A partir da unidade temática Compreensão Humana do Universo, referida nas Orientações Educacionais Complementares aos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Médio: Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e suas Tecnologias, capítulo Física, é possível discutir uma série de conceitos presentes em seus objetivos, em especial, sobre os modelos explicativos do universo em diferentes modos de conhecimento. A fim de contribuir com esta discussão, de forma a tratar igualitariamente os diferentes modelos, que o presente trabalho tem como objetivo fornecer subsídios teóricos e metodológicos para o planejamento e implementação de aulas direcionadas para tal unidade temática, a partir de uma abordagem histórica-filosófica e pela perspectiva antropológica da Astronomia Cultural. Para transformar esta intenção em ação foi elaborada uma sequência didática, a qual foi conduzida segundo o processo EAR de validação. A sequência foi aplicada em uma turma de primeiro ano do ensino médio. Os dados da aplicação foram coletados por meio de gravação das aulas, dos diários de aula e do material (desenhos e questionários diagnósticos) produzidos pela turma. A fonte principal de dados foi o material produzido pela turma, o qual foi submetido à análise de conteúdo categorial. Como resultado da análise desse material verificou-se que a sequência didática aplicada, de acordo com os parâmetros adotados para sua elaboração, conseguiu com que a turma caracterizasse e delimitasse os modelos explicativos do universo segundo os tipos de conhecimentos dos quais estes são advindos / From the thematic unit \"Compreensão Humana do Universo\", referred to in the Orientações Educacionais Complementares aos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Médio: Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e suas Tecnologias, chapter \"Física\", it is possible to discuss a series of concepts present in its objectives, in particular, on the explanatory models of the universe in different models of knowledge. In order to contribute to this discussion, treating the different models equally, the present work aims to provide theoretical and methodological support for the planning and implementation of classes directed to such thematic unit, based on a historical-philosophical approach and by anthropological perspective of Cultural Astronomy. To transform this intention into action, a didactic sequence was elaborated, which was conducted according to the EAR process of validation. The sequence was applied in a first-year High School class. The application data were collected by recording the classes, class diaries and the material (drawings and diagnostic questionnaires) produced by the students. The main source of data was the material produced by the students, which was submitted to Categorical Content Analysis. As a result of the analysis of this material, it was verified that the didactic sequence applied, according to the parameters adopted for its elaboration, enabled the students to characterize and delimit the explanatory models of the universe according to the types of knowledge from which these are derived

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-15T13:19:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno de Medeiros Teixeira.pdf: 1700352 bytes, checksum: 6884f7295b12f70912128ee5566824e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-15T13:19:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno de Medeiros Teixeira.pdf: 1700352 bytes, checksum: 6884f7295b12f70912128ee5566824e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-25 / Nenhuma / Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar os fatores explicativos da adesão às práticas de governança em entidades fechadas de previdência complementar (EFPC) brasileiras. Nesse contexto, essa dissertação teve como base a teoria de agência, que pressupõe a existência de assimetria informacional, conflito de interesses e disposição distinta para assumir o risco, nas relações entre agente e principal. Um dos instrumentos utilizados, como resposta aos problemas de agência, é a governança. Além desse embasamento teórico, foram empregados os estudos empíricos nacionais e internacionais sobre a governança em EFPC. Ainda, foi analisada a legislação brasileira de governança para EFPC e o manual de governança da Superintendência Nacional de Previdência Complementar (PREVIC), órgão que supervisiona e fiscaliza essas organizações. Com base nesse conjunto de informações, foi construído um total de 34 indicadores representativos de governança para EFPC, os quais permitiram mensurar o nível de adesão às práticas de governança dessas organizações. Tendo como suporte a teoria de agência e a revisão de literatura empírica sobre o tema, estabeleceu-se um conjunto de hipóteses explicativas da adesão às práticas de governança das EFPC. Para que essas hipóteses fossem testadas, elaborou-se um conjunto de variáveis, as quais foram submetidas à técnica estatística de regressão linear múltipla. Essa pesquisa teve como amostra 110 EFPC pertencentes aos grupos A, B e C, da classificação estabelecida pela PREVIC. As evidências para mensurar o nível de adesão às práticas governança das EFPC, foram coletadas nas respectivas páginas eletrônicas disponíveis na Internet, e referem-se ao ano de 2014. Já, os dados utilizados para as variáveis explicativas são relativos ao ano de 2013, correspondendo ao último período em que as demonstrações contábeis e financeiras estavam encerradas, na data da coleta. Os resultados do modelo indicaram que as EFPC que possuem maior ativo, maior volume de recursos investidos, menor número de participantes, menor gasto com terceirização e patrocínio público, apresentam melhor nível de adesão às práticas de governança. Esse estudo poderá contribuir para que participantes, assistidos e demais partes interessadas possam compreender quais características que as EFPC com melhor governança possuem. Também poderá auxiliar na melhoria dos mecanismos de governança por parte das EFPC e no maior uso desses. / This study aimed to analyze the factors which explain the adherence to governance practices in private supplementary pension entities (EFPC) in Brazil. In this context, this thesis was based on agency theory, which assumes the existence of information asymmetry, conflict of interest and distinct willingness to take risk in relations involving agent and principal. One of the instruments used in response to agency problems, is governance. In addition to this theoretical basis, we employed national and international empirical studies on governance in EFPC. Besides, we analyzed the Brazilian legislation for EFPC governance and the governance manual of National Superintendence of Supplementary Pension (PREVIC), the body that oversees and supervises these organizations. Considering this information, it was built set of 34 indicators of governance for EFPC, which allowed measuring the level of adherence to governance practices of these organizations. Supported by theoretical and empirical literature review on the topic, it was established a set of explanatory hypotheses of accession to the governance practices in EFPC. The variables constructed to test these hypotheses were submitted to statistical technique of multiple linear regression. The sample consists of 110 EFPC belonging to groups A, B and C of the classification established by PREVIC. The evidence used to measure the level of adherence to governance practices EFPC were collected on their web pages available on the Internet, and refer to the year 2014. For the explanatory variables, the data used refer to the year 2013, corresponding to the last period in which the accounting and financial statements were closed during data collection. The model results indicated that the EFPC that has greater assets, higher volume of invested resources, fewer participants, lower expenses on outsourcing and public sponsorship, have better level of adherence to governance practices. This study may contribute to participants, beneficiaries and other stakeholders so that they can understand the characteristics that EFPC with better governance have. It may also help to improve the governance mechanisms by the EFPC and greater use of these.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-25T13:48:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vagner Naysinger Machado.pdf: 965889 bytes, checksum: 9431969afa14935047d738cea2d997ea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-25T13:48:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vagner Naysinger Machado.pdf: 965889 bytes, checksum: 9431969afa14935047d738cea2d997ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / O objetivo da dissertação foi identificar os fatores explicativos do nível de evidenciação (NE) dos municípios mais populosos da Região Sul do Brasil, nas respectivas páginas eletrônicas publicadas na internet. Nesse sentido, a Teoria da Legitimidade pressupõe que o processo de legitimação da gestão pública está atrelado ao cumprimento do contrato social, o que está ameaçado pela ocorrência da problemática da assimetria informacional. Uma das formas de minimizar este problema e reafirmar a legitimidade dos gestores públicos seria a adoção de boas práticas de governança, em especial a transparência por meio da evidenciação de informações públicas. A este embasamento teórico soma-se a revisão de estudos empíricos nacionais e internacionais quanto à transparência e à evidenciação da gestão pública. Além disso, investigou-se a legislação brasileira com foco na evidenciação e no acesso às informações quanto ao setor público. E assim construiu-se um conjunto de 86 indicadores de informação. A análise das páginas eletrônicas no sentido da evidenciação desses indicadores possibilitou a mensuração do nível de evidenciação da gestão pública. Nesse sentido, para identificar os fatores explicativos do nível de evidenciação formulou-se um conjunto de hipóteses, com o pressuposto de que há uma relação entre esses fatores e o NE dos municípios. Para testar essas hipóteses foi construído um conjunto de variáveis, as quais foram submetidas à técnica estatística da regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados do modelo estatístico estimado indicam que os fatores que influenciam no processo de legitimação dos gestores públicos e explicam o nível de evidenciação dos municípios é o IFDM, a receita corrente líquida e o partido político do prefeito municipal. Além disso, os fatores que explicam o nível de evidenciação de informações obrigatórias é o PIB per capita e o IFDM dos municípios. E os fatores explicativos do nível de evidenciação de informações voluntárias é o PIB per capita, a população e o IFDM. Ao investigar o que levaria os gestores públicos a evidenciarem as informações quanto à sua gestão, os resultados dessa dissertação poderá orientar o desenvolvimento de políticas eficientes de transparência e evidenciação das informações públicas. / The aim of this thesis was to identify the factors that explain the level of disclosure (NE) of the most populous municipalities of southern Brazil, on the respective web pages published on the internet . In this sense, the Legitimacy Theory assumes that the process of legitimation of public management would be linked to the fulfillment of the social contract. What would be threatened by the occurrence of the information asymmetry matter. One way to minimize this problem and reaffirm the legitimacy of public managers would be the adoption of good governance, especially transparency through the disclosure of public information. In this theoretical background, there is the review of national and international empirical studies regarding transparency and disclosure of public management. Furthermore, we investigated the Brazilian legislation focusing on the disclosure and access to information concerning the public sector. Thus, we constructed a set of 86 indicators of information. The analysis of web pages towards the disclosure of these indicators made it possible to measure the level of disclosure of public management. In this sense, to identify factors that explain the level of disclosure, a set of hypotheses was formulated, with the assumption that there is a relation between these factors and the NE from these municipalities. In order to test these hypotheses, we built a set of variables, which were submitted to the statistical technique of multiple linear regression. The results of the estimated statistical model indicate that the factors that influence the legitimation process of public management and explain the level of disclosure of the municipalities is the IFDM, the current net revenue and the mayor’s political party. Furthermore, the factors that explain the level of disclosure of mandatory information is the GDP per capita and the IFDM from the municipalities. And the factors that explain the level of disclosure of voluntary information is the GDP per capita, the population and the IFDM. By investigating what would lead public managers to disclose information about their government, this dissertation will be able to guide the development of effective policies of transparency and disclosure of public information.

Le but de cette dissertation est de développer une théorie manifestationaliste du contexte. Cet objectif sera atteint en deux étapes. Premièrement, nous essaierons de spécifier le rôle explicatif du contexte dans l'interprétation de l'énoncé en développant une notion de « force du contexte » et un modèle de « contribution contextuelle ». Deuxièmement, nous allons essayer de montrer comment la force du contexte peut être rendue manifeste par les connecteurs du discours. La thèse comprend deux parties. La première partie est composée de trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre établit principalement un cadre conceptuel dérivé d'une analyse des entrées de dictionnaire pour le contexte afin de capturer notre notion intuitive de contexte. Il y a quatre composantes conceptuelles, « situation », « texte (quelque chose de parlé ou d'écrit) », « connexion », « signification », qui sont indispensables à la compréhension de la notion. La connectivité du contexte, enracinée dans la notion de « connexion », est la base conceptuelle de la notion de « force contextuelle ». Le deuxième chapitre est consacré aux spécifications de certaines conceptions et distinctions fondamentales : la définition du « discours », la distinction entre « phrase » et « énoncé », et la notion de « signification du locuteur » de Paul Grice. Le troisième chapitre est une critique détaillée de deux grandes théories du contexte. La première théorie, adaptée aux indexicaux, commence avec le travail pionnier d'Arthur W. Burks et de Yehoshua Bar-Hillel sur la signification indexicale et aboutit à l'approche bien développée du contexte dans la théorie des indexicaux de Kaplan. La seconde, grâce à Robert Stalnaker, prend le contexte comme le savoir couramment présupposé entre interlocuteurs dans une conversation, ou selon les propres termes de Stalnaker, « terrain d'entente ». La deuxième partie comprend deux chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, nous clarifions d'abord la différence entre les approches de Kaplanian et de Stalnakerian et les nôtres : les premiers fondent leurs théories sur le concept intuitif de « contexte-comme-situation », à savoir que le contexte est une situation où un explanandum a lieu ; les nôtres ont l'intention de fonder une théorie du contexte sur le concept intuitif de « contexte-en-utilisation ». Grâce au concept de « contexte-en-utilisation », nous sommes donc intéressés par : ∂. La force (pas le contenu) du contexte. ß. La manifestation (pas la représentation) du contexte. / The aim of this dissertation is to develop a manifestationalist theory of context. This aim will be achieved by two steps. First, we will try to give a new specification of the explanatory role of context in utterance interpretation by developing a notion of the “force of context” and an account of “contextual contribution”. Second, we will try to show how the force of context can be made manifest by discourse connectives. The dissertation includes two parts. The first part is comprised of three chapters. The first chapter mainly establishes a conceptual framework derived from an analysis of dictionary entries for “context” to capture our intuitive notion of it. There are four conceptual components, “situation”, “text (something spoken or written)”, “connection”, “meaning”, which are indispensable for an understanding of the notion. The connectedness of context, rooted in the very notion of “connection”, is the conceptual basis of the notion of “context force”. The second chapter is dedicated to specifications of some related fundamental conceptions and distinctions: the definition of “discourse”, the distinction between “sentence” and “utterance”, and the Gricean notion of “speaker meaning”. The third chapter is a detailed review of two major theories of context. The first, tailoring context to indexicals, begins with the pioneering work of Arthur W. Burks and Yehoshua Bar-Hillel on indexical meaning and culminates in the well-developed approach to context in Kaplan’s theory of indexicals. The second, due to Robert Stalnaker, takes context as the knowledge commonly presupposed between interlocutors in a conversation, or in Stalnaker’s own terms, “common ground”. The second part includes two chapter. In the first chapter, we primarily clarify the difference between Kaplan and Stalnaker’s approaches and ours: the former base their theories on the intuitive concept of context-as-situation, namely that the context is a situation where some explanandum occurs; the latter intends to base a theory of context on the intuitive concept of context-in-use. Stemming from the concept of context-in-use, we are thus interested in: ∂. The force (not the content) of context. ß. The manifestation (not the representation) of context.

Ante a demanda do mercado por profissionais com formação integral, transposta por competências abrangentes, também se adicionam ao contexto o alto grau de envolvimento dos estudantes com tecnologias, o papel das instituições de ensino e dos docentes na formação dos indivíduos e as evidências de que o processo de ensino-aprendizagem focado no estudante produz experiência de aprendizagem significativa. Esse cenário enseja identificar quais são as competências necessárias à formação integral. A literatura mostra estruturas que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de competências sem contemplar aquelas da formação integral, por completo, o que ensejou o delineamento do MAI, o qual se funda sobre os princípios do construtivismo e se apropria de modelos, estratégias e tecnologias para ensino-aprendizagem eficaz, com elementos aproveitados de forma sinérgica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar um modelo instrucional para a formação integral do indivíduo por meio do ensino de contabilidade. O Modelo concebido foi transposto ao Moodle, em um curso sobre notas explicativas com a finalidade de constatar o alcance da formação integral e, ainda, verificar indícios de sua validade. Sua avaliação se deu por meio de duas edições do curso, nas modalidades semipresencial e online. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de levantamentos e analisados com base em estatística descritiva, testes não paramétricos e análises de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstraram a efetividade do MAI em conduzir ao desenvolvimento de comunicação, pensamento crítico, colaboração e solução de problemas no processo instrucional contábil, ao que se considera formação integral. O MAI acrescenta-se à literatura como alternativa viável ao ensino de contabilidade. Suas contribuições alcançam os estudantes, por proporcionarem experiência de formação integral, bem como os docentes, por migrarem de transmissões de conhecimentos para facilitadores, e as instituições de ensino superior, por demonstrarem como se pode realizar uma formação contextualizada pelo perfil digital dos estudantes e demandas do mercado. Com base nos achados, recomenda-se que disciplinas, cursos de contabilidade e áreas relacionadas sejam planejados, considerando o uso de modelos instrucionais como o MAI. / Given the market demand for fully educated professionals transposed by comprehensive competences, the high degree of student engagement with technology, the role of teaching institutions and teachers in the training of individuals, and the evidence that the process of student-centered teaching-learning produces meaningful learning experience. This scenario identifies the competences required for integral training. The literature shows structures that contribute to the development of competences, without contemplating those of integral formation, in full, which led to the design of the ILM, which is based on the principles of constructivism and appropriates models, strategies and technologies for teaching and learning, with elements used synergistically. The objective of this research was to evaluate an instructional model for the integral training of the individual through the teaching of accounting. The designed Model was transposed to Moodle, in a course on explanatory notes, with the purpose of verifying the scope of the integral formation, and still verify indications of its validity. His evaluation was made through two editions of the course, in the mixed and online modalities. The data were obtained through surveys and analyzed based on descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests and content analyzes. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the ILM in leading to the development of communication, critical thinking, collaboration and problem solving, in the accounting instructional process, which is considered integral formation. ILM is added to literature as a viable alternative to accounting education. Their contributions reach the students, by providing full training experience, the teachers, by migrating from transmissions of knowledge to facilitators, to higher education institutions, for demonstrating how a contextualized training can be carried out by students\' digital profile and market demands. Based on the findings, it is recommended that disciplines and accounting courses and related areas be planned considering the use of instructional models such as MAI.

Suicidal behavior, including suicide attempt, may result from maladaptive explanatory patterns for past negative life events, in which a person attributes the causes of stressors to internal, stable and global factors. Conversely, an optimistic explanatory style involves perceiving negative life events as external, transient and specific, and may be related to reduced suicide risk. We examined the association between attributional style and lifetime suicide attempts in 135 college students, covarying age, race and ethnicity. Participants provided informed consent and completed an online survey. An optimistic explanatory style was associated with reduced risk of suicide attempt; this effect persisted in a model controlling for hopelessness and depressive symptoms. The manner in which an individual interprets negative life events may buffer against suicidal behavior. Therapeutic strategies to promote an optimistic explanatory style may be successful in the prevention of suicide.

Bas van Fraassen argues that inference to the best explanation (IBE) is a probabilistically incoherent rule (1989). Anyone following IBE is open to being Dutch booked. According to one of the most interesting and popular responses to van Fraassen’s argument, van Fraassen misrepresents IBE in probabilistic terms. With the proper probabilistic representation, it is claimed, IBE is not inconsistent with Bayesian rationality constraints. Building on the work of IBE’s proponents, I first propose a minimal account of what makes one explanation better than another. I then argue that, even on this minimal account, the alternative probabilistic model of IBE does not work, and hence fails to successfully respond to van Fraassen’s argument.

No description available.

Examensarbetet använder generaliserade linjära modeller för att identifiera och analysera enhetsspecifika egenskaper som påverkar risken för operativa förluster. Företag exponeras sällan mot operativa förluster vilket gör att det finns lite information om dessa förluster. De generaliserade linjära modellerna använder statistiska metoder som gör det möjligt att analysera all tillgänglig interndata trots att den är begränsad. Dessutom möjliggör metoden att analysera frekvensen av förlusterna samt magnituden av förlusterna var för sig. Det är fördelaktigt att göra två separata analyser, oberoende av varandra, för att identifiera vilka enhetsspecifika egenskaper som påverkar förlustfrekvensen respektive förlustmagnituden. För att modellera frekvensen av förlusterna används en Poissonfördelning. För att modellera magnituden av förlusterna används en Tweediefördelning som baseras på en semiparametrisk fördelning. Frekvens- och magnitudmodellen kombineras till en gemensam modell för att analysera vad som påverkar den totala kostnaden för operativa förluster. Resultatet visar att enhetens region, inkomst per tjänstgjord timme, storlek, internbetyg och erfarenhet hos personalen påverkar kostnaden för operativa förluster. / The objective of this Master’s Thesis is to identify and analyze explanatory variables that affect operational losses. This is achieved by applying Generalized Linear Models and selecting a number of explanatory variables that are based on the company’s unit attributes. An operational loss is a rare event and as a result, there is a limited amount of internal data. Generalized Linear Models uses a range of statistical tools to give reliable estimates although the data is scarce.  By performing two separate and independent analyses, it is possible to identify and analyze various unit attributes and their impact of the loss frequency and loss severity. When modeling the loss frequency, a Poisson distribution is applied. When modeling the loss severity, a Tweedie distribution that is based on a semi-parametric distribution is applied. To analyze the total cost as a consequence of operational losses for a single unit with certain attributes, the frequency model and the severity model are combined to form one common model. The result from the analysis shows that the geographical location of the unit, the size of the unit, the income per working hour, the working experience of the employees and the internal rating of the unit are all attributes that affects the cost of operational losses.

I evaluate the methods of cladistic parsimony and maximum likelihood in phylogenetic systematics by their affinity to Popper‘s degree of corroboration. My work analyzes an important recent exchange between the proponents of the two methods. Until this exchange, only advocates of cladistic parsimony have claimed a basis for their method on epistemological grounds through corroboration. Advocates of maximum likelihood, on the other hand, have based the rational justification for their method largely on statistical grounds. In Part One I outline corroboration in terms of content, severity of test and explanatory power. In Part Two I introduce the two methods. In Part Three I analyze three important debates. The first involves the appropriate probability interpretation for phylogenetics. The second is about severity of test. The third concerns explanatory power. In Part Four I conclude that corroboration can decide none of these debates, and therefore cannot decide the debate between cladistic parsimony and maximum likelihood.