This dissertation centers on virtuosity as a source of creative genesis, boundary-pushing, and musical debate. Focusing on the careers and works of pianists Oscar Peterson (1925-2007) and Glenn Gould (1932-1982), I examine the role of the virtuoso in twentieth-century music-making, and his encounter with Canadian national identity. Gould and Peterson were contemporaries, and despite their differences - Gould was a white classical musician from Toronto, and Peterson, an African Canadian jazz artist from Montréal - their career paths share points of connection. Using archival material from the Glenn Gould fonds and the Oscar Peterson fonds at Library and Archives Canada, I analyze the work of both figures as sources of musical creativity through musical performance and composition. The first part of this dissertation demonstrates how Gould's and Peterson's respective performances sparked furor through their contestation of musical boundaries. In the first chapter, my analysis of outtakes from Gould's 1955 recording session of the Goldberg Variations illuminates how his radical musical philosophies emerged from his early recording practices. In chapter two, I examine critiques of Peterson's performance aesthetic from an extensive collection of reviews, and argue that his style of virtuosic jazz allowed him to push back against musical expectations. In the third chapter, I examine the work of Canadian filmmaker Norman McLaren whose experimental animation provided opportunities for partnerships with both musicians; with Peterson in 1949 and with Gould in 1969. The second part of my dissertation takes the reader outside the realm of performance and demonstrates how Gould and Peterson engaged with landscape through sound composition. The fourth chapter investigates the spatial and sonic interpretation of Canadian locales in Gould's Solitude Trilogy, a series of three experimental radio documentaries. In the final chapter, I unravel the biographical and musical influences in Peterson's multi-movement suite for jazz trio, Canadiana Suite. By studying these iconic virtuosos side-by-side, my dissertation illuminates the significance of the performer in Canada's cultural life in the second half of the twentieth-century and yields a new understanding of how Gould and Peterson exploded expectations in their respective musical communities. / Music

The use of anthropomorphic animal characters is pervasive in animation, but there has been little examination of how and why these are created, and how a viewing audience understands them. This Practice-based PhD examines how a re-defining of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic representation might bring a new impetus to the use of animal imagery within contemporary animation practice. An initial stage of research was to define the term anthropomorphism both as a visual language within animation practice and in the wider contexts of scientific and philosophical discourse. Social and psychological aspects are discussed, recognising this form of hybrid representation throughout the development of human culture. Links with Human Animal Studies disciplines raised the question of relating anthropomorphism to negative aspects of anthropocentrism and this led to a second stage of the research that explores ways of working with anthropomorphism that do not promote an anthropocentric bias. This is firstly achieved through the devising of a new theoretical approach to character analysis that is based on the recognition of perceptual aesthetic and sensual animal qualities in human-led , animal-led and design-led anthropomorphic characters, rather than a reliance on conceptual symbolic referencing of human experiences, goals, and narratives. Moving into the practice and influence from historical animation work provides impetus for a move away from character and narrative based work. Experimental animation techniques are used to create rhythms and patterns of abstracted animal and human imagery. This new work is based on contemporary ecological ideas that discuss relationships between humans and animals as interconnected species, thus providing a second way of lessening of anthropocentric bias in the subject matter. Having a starting point of aesthetic and sensual responses to actual experiences with animals is an important factor and live action film is re-animated to create digitally manipulated rhythms of colour, texture, movement and sound. The practical research outcomes are animation samples that evidence the coming together of experimental digital techniques and contemporary ecological subject matter. An action research model was devised for the research to enable the integration of theory and practice, and reflection on theory and practice to have an important influence on the practical outcomes. The approach taken was dependent on experience as a creative practitioner and as a teacher helping others to develop a sustainable creative practice, in allowing an open and intuitive discovery of ideas from both theoretical and practical explorations to create a flow through the research. The combination of theoretical and practical research undertaken provides an impetus towards the creation of future animation work using an anthropomorphic visual language redefined as zooanthropomorphic animation . The submission includes outcomes of a written thesis and links to practical animation work.

This thesis is a supporting paper for three of my 3D animations created and presented for a Master of Fine Arts graduate exhibition. It discusses how the two realms of graphic design and 3D animation helped me to develop my heuristic techniques of creating animations. Using the three animations as examples, I make an attempt to explain how linear and figurative images influence each other in the creative process of creature/character development. I also discuss the various influences and cumulative explorations behind the imageries of animation. A brief discussion about Asian Indian aesthetic concepts and the general methodology of creating 3D animation using Alias|Wavefront Maya is also included.

[pt] O propósito deste trabalho é demonstrar como opera o mercado de animação nacional, dentro disso que se denomina o Boom da animação brasileira, incluído aos ditames do capitalismo flexível e da indústria criativa. Para tal, nos distanciamos da noção de gênio criador, em proveito de uma visão da animação como um universo onde os saberes e procedimentos são coletivos. Inicialmente nos aprofundamos na definição disso que é animação, relacionado-a à hibridação dos meios de produção e as consequências da evolução das técnicas digitais em relação ao conhecimento e prática dos animadores. Em seguida, utilizamos farto material empírico, através de entrevistas com animadores das mais diversas posições dentro do Campo da Animação brasileira. Priorizando a voz do animador mediano, que luta anonimamente no mercado de trabalho. Acreditamos que assim, conseguimos retratar como opera a animação nacional, além do que é mostrado ou dito pelos agentes privilegiados do Campo da Animação. Revelando: i) a precarização do trabalho como prática comum entre os estúdios de animação no Brasil; ii) uma produção nacional voltada a atender às necessidades dos canais exibidores, seguindo suas convenções estilísticas, o que denominamos estilo internacional; iii) a fragilidade das empresas brasileiras produtoras de animação, dependentes de incentivos governamentais e com graves problemas financeiros e administrativos. Assim, passamos à limpo os mitos que regem a profissão de animador, mostrando como e com quais ferramentas trabalham os animadores brasileiros, como são recrutados, treinados e como são remunerados. Também discutimos os resultados práticos realizados por este arranjo produtivo (Boom). / [en] The purpose of this work is to demonstrate how the market of the national animation operates, in which one denominates the Boom of Brazilian animation, including the precepts of flexible capitalism and of the creative industry. To do so, we distance ourselves from the notion of the genius creator, to give preference to a view of animation as a universe where the skills and procedures are collective. Firstly, we will examine the definition of that which is animation, relating it to the hybridization of the means of production and the consequences of the evolution of digital techniques in relation to the knowledge and experience of the animators. Subsequently we utilize a vast amount of empirical material, through the interviews with animators of the more diverse positions within the Field of Brazilian Animation. Prioritizing the voice of the average animator, who struggles anonymously on the work market. We believe that in this way we ll manage to describe how the national animation operates, beyond what is shown and said by the privileged agents of the Field of Animation. Revealing: i) the job instability/insecurity as a common practice between the animation studios in Brazil; ii) a national production aimed at attending the needs of the exhibiting channels, following their stylistic conventions, which we call the international style; iii) the fragility of the Brazilian companies, producers of animation, which depend on governmental incentives and that has serious financial and administrative problems. In this way we put an end to the myths that dominate the profession of animation, showing which tools the Brazilian animators work with, how they are recruited, trained and how they are remunerated. We also discuss the practical results that a realized by this productive arrangement (Boom).

[pt] Esse trabalho pretende através de uma revisão bibliográfica, análise documental, entrevistas e a própria experiência do pesquisador, identificar aspectos que o contexto atual da animação valoriza ou negligencia, traçando caminhos para se compreender o momento atual da produção brasileira, sua trajetória histórica e possíveis desdobramentos.O trabalho é divido em três partes.Na primeira, faço uma revisão bibliográfica do campo da animação no Brasil e contextualizo essas publicações com a prática e a história da animação no país. Na segunda, utilizo a forma dos duplos para conduzir e organizar uma reflexão sobre a animação. O duplo pode ter o sentido de duplicado, de substituto. Igualmente pode representar parceria e oposição. É a alternância desses significados que conduzem o dialogo entre a animação e o cinema de filmagem ao vivo; as técnicas tradicionais e digitaisde animação; o trabalho artesanal do animador e o trabalho industrial nos estúdios de animação; e a produção autoral com a comercial. Na terceira, realizo entrevistas com animadores brasileiros, de caráter qualitativo. Relaciono os discursos dos animadores, com o conteúdo levantado e procuro entender como esse momento de viragem do campo da animação no Brasil é percebido e como poderá afetar o desenvolvimento da animação no país. Assim, pretendo refletir sobre a relevância do cinema de animação de autor e do curta metragem, dentro do campo do design e do cinema como modelo de produção fundamental para a preservação de técnicas tradicionais de animação e simultaneamente renovador da linguagem, importante formador de profissionais e de público. / [en] This work aims, through a literature review, document analysis, interviews and the researcher s own experience, to identify aspects that the current animation context values or neglects, and to plot ways to understand the present situation in Brazilian production, its historical background and possible outcomes. The work is divided into three parts. The first is a literature review of animation in Brazil and contextualizes the selected publications within the practice and history of animation in the country. In the second I use pairs to lead and organize a debate on animation. These pairs may have the feeling of being duplicates or substitutes, or may represent partnership or opposition. It is this alternation of meanings that leads the dialogue on the differences between animation and live-action cinema; comparing traditional with digital animation techniques, the animator s craftwork with industrial work carried out in animation studios, and authorial production with commercial production. In the third I describe qualitative interviews undertaken with Brazilian animators. I compare the opinions of the animators with there searched content above and try to understand how the turning point in the field of animation in Brazil is perceived, and how it can affect the development of animation in the country. Therefore, I intend to reflect upon the relevance of authorial animation and short films, within the field of design and cinema as a fundamental production model for the preservation of traditional animation techniques and at the same time a renovator of language, an important factor in the growth of both professionals and their audience.

[ES] En esta tesis doctoral se aborda el concepto de la visión caleidoscópica con el fin de reflexionar en esta idea, asumiendo esta mirada en un sentido amplio, es decir, más allá de lo que se observa en un caleidoscopio. En concreto, el objeto de estudio determina la repercusión de esta polivisión caleidoscópica en el arte plástico y animación basada en la movilidad, reiteración simétrica, fragmentación y reintegración. De igual manera, asumiendo este principio se profundiza en la dinámica caleidoscópica, al subvertir los órdenes con la variación de algún elemento. De modo que se expone lo significativo de las disposiciones más singulares de los patrones, incorporando elementos de modificación o ruptura en la desintegración del lenguaje caleidoscópico con la finalidad de desestructurar o deconstruir la distribución de la red al alterar la simetría; o algún componente que visibilice estructuras menos lineales como alternativas a los patrones continuos, uniformes y cerrados, y en este caso se plantea un descentramiento y una abertura mayor. Se verificará en los procesos creativos un conjunto de obras en un contexto contemporáneo puede generar diversas lecturas y facetas que estimulen la creatividad. Por lo tanto, esta repercusión se analizará mediante obras plásticas y filmes de animación significativas, además, es relevante precisar que se analizará a través de métodos alternativos que pueden alterar la estructura convencional. Del mismo modo, se hará un recorrido y contextualización de esta visión en un orden conceptual y formal, junto a una exposición de juguetes ópticos vinculados a la imagen refleja entre los que se encuentra el caleidoscopio, con el fin de analizar la evolución del objeto y de la óptica del mismo, pasando por pequeños y grandes artefactos, analizando los elementos comunes que la conforman y también las diferencias, hasta ver en la actualidad la confluencia de esta óptica con los artefactos de gran formato. Este enfoque tiene el propósito de abrir la mirada y permitir una comprensión más amplia, interconectada y diversa, lo cual expresa aspectos de evolución. A la vez, se puede señalar, cómo finalmente esta óptica en la actualidad se lleva hacia la instalación o intervención artística con innovaciones a la par, es posible verificar cómo no es solo una visión en el arte, sino que esta idea de crecimiento se extiende, a la vida, al relacionarse con el entorno como un tejido de patrones en interacción. En este sentido, se sigue el concepto de "extimidad" (extimité), acuñado por Jacques Lacan en el siglo XX ya que, expresa la interrelación entre exterior e interior en un juego de inversión, donde lo íntimo pasa al exterior y viceversa. Esta noción en la tesis se extrapola al arte del caleidoscopio porque exterioriza algo que está en el interior y también en la visión caleidoscópica, donde se determina una sincronía entre el mundo externo e interno que transmite dicha visión. / [CA] En aquesta tesi doctoral s'aborda el concepte de la visió calidoscòpica amb la finalitat de reflexionar-hi, i s'assumeix aquesta mirada en un sentit ampli, és a dir, més enllà del que s'observa en un calidoscopi. En concret, l'objecte d'estudi determina la repercussió d'aquesta polivisió calidoscòpica en l'art plàstic i l'animació basada en la mobilitat, reiteració simètrica, fragmentació i reintegració. D'igual manera, assumint aquest principi s'aprofundeix en la dinàmica calidoscòpica, en subvertir els ordres amb la variació d'algun element; així s'exposa el significatiu de les disposicions més singulars dels patrons, incorporant elements de modificació o ruptura en la desintegració del llenguatge calidoscòpic amb la finalitat de desestructurar o desconstruir la distribució de la xarxa en alterar la simetria; o algun component que visibilitze estructures menys lineals com a alternatives als patrons continus, uniformes i tancats, i en aquest cas es planteja un descentrament i una obertura major. Es verificaran en els processos creatius un conjunt d'obres [que] en un context contemporani poden generar diverses lectures i facetes que estimulen la creativitat. Per tant, aquesta repercussió s'analitzarà mitjançant obres plàstiques i films d'animació significatives. A més, és rellevant precisar que s'analitzarà a través de mètodes alternatius que poden alterar l'estructura convencional. De la mateixa manera, es farà un recorregut i contextualització d'aquesta visió en un ordre conceptual i formal, al costat d'una exposició de joguets òptics vinculats a la imatge reflexa entre els quals hi ha el calidoscopi, amb la finalitat d'analitzar l'evolució de l'objecte i la seua l'òptica. Passarem per petits i grans artefactes i analitzarem els elements comuns que la conformen i també les diferències, fins a veure en l'actualitat la confluència d'aquesta òptica amb els artefactes de gran format. Aquest enfocament té el propòsit d'obrir la mirada i permetre una comprensió més àmplia, interconnectada i diversa, la qual cosa expressa aspectes d'evolució. Així mateix, es pot assenyalar com finalment aquesta òptica en l'actualitat porta cap a la instal·lació o intervenció artística amb innovacions i alhora, i és possible verificar com no és només una visió en l'art, sinó que la idea de creixement s'estén, a la vida, en relacionar-se amb l'entorn com un teixit de patrons en interacció. En aquest sentit, se segueix el concepte d'extimitat" (extimité), encunyat per Jacques Lacan en el segle XX ja que, expressa la interrelació entre exterior/interior i viceversa, en un joc d'inversió, on l'íntim passa a l'exterior i tots dos estan implicats. Aquesta noció en la tesi, s'extrapola a l'art del calidoscopi perquè exterioritza alguna cosa que està a l'interior i també en la visió calidoscòpica, on es determina una sincronia entre el món extern i intern que transmet la visió. / [EN] This doctoral thesis explores and reflects on the concept of the kaleidoscopic view, assuming this gaze in a broad sense; that is, beyond what is observed in a kaleidoscope. Specifically, the object of study determines the repercussions of this kaleidoscopic polyvision in plastic art and animation, with an image shaped by mobility, symmetrical reiteration, fragmentation and reintegration. Moreover, the kaleidoscopic dynamics are intensified by subverting the orders through the variation of certain elements. In this way, the significance of the most unique patterns is exposed, incorporating elements of modification or rupture in the disintegration of the kaleidoscopic language, with the aim of deconstructing the arrangement of the network by altering the symmetry. Similarly, the focus is shifted to less linear structures as alternatives to the continuous, uniform, closed patterns, through a decentring and greater opening. In the creative processes, a set of works in a contemporary context can generate multiple facets and diverse readings that stimulate creativity. Therefore, this repercussion will be analysed through significant works of plastic art and animation films, and applying alternative methods that can alter the conventional structure. Furthermore, there will be a conceptual and formal exploration and contextualisation of this vision, together with a discussion of optical toys linked to the reflex image, including the kaleidoscope. By so doing, the evolution of the object and its optics are analysed, passing through small and large artefacts, examining both the common elements and the differences, until we reach the confluence of these optics in the present-day large-format artefacts. This approach is intended to open the gaze and allow for a broader, interconnected and diverse understanding, incorporating aspects of evolution. At the same time, it is shown how this optic is nowadays is ultimately applied to installations or innovative artistic intervention. At the same time, it can be seen that it is not only a vision in art, but also the idea of growth extends out to life, relating to the environment as a series of woven, interacting patterns. In this sense, the concept of "extimacy" (extimité), a term coined by Jacques Lacan in the 20th century, is applied, as it expresses the interrelationship between exterior/interior in a game of inversion, where the intimate passes to the exterior and vice versa. In the thesis, this notion is extrapolated to the art of the kaleidoscope because it externalises something that is inside, and within the kaleidoscopic view there is a synchrony between the external and internal world that conveys this vision. / Quiero mostrar gratitud a las entidades financiadoras que han dado soporte a esta investigación por la ayuda de una FPI: Ministerio de Economía y Empresa, Gobierno de España y al Fondo Social Europeo por la cofinanciación recibida en la convocatoria: Ayuda para contrato predoctoral para la formación de Doctores. / Rama Sotos, T. (2021). La visión caleidoscópica en el arte plástico y la animación experimental. La movilidad basada en la reiteración simétrica, fragmentación y reintegración [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/175740 / TESIS

Text in English, with abstracts and keywords in English and Sesotho / This doctoral study investigates the practice of narrative strategies in the creation of animated poetry-film. The status of the animator as auteur of the poetry-film is established on the grounds of the multiple instances of additional authoring that the animated poetry-film requires. The study hypothesises that diverse narrative strategies are operative in the production of animated poetry-film. Two diametrically opposed strategies are identified as ideal for the treatment of lyrical narrative. The first narrative strategy explored is that of metamorphosis, demonstrating how the filmic material originates and grows organically via stream of consciousness and free association. The second narrative strategy entails a calculated approach of structuring visual imagery and meaning through editing from a pre-existing visual lexicon. In both cases, the interdependence is explored between embodied activity and conceptual activity, between tacit and explicit knowledge in the creative act. These two strategies are practically investigated through my creative praxis, specifically the production of two animated poetry-films, Mon Pays and Parys suite. Through these works, the strategies are tested for their effectivity in communicating visual content not contained in the poetry-text, yet adding value to the poetry/animated film hybrid. Animated poetry-film is theoretically contextualised in terms of intermediality and the specific multi-modal nature of the medium. The construction of animated poetry-film is explored through the research study consisting of a thesis and two animated poetry films, with the hope of contributing to research on animated poetry-film specifically, and to animation theory within the South African context. / Dinyakišišo tše tša bongaka di nyakišiša tiro ya mekgwa ya kanagelo ge go hlangwe difilimi tša go ekišwa ke diphoofolo. Maemo a moekiši wa diphoofolo bjalo ka molaodi wa filimi ya theto a hwetšwa go seemo sa mabaka a mantši a go ngwala ka tlaleletšo fao go nyakwago ke filimi ya theto ya go ekišwa ke diphoofolo. Dinyakišišo tše di šišinya gore mekgwa ya kanegelo ye e fapafapanego e a šomišwa ka go tšweletšo ya filimi ya go ekišwa ke diphoofolo. Mekgwa ye mebedi ye e thulanago e a hlaolwa bjalo ka yeo e swanetšego go šomišwa go kanegelo ya mantšu. Leano la mathomo la kanegelo leo le utollotšwego ke la kgolo ya diphoofolo, leo le laetšago ka fao dingwalwa tša filimi di tšwelelago le go gola ka tlhago ka tatelano ka sengwalwa seo se ngwadilwego ka moela wa kwešišo le poledišano ya go hloka mapheko. Leano la bobedi la klanegelo le mabapi le mokgwa wo o nepišitšwego gabotse wa go beakanya seswantšho sa go bonwa le tlhalošo ka go rulaganya go tšwa go polelo ya peleng ya seo se bonwago. Mabakeng ka bobedi, go amana fa go utollwa magareng ga tiro ye e kopantšwego le tiro ye e gopolwago, magareng ga tsebo ye e kwešišwago le yeo e lego nyanyeng ka tirong ya boitlhamelo. Mekgwa ye mebedi ye e a nyakišišwa ka go diriša mokgwa wa ka wa boitlhamelo, kudukudu go tšweletšwa ga difilimi tše pedi tša go ekišwa ke diphoofolo tšeo di bitšwago, Mon Pays le Parys suite. Ka mešomo ye, mekgwa ye e lekwa ka ga go šoma gabotse ga yona gabotse go hlagiša diteng tša go bonwa tšeo di sego gona ka gare ga Sengwalwa sa theto, le ge go le bjale e tsenya boleng go mohuta wa filimi ya theto/ya kekišo. Filimi ya theto ya go ekišwa ke diphoofolo e amantšhwa ka teori mabapi le kgokaganyo le sebopego sa yona sa mekgwa ye mentši ya polelo. Tlhamo ya filimi ya theto ya go ekišwa ke diphoofolo e utollwa ka dinyakišišo tšeo di nago le taodišo le difilimi tše pedi tša theto tša go ekišwa ke diphoofolo, ka kholofelo ya go tsenya letsogo go dinyakišišo mabapi le filimi ya theto ya go ekišwa ke diphoofolo kudukudu, le go teori ya kekišo ka gare ga seemo sa Afrika Borwa. / Art and Music / Ph. D. (Art)