibilities, are repetitive in the literature. Crime, affirmative action, standards of living, concerns regarding political and economic security for the future are all referred to. What is undeniable is the great loss of skills that is occurring as most of these people leaving are graduates. I wished to try and understand the experiences of some young adults who are currently contemplating, or in the process of emigrating. The focal question in this research is: “what experiences are fuelling the ‘brain drain phenomenon amongst our young adults?” The intention of this study is not in any way to find extrapolative answers, but instead to understand and describe the personal experiences of a select few. Therefore a Phenomenological approach was used in order to describe these participants’ experiences as closely as possible. The respondents were asked to write a ‘full’ response to the open ended question. This technique of data capture falls within the semi-structured interview framework, but allowed for the participants to provide a description of their experiences with the least possible opportunity for influence. It was of great importance that their descriptions be their own in order for the researcher to gain a proper understanding of their experiences. These descriptions were then analysed through thematic analysis. The themes that were identified seem to describe the ‘experienced meaning’ that the participants have formed rather than the physical experiences of such ‘reasons’ as discussed in the literature. Themes such as victimization, regret, insecurity, crime, fear, the need for freedom and job security were identified. For South Africa to turn this brain drain around it will be necessary for policy makers to take into consideration and act upon the physical experiences but also the experienced meaning that people form. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted