Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι η πειραματική και υπολογιστική διερεύνηση αεροδυναμικής συμπεριφοράς πτερύγων σε διφασική ροή αέρα–νερού και η εφαρμογή σε πτερύγια ανεμοκινητήρων. Αρχικά, γίνεται πειραματική και υπολογιστική μελέτη μονοφασικής ροής αέρα γύρω από αεροτομές, πτέρυγες και πτερύγιο ανεμοκινητήρα και στη συνέχεια μελέτη διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού γύρω από τα ίδια σώματα. Η σύγκριση μεταξύ των αποτελεσμάτων της μονοφασικής ροής με τα αντίστοιχα της διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού είναι αναγκαία ώστε να μελετηθούν οι επιπτώσεις της διφασικής ροής αέρα–νερού στην αεροδυναμική απόδοση. Η πειραματική ανάλυση αφορά τη διεξαγωγή πειραμάτων για τη μελέτη της αεροδυναμικής συμπεριφοράς αεροτομών και πτερύγων σε συνθήκες μονοφασικής και διφασικής ροής. Για την προσομοίωση συνθηκών διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού τροποποιείται η αεροσήραγγα που διαθέτει ήδη το Εργαστήριο με την προσαρμογή ειδικών ακροφυσίων ψεκασμού νερού (συνθήκες βροχής). Για τις ανάγκες των πειραμάτων χρησιμοποιούνται τα μοντέλα αεροτομών και πτερύγων NACA 0012 που συνοδεύουν την αεροσήραγγα και κατασκευάζονται αεροτομή και πτέρυγες S809. Τα πειράματα μονοφασικής και διφασικής ροής γίνονται για την ίδια ταχύτητα αέρα. Για τη διφασική ροή αέρα-νερού εξετάστηκαν τέσσερις διαφορετικές πυκνότητες περιεχόμενης βροχής. Η υπολογιστική ανάλυση γίνεται με το υπολογιστικό πακέτο ANSYS CFD-Fluent. Αρχικά, γίνονται προσομοιώσεις για μονοφασική ροή αέρα γύρω από την αεροτομή NACA 0012, για την οποία υπάρχει πλήθος δημοσιευμένων αποτελεσμάτων, με τρία διαφορετικά μοντέλα τύρβης ώστε να βρεθεί το καταλληλότερο. Ο συντελεστής άνωσης υπολογίζεται με μεγάλη ακρίβεια, σε αντίθεση με το συντελεστή αντίστασης. Το πρόβλημα αυτό οφείλεται στην αδυναμία του Fluent να υπολογίσει το σημείο μετάβασης του οριακού στρώματος από στρωτό σε τυρβώδες. Κρίνεται επομένως αναγκαίο να γίνει σύγκριση του συντελεστή αντίστασης με πειραματικά δεδομένα για πλήρως τυρβώδες οριακό στρώμα. Για ακόμα πιο ακριβή αποτελέσματα αναπτύσσεται αλγόριθμος για τον υπολογισμό του σημείου μετάβασης από στρωτό σε τυρβώδες οριακό στρώμα και γίνονται προσομοιώσεις ορίζοντας την περιοχή αριστερά από το σημείο μετάβασης ως στρωτή και δεξιά από αυτό ως τυρβώδη. Υπολογίζονται οι κατανομές πίεσης και ταχύτητας γύρω από την αεροτομή, καθώς επίσης και τα σημεία ανακοπής, μέγιστης ταχύτητας, αποκόλλησης και επανακόλλησης του οριακού στρώματος. Παρουσιάζονται επίσης οι ροϊκές γραμμές και τα διανύσματα της ταχύτητας γύρω από την αεροτομή. Αντίστοιχες προσομοιώσεις γίνονται και για την αεροτομή S809. Για τη μελέτη του τρισδιάστατου χαρακτήρα της ροής, γίνονται προσομοιώσεις γύρω από πτέρυγα S809. Υπολογίζονται οι συντελεστές άνωσης και αντίστασης, τα σημεία ανακοπής, μέγιστης ταχύτητας, αποκόλλησης και επανακόλλησης του οριακού στρώματος. Επίσης παρουσιάζονται κατανομές της έντασης της τύρβης στην άνω επιφάνεια της πτέρυγας και της συνισταμένης ταχύτητας, της ταχύτητας στη z-διεύθυνση, της έντασης της τύρβης και της επιτάχυνσης της ροής πίσω από την πτέρυγα. Για τη μελέτη της ροής γύρω από περιστρεφόμενο πτερύγιο γίνονται προσομοιώσεις γύρω από το πτερύγιο Phase IV της NREL. Γίνεται μελέτη της κατανομής της αξονικής ταχύτητας πίσω από το δρομέα, της κατανομής της στατικής πίεσης και της έντασης της τύρβης πάνω στην επιφάνεια του πτερυγίου και της κατανομής της στατικής πίεσης σε διάφορα σημεία πάνω στο πτερύγιο. Η υπολογιστική μελέτη της διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού γίνεται αρχικά για την αεροτομή NACA 0012 με πυκνότητα περιεχόμενης βροχής LWC=30 g/m³, επειδή υπάρχουν αντίστοιχα έγκυρα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα ώστε να γίνει σύγκριση για την εγκυρότητα της διαδικασίας της προσομοίωσης. Στη συνέχεια γίνονται προσομοιώσεις για διφασική ροή αέρα-νερού γύρω από την αεροτομή S809, την πτέρυγα S809 και το περιστρεφόμενο πτερύγιο Phase IV της NREL. Προσομοιώσεις γίνονται επίσης για διαφορετικές πυκνότητες περιεχόμενης βροχής για τη ροή γύρω από τις αεροτομές σε χαμηλό αριθμό Reynolds. Τα αποτελέσματα της διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού συγκρίνονται με τα αντίστοιχα της μονοφασικής ροής ώστε να προκύψουν συμπεράσματα για τις επιπτώσεις της βροχής στην αεροδυναμική απόδοση. Γίνεται επίσης υπολογισμός του συντελεστή ισχύος του ανεμοκινητήρα σε συνθήκες μονοφασικής ροής αέρα και διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού. Σε συνθήκες διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού παρατηρείται υποβάθμιση της αεροδυναμικής απόδοσης, συγκεκριμένα μείωση της άνωσης με παράλληλη αύξηση της αντίστασης. Δυο είναι οι βασικοί μηχανισμοί που επικρατούν και έχουν ως αποτέλεσμα την υποβάθμιση αυτή. Στην επιφάνεια της αεροτομής δημιουργείται ανομοιόμορφο φιλμ νερού που αυξάνει την τραχύτητα και το πάχος της αεροτομής. Τα σταγονίδια καθώς προσκρούουν πάνω στο φιλμ νερού δημιουργούν «κρατήρες» αυξάνοντας την τραχύτητα της αεροτομής. Επίσης, τα σωματίδια νερού διασπώνται κατά την πρόσκρουσή τους πάνω στην αεροτομή σε άλλα σταγονίδια μικρότερης διαμέτρου και μειωμένης ταχύτητας. Αυτό έχει ως αποτέλεσμα τα σταγονίδια αυτά, επαναεπιταχυνόμενα από τη ροή του αέρα να αποσπούν ποσό ενέργειας από το οριακό στρώμα καθιστώντας το πιο ευάλωτο σε αποκόλληση. Στόχος της μελέτης της αεροδυναμικής συμπεριφοράς των πτερυγίων σε διφασική ροή αέρα-νερού είναι η κατασκευή ανεμοκινητήρων υψηλού βαθμού απόδοσης και η παραγωγή φθηνής ενέργειας από την όσο το δυνατόν καλύτερη αξιοποίηση της αιολικής ενέργειας. / The aim of the present doctoral thesis is the experimental and computational study of the aerodynamic behavior of wings in two-phase flow and the application on wind turbine blades. First of all, experimental and computational study of one-phase flow over airfoils, wings and wind turbine blade and afterwards study of two-phase flow over the same bodies is conducted. The comparison of the results between dry and wet conditions is necessary in order to show the effects of two-phase flow at the aerodynamic performance. Wind tunnel tests were conducted to show the aerodynamic behavior of airfoils and wings in one-phase and two-phase flows. To simulate two-phase flow, the wind tunnel of the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory has to be configured with adding commercial rain simulated nozzles. For the experiments NACA 0012 airfoils and wings which come along the wind turbine are utilized and airfoil and wings S809 are constructed. The experiments of one-phase flow and two-phase flow are conducted for the same air velocity. For the two-phase flow four different Liquid Water Contents are examined. For the computational analysis the commercial CFD code ANSYS Fluent is used. In first place, simulations of one-phase flow over the NACA 0012 airfoil are done with three different turbulence models. The NACA0012 airfoil is chosen because it has been studied in depth and has a precise data base to compare the results of the simulation with. The lift coefficients are computed with accuracy in contrast to the drag coefficient. The overprediction of drag is expected since the actual airfoil has laminar flow over the forward half. The turbulence models cannot calculate the transition point from laminar to turbulent and consider that the boundary layer is turbulent throughout its length. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the computational results with experimental data of a fully turbulent boundary layer. In order to get more accurate results, the computational domain could be split into two different domains to run mixed laminar and turbulent flow. The contours of pressure and velocity over the airfoil are presented, as well as stagnation, maximum velocity, detachment and reattachment points of the boundary layer are computed. Streamlines and velocity vectors over the airfoil are also presented. Similar simulations are conducted for the S809 airfoil. In order to study the tree-dimensional effects of the flow, simulations over the S809 wing are made. Lift and drag coefficients, stagnation, maximum velocity, detachment and reattachment points of the boundary layer are computed. Moreover, contours of turbulent intensity on the upper surface of the wing and velocity, z-velocity, turbulence intensity and helicity behind the wing are presented. Simulations over the Phase IV blade of NREL are also conducted. The axial velocity behind the rotor, the static pressure and the turbulence intensity contribution on the blade’s surface and the static pressure contours at several blade cross-sections are studied. First of all, the computational study of the two-phase flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil and Liquid Water Content LWC=30 g/m3 is conducted, because there are published experimental data for comparison, in order to validate the CFD developed model. After that, simulations of two-phase flow over the S809 airfoil, S809 wing and Phase IV blade are made. In addition, computational study of the effects of different Liquid Water Content on the aerodynamic performance of NACA 0012 and S809 airfoil at low Reynolds number is made. The results from two-phase flow are compared with the corresponding results from one-phase flow in order to show the effects of two-phase flow at the aerodynamic performance. The influence of two-phase flow on the power coefficient of a wind turbine is also investigated. The results show that the aerodynamic performance degrades when encountering rain, especially lift is degreased and drag is increased. The aerodynamic degradation is caused by the water film formation on the airfoil’s surface and the cratering effects from the raindrops impact. The presence of uneven water film on the airfoil surface roughens the airfoil surface and increases the airfoil thickness. The cratering effects from the water droplets impact on the water film layer increase also the airfoil thickness. Moreover, the droplets splash-back when they impact the airfoil and as a result droplets with smaller diameter and velocity are formed. The acceleration of the splashed-back droplets by the air flowfield acts as a momentum sink, deenergizing the boundary layer and leaving it more susceptible to separation. The aim of the study of the aerodynamic behavior of blades in two-phase flow is the construction of wind turbines with greater efficiency and the production of energy from wind with low cost.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe atliktas eksperimentinis neįstiklinto pratakaus saulės kolektoriaus efektyvumo tyrimas. Eksperimento metu parinkta ir sumontuota matavimo ir duomenų kaupimo įranga. Pagal gautus meteorologinius ir kolektoriaus parametrų duomenis išanalizuotas kolektoriaus veikimas. Nustatyta kolektoriaus paviršiaus ir tiekiamojo oro temperatūrų, temperatūrinio efektyvumo ir bendro efektyvumo priklausomybė nuo išorinių veiksnių. Atliktas rezultatų palyginamas esant pastoviam ir kintamam tiekiamojo oro debitui, ir nustatyta jo įtaka kolektoriaus veikimui. Remiantis šilumos srauto principu ir naudojantis parinkta matavimo įranga, nustatyta kolektoriaus veikimo įtaka išorinei pastato atitvarai. Nustatyti galimi šilumos pritekiai šildymo sezono ir vasaros metu, naudojant kolektorių kaip apsauginę priemonę nuo tiesioginių saulės spindulių. Atliktas kolektoriaus ekonominis ir energinis vertinimas naudojantis RETScreen programa ir, lyginant gautus rezultatus su kitais baziniais šildymo būdais, apskaičiuotas kolektoriaus atsipirkimo laikotarpis. / Master thesis carried out an experimental study of unglazed transpired solar collector. During the experimental required measuring equipment was selected and installed. Performance of the collector was analyzed according to measured meteorological collector’s parameters data. Collector surface and supply air temperature, thermal efficiency and overall efficiency dependency on external factors was investigated. The study results are compared with constant or variable supply air flow rate and its impact on the operation of the collector. Collector operation impact to building’s external wall is investigated based on the principle of heat flow and using the selected measurement equipment. Study investigated possible heat inflow during the heating season and summer time, using collector as a shield against direct sunlight. Collector economical and energetic assessment was done using RETScreen software.

Une mauvaise étanchéité à l’air dans un bâtiment peut entraîner des surconsommations énergétiques et poser un certain nombre de problèmes tels que l’apparition de moisissures dans les murs ou encore une mauvaise qualité de l’air intérieur. Les constructions à ossature bois sont particulièrement sujettes aux infiltrations d’air, d’où la nécessité de mieux comprendre ces phénomènes et leurs conséquences afin que ces bâtiments puissent respecter les normes d’étanchéité de plus en plus strictes. Cette étude contribue par plusieurs aspects et à différentes échelles à l’évaluation de l’impact des infiltrations d’air sur les performances d’un bâtiment.Les infiltrations d’air à travers l’enveloppe peuvent perturber le bon fonctionnement de la ventilation mécanique et augmenter les pertes thermiques. Cette problématique est d’abord traitée numériquement à l’échelle du bâtiment, avec l’étude d’une grande variété de maisons et de conditions météorologiques. Des modèles simplifiés applicables à tout niveau d’étanchéité ont été établis pour la prise en compte des infiltrations naturelles dans les calculs de débit total de ventilation. Une plus petite échelle est ensuite considérée pour l’étude de l’étanchéité à l’air, avec la caractérisation expérimentale de parois ossature bois, de matériaux et de détails de construction, notamment grâce à la construction d’un banc d’essai adapté. Un certain nombre de tests de pressurisation ont permis de quantifier les fuites d’air induites par des défauts d’étanchéité spécifiques et peuvent être utilisés pour les simulations numériques à l’échelle du bâtiment.L’impact des infiltrations d’air sur les performances hygrothermiques d’une paroi est intimement lié à la dispersion de l’air à l’intérieur de celle-ci, mais il y a actuellement un manque d’études et de techniques expérimentales pour la déterminer. Une nouvelle méthode a donc été développée, à savoir l’utilisation de microparticules de fluorescéine comme traceur à l’intérieur des isolants. L’établissement de cartographies de la concentration en fluorescéine a permis d’étudier l’impact de certains paramètres tels que la vitesse d’air, le matériau isolant ou encore la géométrie sur les infiltrations d’air, et a mis en évidence des phénomènes tels que l’apparition de lames d’air entre les composants de la paroi. Par ailleurs un modèle du transport des particules de fluorescéine a été développé et couplé à un modèle CFD pour des analyses plus fines du chemin de l’air.Enfin, une étude de cas a été effectuée sur des parois simplifiées afin de comparer les différentes méthodes expérimentales, de vérifier leur applicabilité à l’étude du chemin de l’air, et d’obtenir des données pour la validation de modèles numériques. La dispersion de l’air en entrée/sortie de l’isolant a été étudiée par thermographie infrarouge et PIV. Le chemin de l’air à l’intérieur de l’isolant a lui été étudié par 3 techniques : des mesures de température avec des thermocouples ; d’humidité relative avec des capteurs capacitifs SHT 75 ; et l’utilisation de microparticules de fluorescéine. Les avantages et inconvénients de chaque méthode ont été identifiés pour aider à sélectionner la plus adaptée pour de futures études. / Poor airtightness in buildings can lead to an over-consumption of energy and to many issues such as moisture damage and poor indoor climate. The timber frame constructions are particularly subject to air leakage and further knowledge in this field is needed to meet the regulation requirements tightened by the development of low-energy and passive houses. This study focuses on the impact of air infiltration on the buildings’ performance, both at the building and the wall assembly scales.The air infiltration through the envelope can disrupt the proper functioning of mechanical ventilation and increase the global energy load. This issue was first investigated numerically at the building scale on a wide range of housing and weather conditions. Simplified models working across the whole airtightness spectrum were established for the inclusion of natural infiltration in buildings’ total ventilation rate calculations. The airtightness was then considered at a smaller scale with the experimental characterization of timber frame wall assemblies, components and construction details, in particular with an original test set-up built for this purpose. A number of pressurization tests enabled to quantify the additional leakage air flow induced by specific airtightness defects and may be of use for building scale numerical simulations.The impact of air infiltration on the hygro-thermal performance of a wall is closely linked to the air dispersion inside it, but there is a lack of experimental studies and methods for the air path investigation. A new technique has therefore been developed, consisting in an innovative use of fluorescein micro-particles as tracer inside the insulation material. It was first applied to specific configurations: straight/angled air channels in contact with porous media. A simple analysis of the fluorescein concentration mappings enabled to investigate the impact of parameters such as the flow velocity, the insulation material and the geometry on the air infiltration in the glass wool, and gave evidences of phenomena such as the appearance of thin air gaps between the components of the wall. A fluorescein transport model was developed and coupled to a CFD model for finer analysis.Finally a case study on simple wall assemblies was carried out to compare experimental techniques, to verify their applicability to the air path study and to provide data for possible numerical model validation. The air dispersion at the inlet/outlet of the insulation was studied with both infrared thermography and the PIV. The air path inside the insulation layer was investigated using three experimental approaches: a temperature monitoring with thermocouples; a relative humidity monitoring with capacitive sensors SHT 75; and the use of fluorescein tracer micro-particles. The respective benefits and limitations of the various methods were identified to help in the selection of the most appropriate one for further studies.

Les machines frigorifiques à absorption ammoniac-eau sont prometteuses dans les domaines de la climatisation solaire et de la valorisation des rejets thermiques pour l’industrie. Pour permettre à ces machines de devenir compétitives par rapport aux systèmes à compression mécanique de vapeur, l’amélioration de leur efficacité et la baisse de leur coût sont nécessaires. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit ce travail de thèse.L’étude se concentre sur l’absorbeur qui est un des composants les plus critiques de la machine à absorption en matière de taille, de coût et d’efficacité. L’objectif est d’étudier numériquement et expérimentalement les transferts couplés de masse et de chaleur dans l’absorbeur dans le but de prédire et d’améliorer ses performances.Deux absorbeurs à film tombant sont étudiés, dans lesquels la solution pauvre et la vapeur entrent en haut et le fluide caloporteur entre en bas. Le premier est un échangeur à plaques soudées et le deuxième est un échangeur à plaques et joints avec des dimensions et des profils de plaques différents.L’analyse expérimentale de ces deux absorbeurs est réalisée dans des conditions réelles de fonctionnement sur un prototype instrumenté de machine à absorption ammoniac-eau de 5 kW. Ce dispositif permet une analyse globale des débits de vapeur absorbés, des flux thermiques évacués et des efficacités d’absorption. Une analyse plus locale est aussi réalisée à l’aide de mesures de températures à l’intérieur des canaux de refroidissement dans l’absorbeur plaques et joints. Les résultats montrent une importante corrélation entre la puissance frigorifique produite par la machine à absorption et les performances de l’absorbeur. Mais ce prototype étant une machine réelle, les variables d’entrée de l’absorbeur ne peuvent pas être contrôlées. Un modèle numérique est donc nécessaire pour dissocier l’impact des différentes variables sur les performances de l’absorbeur.Un modèle 1D d’un absorbeur à film tombant est donc développé. Il est basé sur des bilans de masses, d’espèces et d’énergies, des équations de transferts de masse et de chaleur et des conditions d’équilibre à l’interface liquide-vapeur. Les résistances aux transferts de masse sont considérées dans les phases liquide et vapeur et des corrélations empiriques sont utilisées pour calculer les coefficients de transfert de masse et de chaleur.Ce modèle est validé expérimentalement avec les données globales aux bornes des deux absorbeurs et avec les mesures de températures le long des canaux du fluide de refroidissement puisqu’une différence maximale de 15% est observée. Il permet donc l’analyse détaillée des phénomènes de transferts de masse et de chaleur le long de l’absorbeur et facilite l’étude du procédé d’absorption.Enfin, une étude de sensibilité paramétrique est réalisée avec ce modèle pour discuter des résultats expérimentaux et pour identifier les pistes d’amélioration des performances de l’absorbeur et donc de la machine à absorption. / Ammonia-water absorption chillers are promising both for solar air conditioning and for industry processes. To become competitive compared to electric compression chillers, their efficiency needs to be improved and their cost has to be decreased. This thesis study takes place in this context.The focus is put on the absorber, which is one of the most critical component of absorption chillers in terms of compactness, cost and efficiency. The purpose is to study numerically and experimentally coupled heat and mass transfers which occur in the absorber in order to predict and improve its overall performances.Two falling film absorbers are analysed. In both of them, the poor solution and the vapour enter at the top and the coolant fluid enters at the bottom of the absorber. The first absorber is a brazed plate heat exchanger and the second is a gasketed plate-and-frame heat exchanger with different geometric dimensions and plates corrugations.The experimental study of these two absorbers is performed in real working conditions on an instrumented ammonia-water absorption chiller prototype of 5 KW. Thanks to this device, a global analysis of vapour absorbed mass flow rates, absorbed heat fluxes and mass effectiveness is achieved. A local analysis is also performed thanks to temperature measures inside channels of coolant fluid in the gasketed plate-and-frame heat exchanger. Results show a strong correlation between the absorption chiller cooling capacity and the absorber performances. However, since this prototype is a real chiller, absorber inlet variables cannot be controlled. Thus, a numerical model is necessary to dissociate the impact of these variables on the absorber performances.A 1D numerical model of the absorber is developed. It is based on mass, species and enthalpy balances, mass and heat transfer equations and equilibrium conditions at the vapour/solution interface. Mass transfer resistances in both liquid and vapour phases are considered while heat and mass transfer coefficients are calculated using empirical correlations.This model is validated experimentally with global data at the inlet and the outlet of the absorber and temperature measures along the absorber coolant fluid channels. A maximal relative error of 15 % is observed. Therefore, a detailed analysis of combined heat and mass transfers along the absorber and the absorption process study is performed thanks to this model.A parametric study is also performed with this model to discuss experimental results and find ways to improve the absorber performances and thus the absorption chiller performances.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-26 / Objetivo: Determinar o efeito do ácido ursodesoxicólico e o papel da mucosa no aparecimento de alterações motoras, na musculatura esofagiana de cobaias. Métodos: Trabalho experimental realizado com 18 cobaias albinas do sexo masculino pesando entre 200 e 250g. Os animais foram distribuídos em 03 grupos, sendo assim constituídos: Grupo (A)- 06 animais formaram o grupo experimental – Esôfago com mucosa, Grupo (B)- 06 animais formaram o grupo experimental – Esôfago sem mucosa e Grupo (C)- 06 animais formaram o grupo controle. Os animais foram sacrificados e o esôfago distal foi removido. Após identificação da transição epitelial escamo-colunar, foi realizada a secção ao nível da mesma desprezando-se a câmara gástrica. Os espécimes de esôfago foram encaminhados para prova de avaliação contrátil, utilizando-se câmaras de perfusão de órgãos e um sistema de aquisição de dados com o programa KITCAD 8. Os espécimes foram mantidos em solução salina oxigenada por 01 hora, com estiramento de 01 grama a fim de readquirirem sua tensão basal e foram estimulados com 40mM de KCl. Após a verificação da manutenção contrátil e avaliação da amplitude contrátil inicial, os fragmentos foram banhados na solução de 100 mM de ácido ursodesoxicólico, nos grupos A e B, e em solução salina fisiológica, no grupo C, por 01 hora, e, então, novamente estimulados com 40mM de KCl, e realizados cinco estímulos com intervalo de cinco minutos para o registro da amplitude contrátil. Resultados: A média da amplitude de contração antes da incubação (pré) variou entre os grupos (p=0,006) com médias de 1,319(A), 0,306(B) e 1,795(C). Após a incubação (pós), a média da amplitude de contração foi de 0,709 , 0,278 e 1,353 para os grupos A, B e C, respectivamente. Antes da incubação, não houve diferença na amplitude de contração entre os grupos A e C (p=0,633) e houve diferença entre os grupos A e B (p=0,039) e B e C (p=0,048). Após a incubação, quando comparamos as diferenças das médias dentro dos grupos nos momentos pré e pós, encontramos apenas diferenças no grupo A (p=0,030). Conclusões: A exposição esofagiana ao ácido ursodexosicólico, componente da bile, induz a uma diminuição da amplitude de contração esofagiana. A mucosa esofagiana desempenha importante papel na motilidade esofagiana. / Background and Aims: Esophageal motor abnormalities are frequently found in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. The role of bile in reflux-induced dysmotility is still elusive. Furthermore, it is questionable weather mucosal or muscular stimulation leads to motor modification. The aims of this study were: (a) analyze the effect of bile infusion in the amplitude of esophageal contractions and (b) analyze the effect of mucosal vs muscular stimulation. Methods: 18 guinea-pig esophagi were isolated and its contractility assessed with force transducers. Three groups were studied. In group A (n= 6) the entire esophagus was used and incubated in 100 ìML ursodeocycholic acid for 2 hours. In group B (n=6) the mucosal layer was removed and the muscular layer incubated in 100 ìML ursodeocycholic acid for 1 hours. In group C (n=6) (control group) the entire esophagus was used and incubated in saline solution. In all groups, five sequential contractions spaced by 1 minute were measured before and after incubation. Contractions were recorded after KCl 40 mM stimulation. Results: Contractions before incubation did differed among groups (p= 0,006) and averaged 1,319(A),0,306(B) and 1,795(C). After incubation amplitude of contraction was 0,709 , 0,278 and 1,353 for groups A, B and C respectively. Before incubation there were no diferrences between groups A and C (p=0,633) there was difference between groups A and B (p=0,039) and B and C (p=0,048). After incubation when we compare average within groups (before and after) there was difference only in group A (p=0,030). Conclusion: Our results show that bile exposure may induce ineffective esophageal motility and the mucosa seems to take an important role in esophageal motility. Disclosure Statement: No author has commercial associations that might create a conflict of interest. No competing financial interests exist. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T15:00:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2486004 bytes, checksum: 58c7f8984b6313c965d4ab70e1483555 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present paper describes an theoretical-experimental study of an double effect absorption refrigeration machine in series that uses the waste heat from the exhaust fumes of an internal combustion engine as an energy source for the steam generator. Stress that the machine being used was designed and built on the premises of the Federal University of Paraíba in the Institute of Sustainable Energy and recog-IES laboratory, Cooperative Research Network North / Northeast Natural Gas. This study aims to describe the constructive aspects of a pilot plant with cooling capacity of around 0.5 TR, emphasizing discussion relation to the accuracy, errors, difficulties, problems identified and solutions found during the construction processes, testing, operation, data acquisition and evaluation of the pilot plant. / O presente trabalho descreve um estudo teórico-experimental de uma máquina de refrigeração por absorção de duplo efeito em série usando o par água brometo de lítio e que utiliza o rejeito de calor proveniente dos gases de escapamento de um motor de combustão interna como fonte energética para o gerador de vapor de vapor de alta. A máquina está sendo desenvolvida nas próprias instalações da Universidade Federal da Paraíba no laboratório do Instituto de Energia Sustentável IES e RECOGÀS, Rede Cooperativa de Pesquisa Norte/Nordeste de Gás Natural. Este estudo visa descrever os aspectos construtivos de uma unidade piloto com capacidade frigorífica em torno de 0,5 TR, dando ênfase a discussões em relação aos acertos, erros, dificuldades obtidas, problemas identificados e soluções encontradas durante os processos de construção, testes, funcionamento, aquisição de dados e avaliação da unidade piloto. É feito também uma comparação dos dados experimentais com os resultados obtidos de um modelo termodinâmico baseado nos conceitos de energia e exergia. O código computacional é desenvolvido em plataforma EES (Engineering Equation Solver), aproveitando a facilidade de obtenção das propriedades, sobretudo, da solução água brometo de lítio.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValeriaMGDML_TESE.pdf: 5877760 bytes, checksum: 33cd720eef775e51bdd077da12942ba1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-19 / Funda??o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo / The relationship between lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense and diabetic osteopenia remains unclear. This study evaluated the relationship between lipid peroxidation index, antioxidant defense parameter and bone metabolism in a premenopausal diabetic model by measurements such as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances concentration (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content in brain homogenates, histomorphometric analysis, biomechanical testing and bone mineral density (BMD). Female Wistar rats with regular estrous cycle were divided into two groups: Group 1: control rats (n = 15) and Group 2: diabetic rats (n = 15). Diabetes mellitus was induced by alloxan and confirmed by glycemia &#61619;250 mg/dL. The experimental period understood 1 and 5 after days induction and 45, 75 and 120 days after the installation of diabetes mellitus.The lipid peroxidation index, measured by TBARS concentration, showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in diabetic animals in comparison to animals control. However, the antioxidant parameter, measured by GSH content, was significantly decrease (p<0.05) in diabetic animals. Histomorphometric analysis showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in femoral trabecular separation together with a significant decrease (p<0.05) in trabecular thickness and reduced trabecular bone volume in diabetic rats. Moreover, biomechanical testing and BMD values were significant decrease (p<0.05) in diabetic group. Thus, our results demonstrated that increased lipid peroxidation and altered antioxidant defense could be related to the development of oxidative stress and diabetic osteopenia in premenopausal rats / A rela??o entre peroxida??o lip?dica, defesa antioxidante e osteopenia diab?tica permanece obscura. Este estudo avaliou a associa??o entre ?ndice de peroxida??o lip?dica, par?metro de defesa antioxidante e metabolismo ?sseo em um modelo diab?tico pr?-menopausado atrav?s de medidas como a concentra??o de subst?ncias reativas ao ?cido tiobarbit?rico (SRAT) e conte?do de glutationa reduzida (GSH) no homogenato cerebral, an?lises histomorfom?tricas, teste biomec?nico e densidade mineral ?ssea (DMO). Ratas Wistar com ciclo estral regular foram distribu?das em dois grupos: Grupo 1 - ratas controle (n = 15) e Grupo 2 - ratas diab?ticas (n = 15). O diabetes mellitus foi induzido pela aloxana e confirmado pela glicemia &#61619;250 mg/dL. O per?odo experimental compreendeu 1 e 5 dias ap?s a indu??o e 45, 75 e 120 dias ap?s a instala??o do diabetes mellitus. O ?ndice de peroxida??o lip?dica, medido pela concentra??o de SRAT, demonstrou um aumento significativo (p<0.05) nos animais diab?ticos, em rela??o aos animais controle. Entretanto, o par?metro de defesa antioxidante, mensurado pelo conte?do de GSH, foi reduzido significativamente (p<0.05) nos animais diab?ticos. As an?lises histomorfom?tricas mostraram um aumento significativo (p<0.05) da separa??o trabecular do f?mur, associado ? diminui??o significativa da espessura trabecular (p<0.05) e volume ?sseo trabecular reduzido nas ratas diab?ticas. Al?m disso, o teste biomec?nico, medido pela for?a m?xima de compress?o, e valores de DMO foram reduzidos significativamente (p<0.05) no grupo diab?tico. Dessa maneira, nossos resultados demonstraram que a peroxida??o lip?dica aumentada e defesa antioxidante modificada podem estar relacionadas ao desenvolvimento do estresse oxidativo e osteopenia diab?tica em ratas pr?-menopausadas

Processos colisionais envolvendo transferência de energia têm sido intensivamente investigados em amostras de átomos de Rydberg frios nos últimos anos. Alguns grupos de pesquisa têm interpretado tais processos utilizando um modelo de muitos corpos; nosso grupo tem explicado tais processos, considerando a interação de dois corpos em um potencial de ultralongo alcance e o movimento sob a ação de um potencial. Nesta tese nós investigamos tais processos de colisão envolvendo átomos de Rydberg frios, produzidos em uma armadilha magneto-óptica. A investigação da evolução temporal de estados de Rydberg produzidos por colisões para diferentes densidades atômicas nos permite demonstrar que o processo binário é dominante. Além disso, mostramos que a radiação de corpo negro não pode ser desprezada nestes experimentos. Finalmente, sugerimos melhorias para um modelo semi-clássico de dinâmica colisional proposto por nosso grupo. / Collisional processes involving energy transfer have been intensively investigated in samples of cold Rydberg atoms in the last years. Some research groups have interpreted such processes using a many body model; on the other hand our group has explained such processes considering a two body interaction in an ultralong range potential and the atomic motion under the influence of such potential. In this work, we have investigated such atomic collisions involving cold Rydberg atoms, produced in a magneto-optical trap. The time evolution study of the Rydberg states produced by collisions for different atomic densities has shown us that the binary process is dominant in such system. Beyond that, we have shown that the radiation of black body cannot be neglected in these experiments. Finally, we suggest improvements for the semi-classical collissional dynamic model proposed by our group.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Oceânica, Escola de Engenharia, 2008. / Submitted by Lilian M. Silva (lilianmadeirasilva@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-19T22:08:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Desenvolvimento De Uma Instalação Experimental Para Estudo De Fenômenos De Interação Fluido-estrutura.pdf: 1830430 bytes, checksum: fbf20ca5696e6496fdf803ca403c6632 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-03T19:29:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Desenvolvimento De Uma Instalação Experimental Para Estudo De Fenômenos De Interação Fluido-estrutura.pdf: 1830430 bytes, checksum: fbf20ca5696e6496fdf803ca403c6632 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-03T19:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Desenvolvimento De Uma Instalação Experimental Para Estudo De Fenômenos De Interação Fluido-estrutura.pdf: 1830430 bytes, checksum: fbf20ca5696e6496fdf803ca403c6632 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O estudo experimental de problemas de interação fluido-estrutura é de fundamental importância para o entendimento dos processos dinâmicos envolvidos. Esses processos podem ser bastante complexos em função da alta não-linearidade do problema, especialmente para os casos em que o acoplamento entre a dinâmica do fluido e a dinâmica da estrutura é forte, ou para casos em que ocorram instabilidades dinâmica tanto no fluido quanto na estrutura. O estudo experimental de fenômenosde interação fluido-estrutura necessita de instalações de laboratório capazes de impor movimento relativo entre o fluido e a estrutura. Neste contexto, nesta dissertação apresentam-se o projeto, a construção e a avaliação de um canal de reboque otimizado para o estudo da interação fluido-estrutura em corpos rombudos cilíndricos de alta razão de aspecto. A instalação consiste de um canal de 16 m de comprimento com seção transversal 0,71m de largura por 0,79 m de altura e de uma plataforma de reboque para movimento da estrutura sobre o fluido. Além do movimento retilíneo, a plataforma de reboque é capaz de impor, simultaneamente, movimentos oscilatórios em até dois grupos de estruturas de forma independente. Esta capacidade permite o estudo da influência da amplitude, da freqüência e da fase do movimento oscilatório na interação entre o fluido e as estruturas. A dissertação contém uma discussão sobre a formulação geral dos problemas de interação fluido-estrutura e os principais parâmetros adimensionais relevantes. São tratados os problemas específicos da instalação experimental tais como especificação dos parâmetros hidrodinâmicos, projeto das estruturas de suporte do canal e da plataforma de reboque, o projeto mecânico da plataforma de reboque e uma breve descrição do sistema de controle dos movimentos da plataforma, bem como apresentam-se a descrição dos ensaios de avaliação de desempenho do sistema e a discussão dos resultados. Finalmente, a dissertação apresenta as conclusõesdos aspectos construtivos e capacidade da instalação em uma faixa do número de Reynolds, bem como as sugestões para trabalhos futuros. / The experimental study of fluid-structure interaction problems is of fundamental importance for the understanding of the dynamic phenomena involved. The dynamics of these phenomena can be very complex as a result of the high non-linearity of the problem, in particular for the cases with strong coupling between the dynamic of the fluid and the dynamic of the structure, or in cases in which instabilities in the fluid or in the structure are present. The experimental study of fluid-structure interaction requires laboratory facilities capable of impose relative motion between the fluid and the structure. In this context, that work presents the design, the construction and the evaluation of a towing canal optimized for the study of the interaction fluid-structure in cylindrical bluff bodies of high aspect ratio. The facility consists of 16 m long canal with cross section 0.71 m of width by 0.79 m of height and a towing platform for the motion of the structure in the fluid. In addition to the linear motion, the towing platform is capable of impose simultaneously independent transverse oscillatory motion in up to two structure groups. This capacityallows the study of the influence of the amplitude, of the frequency and of the phase of the oscillatory motion in the interaction between the fluid and the structure. This work presents a discussion on the general formulation of the fluid-structure interaction problems and on the main dimensionless parameters that are relevant to the problem. Next, it deals with the specification of the experimental facility such as hydrodynamic parameters, design of structures for supporting the canal itself and the towing platform, the mechanical design of the towing platform and a brief description of the system of control of the towing platformmotions. Next, it presents the description of the evaluation tests for the platform performance and the discussion of the results. Finally, the work presents the conclusions of the aspects of capacity building and installation on a range of Reynolds number, as well as suggestions for future work.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-03-25T18:00:07Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Igor Rodrigues Vieira - 2014.pdf: 3955314 bytes, checksum: 10653cb9217fd4e5673366c0dec73383 (MD5) Dissertação - Igor Rodrigues Vieira - 2014.zip: 294065 bytes, checksum: f01004b14dc2c0cec6bc6eb4898db980 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Rejected by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com), reason: on 2015-03-25T18:01:43Z (GMT) / Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-03-25T18:03:23Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Igor Rodrigues Vieira - 2014.pdf: 3955314 bytes, checksum: 10653cb9217fd4e5673366c0dec73383 (MD5) Dissertação - Igor Rodrigues Vieira - 2014.zip: 294065 bytes, checksum: f01004b14dc2c0cec6bc6eb4898db980 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-03-25T18:04:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Igor Rodrigues Vieira - 2014.pdf: 3955314 bytes, checksum: 10653cb9217fd4e5673366c0dec73383 (MD5) Dissertação - Igor Rodrigues Vieira - 2014.zip: 294065 bytes, checksum: f01004b14dc2c0cec6bc6eb4898db980 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-25T18:04:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Igor Rodrigues Vieira - 2014.pdf: 3955314 bytes, checksum: 10653cb9217fd4e5673366c0dec73383 (MD5) Dissertação - Igor Rodrigues Vieira - 2014.zip: 294065 bytes, checksum: f01004b14dc2c0cec6bc6eb4898db980 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-19 / The metaphor of technical debt (TD) is very useful for Software Engineering, it is directly related to the context of evolution and maintenance in the life cycle of a product. It can be understood as a relation between costs and effects, of short and long term, associated with project decisions during the software development process. Currently, large companies and some government sectors still have restrictions in adopting open source products by uncertainties related to its quality and reliability. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the technical debt in open source products in order to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach to evaluate the software quality. For this, were performed experimental studies, contemplating the automated data collection for a significant set of products open source, having as input its source code. These products were evaluated by SonarQube Platform, which enables collect several metrics about the quality of the source code - including the technical debt. The interpretation of the collected data allowed the analysis of the TD evolution for these products, the classification of the projects and the verification of the representativeness of the quality axis that make up the TD. The results suggest that most of the projects evaluated have shown decreased TD along their versions and they showed slightly elevated values of the metric. Another contribution is that the quality axis Coverage, Violations and Complexity is presented as the main contributors to the TD’s increase of from the set of product evaluated. It was also possible to verify the existence of a correlation between the TD implementation and the SQALE methodology, with regard assessing software quality evaluating. / A metáfora da dívida técnica (DT) apresenta-se muito útil para Engenharia de Software, estando diretamente relacionada ao contexto de evolução e manutenção existentes no ciclo de vida de um produto. Ela pode ser entendida como uma relação entre custos e efeitos, de curto e longo prazos, associados a decisões de projeto durante o processo de desenvolvimento de software. Atualmente, grandes empresas e alguns setores do governo ainda possuem restrições quanto à adoção de produtos de código aberto por incertezas relacionadas a sua qualidade e confiabilidade. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a dívida técnica em produtos de código aberto, no intuito de demonstrar a possibilidade de utilização dessa abordagem para avaliação da qualidade de software. Para tanto, foram realizados estudos experimentais, contemplando a coleta automatizada de dados para um conjunto expressivo de produtos de código aberto, tendo como entrada o respectivo código fonte. Esses produtos foram submetidos à avaliação da Plataforma SonarQube, a qual possibilita coletar diversas métricas sobre a qualidade do código fonte – entre elas a dívida técnica (technical debt). A interpretação dos dados coletados possibilitou a análise da evolução da DT desses produtos, a classificação dos projetos e a verificação da representatividade dos eixos de qualidade que compõem a DT. Os resultados sugerem que a maioria dos projetos avaliados demonstrou diminuição da DT, ao longo de suas versões, e apresentou valores pouco elevados para a métrica. Outra contribuição consiste que os eixos de qualidade “Cobertura”, “Violações” e “Complexidade” foram identificados como aqueles que mais contribuem para o incremento da DT do conjunto de produtos avaliados. Foi possível, também, verificar a existência de uma correlação entre a implementação da DT estudada e a metodologia SQALE, no que diz respeito à avaliação da qualidade de software.