Food safety problems have gained national attention, and food recall is one of the most important indications of this concern. Third-party certifications have become a popular way to improve the safety and quality of products for consumers. Publications related to third-party certification usually focus on the motives and benefits of a particular certification. However, to date, no existing research investigates the effects of food recalls on certification adoption. This study uses Probit models with a binary endogenous explanatory variable to examine the relationship between food recalls and third-party certification, based on recalls occurring between January 1, 2015 and February 18, 2016. Marginal effects are used to interpret the impact of recalls and companies’ annual net sales on third-party certification adoption. Results reveal that past recalls significantly affect a firm’s likelihood of certification adoption.

No description available.

Cette recherche porte sur la lexicologie, la lexicographie et l’enseignement/apprentissage du lexique. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet Modélisation ontologique des savoirs lexicographiques en vue de leur application en linguistique appliquée, surnommé Lexitation, qui est, à notre connaissance, la première tentative d’extraction des savoirs lexicographiques — i.e. connaissances déclaratives et procédurales utilisées par des lexicographes — utilisant une méthode expérimentale. Le projet repose sur le constat que les savoirs lexicographiques ont un rôle crucial à jouer en lexicologie, mais aussi en enseignement/apprentissage du lexique. Dans ce mémoire, nous décrirons les méthodes et les résultats de nos premières expérimentations, effectuées à l’aide du Think Aloud Protocol (Ericsson et Simon, 1993). Nous expliquerons l’organisation générale des expérimentations et comment les savoirs lexicographiques extraits sont modélisés pour former une ontologie. Finalement, nous discuterons des applications possibles de nos travaux en enseignement du lexique, plus particulièrement pour la formation des maîtres. / This research is about lexicology, lexicography and vocabulary teaching/learning. It is part of a project called Ontologization of lexicographic abilites for use in the fields of applied linguistics, nicknamed Lexitation, which is, to our knowledge, the first attempt at extracting lexicographic abilities using experimental techniques. The project relies on the assumption that lexicographic abilities play a role in teaching and acquisition of lexical knowledge, and not only in lexicography per se. We will describe the methods and results of our initial set of experiments, that are based on the use of so-called Think Aloud Protocol (Ericsson et Simon, 1993). We will explain how experiments have been set up and how we are currently proceeding with the extraction and modeling of various types of knowledge and strategies used by lexicographers while performing lexicographic tasks. Finally, we will present possible applications of our work in the field of language teaching, more specifically, teachers’ training.

Ce mémoire présente une évaluation des différentes méthodes utilisées en lexicographie afin d’identifier les liens lexicaux dans les dictionnaires où sont répertoriées des collocations. Nous avons ici comparé le contenu de fiches du DiCo, un dictionnaire de dérivés sémantiques et de collocations créé selon les principes de la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire, avec les listes de cooccurrents générées automatiquement à partir du corpus Le Monde 2002. Notre objectif est ici de proposer des améliorations méthodologiques à la création de fiches de dictionnaire du type du DiCo, c’est-à-dire, des dictionnaires d’approche qualitative, où la collocation est définie comme une association récurrente et arbitraire entre deux items lexicaux et où les principaux outils méthodologiques utilisés sont la compétence linguistique de ses lexicographes et la consultation manuelle de corpus de textes. La consultation de listes de cooccurrents est une pratique associée habituellement à une approche lexicographique quantitative, qui définit la collocation comme une association entre deux items lexicaux qui est plus fréquente, dans un corpus, que ce qui pourrait être attendu si ces deux items lexicaux y étaient distribués de façon aléatoire. Nous voulons mesurer ici dans quelle mesure les outils utilisés traditionnellement dans une approche quantitative peuvent être utiles à la création de fiches lexicographiques d’approche qualitative, et de quelle façon leur utilisation peut être intégrée à la méthodologie actuelle de création de ces fiches. / This paper presents an evaluation of the various methods used in lexicography in order to identify the lexical bonds in dictionaries where collocations are indexed. We compared the contents of entries of the DiCo, a dictionary of semantic derivatives and collocations created according to the principles of explanatory and combinative lexicology, with the lists of cooccurrents generated automatically from the Le Monde 2002 corpus. Our objective here is to propose improvement in the methodology of creation of dictionary entry of DiCo-like dictionaries, i.e., dictionaries of a qualitative approach, where collocation is defined as the recurring and arbitrary associations between two lexical items and where the principal methodological tools used are the linguistic ability of its lexicographers and the manual consultation of corpus of text. The consultation of lists of cooccurrents is a practice associated traditionally with a quantitative lexicographical approach, which defines collocation as an association between two lexical items, which is more frequent, in a corpus, than what could be expected if these two lexical items were randomly distributed in corpus. We want to evaluate in what respect the tools used traditionally in a quantitative approach can be used for the creation of lexicographical entries of a qualitative approach, and how their use can be integrated into the current methology of creation of these entries.

Cette étude porte sur les différentes formalisations du sens linguistique dans le cadre de la théorie Sens-Texte (TST) ; elle s’intéresse notamment à la représentation sémantique, la représentation la plus importante dans la modélisation du sens d’énoncés et d’unités lexicales de la langue. Cette étude a trois objectifs : premièrement, décrire trois formalisations de la représentation sémantique existant dans la TST – les réseaux sémantiques, les définitions lexicographiques et les définitions de la BDéf (des définitions très formalisées) ; deuxièmement, identifier les disparités et les décalages entre les formalisations choisies ; troisièmement, proposer des modifications aux formalisations existantes pour réduire au maximum ces disparités. / This study explores the different formalisations of linguistic meaning as encountered in the Meaning-Text Theory (MST) framework. Its main interest is semantic representation, which is the most important representation in the modeling of the meaning of utterances and lexical units. This study has three objectives: first, describing three existing formalisations of semantic representation in the MST – semantic networks, lexicographical definitions, and BDéf definitions (definitions that are extremely formalized); second, identifying the discrepancies between these formalisations; finally, proposing modifications to these formalisations in order to reduce the disparities as much as possible.

This integrated methods study used a sequential explanatory design to explore the culturally relevant teaching beliefs of successful emergent literacy Head Start teachers of urban African American boys living in poverty. The study utilized emergent literacy gain scores as a measure of success, a survey of culturally relevant teaching beliefs to describe variation in beliefs within the sample, and two rounds of interviews to explore the context of teacher agency with urban African American boys living in poverty. The four teachers interviewed expressed culturally relevant beliefs integral to their teaching practices. These beliefs were conveyed through descriptions of relationships with parents in and out of the classroom, through of the conditions and challenges of poverty in students' and parents' lives, and through close relationships with parents. The effect of conducting home visits on teachers' identities and the influence of the setting of Head Start on teachers' beliefs and agency were emergent themes in the interviews. The participants used language that seemed to indicate culturally relevant and warm demander approaches to understanding the relationship between student behavior and student engagement and in descriptions of the relationships with parents. The value of teachers' relationships with their students' parents was the most pronounced aspect of successful teaching in Head Start as expressed by the participants. The process of communication among parents, students, and teachers was described as important to student learning. The participants' expressed a variety of approaches to how they understood student behavior, boys' social emotional development, and classroom practices. These Head Start teachers described boys as more active than girls, as more aggressive than girls, and sometimes more challenged to express strong emotions with language than girls. This study provides some insight into the role that culturally relevant teaching beliefs play in Head Start teachers' successful

L’analyse de la littérature traitant du changement organisationnel montre l’existence de plusieurs processus explicatifs du changement (processus planifié, processus politique, processus interprétatif, processus incrémentiel et processus complexe). Les résultats empiriques de recherches antérieures montrent l’existence de combinaisons différentes de ces processus pour comprendre et expliquer les changements observés selon les cas, objets de ces études. Motivés par la compréhension de ces résultats, nous mobilisons l’apport des travaux traitant de la capacité de changement des organisations. L’objectif de la présente recherche porte sur l’étude de l’influence de la capacité de changement d’une entreprise sur les processus explicatifs du changement. Pour cela, une étude qualitative par étude de cas longitudinale est menée au sein de Basic Bank, établissement bancaire leader sur le marché tunisien, afin de relever les composantes de la capacité de changement influentes pendant la conduite du projet (P24). A cet effet, nous avons découpé le processus de changement induit par le projet (P24) en trois phases : phase de lancement du changement, phase de sa mise en œuvre et phase de sa consolidation. Les résultats montrent que la capacité leadership, la communication, la reconnaissance du personnel, le recrutement et l’apprentissage organisationnel, composantes de la capacité de changement de Basic Bank, influencent les processus explicatifs du changement induit par (P24). Toutefois, l’étendue de cette influence diffère selon les phases de changement analysées. / The analysis of the literature on organizational change shows the existence of several explanatory process of change (planned process, political process, interpretive process, incremental process and complex process). The empirical results of previous studies show the existence of different combinations of these processes to understand and explain the changes observed depending on case studies. Motivated by the understanding of these results, we mobilize the contribution of works dealing with the capability to change of organizations. The objective of this research is to study the influence of the capability to change of a company on explanatory process of change. To achieve this goal, a qualitative study by longitudinal case study is conducted in Basic Bank, the leader of the Tunisian market bank, to identify the influential components of capacity of change during the conduct of the project (P24). To this end, we split the process of change induced by the project (P24) in three phases: phase of launching change, phase of its implementation and its consolidation phase.The results show that the leadership capability, communication, staff recognition, and organizational learning, components of change capability of Basic Bank, influence the explanatory process of change induced by (P24). However, the extent of this influence varies according to the phases of change analyzed.

No description available.

Em um programa de ensaio de prociência (EP) conduzido pelo Grupo de Motores, um grupo de onze laboratórios da área de temperatura realizaram medições em cinco pontos da escala de um termopar. Neste trabalho, propomos um modelo de regressão com variável explicativa X (aleatória) representando o termopar padrão que denominaremos por artefato e a variável dependente Y representando as medições dos laboratórios. O procedimento para a realização da comparação é simples, ambos termopares são colocados no forno e as diferenças entre as medições são registradas. Para a análise dos dados, vamos trabalhar com a diferença entre a diferença das medições do equipamento do laboratório e o artefato, e o valor de referência (que é determinado por 2 laboratórios que pertencem a Rede Brasileira de Calibração (RBC)). O erro de medição tem variância determinada por calibração, isto é, conhecida. Assim, vamos encontrar aproximações para as estimativas de máxima verossimilhança para os parâmetros do modelo via algoritmo EM. Além disso, propomos uma estratégia para avaliar a consistência dos laboratórios participantes do programa de EP / In a program of proficiency assay, a group of eleven laboratories of the temperature area had carried through measurements in ¯ve points on the scale of the thermopair. In this work, we propose a regression model with a random explanatory variable representing the temperature measured by the standard thermopair, which will be called device. The procedure for the comparison accomplishment is as follows. The device and the laboratory\'s thermopair to be tested are placed in the oven and the difererences between the measurements are registered. For the analysis of the data, the response variable is the diference between those diference and the reference value, which is determined by two laboratories that belong to the Brazilian Net of Calibration (RBC). The measurement error has variance determined by calibration which is known. Therefore, we ¯and the maximum likelihood estimates for the parameters of the model via EM algorithm. We consider a strategy to establish the consistency of the participant laboratories of the program of proficiency assay

Esse estudo investigou se as notas explicativas às demonstrações financeiras, preparadas de acordo com as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), cumprem seu objetivo principal de fornecer informações úteis a investidores e credores no mercado brasileiro. A análise foi desenvolvida a partir de dados obtidos junto a usuários externos, investidores e credores, de informações financeiras divulgadas em notas explicativas às demonstrações financeiras de companhias abertas brasileiras, listadas na BM&FBovespa, no período de 1º de outubro de 2013 a 28 de fevereiro de 2014. Foram identificadas, também, as opiniões de preparadores de informações financeiras e contrapostas às dos usuários externos quanto às características da informação financeira útil, emanadas do The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting IASB (2010); foi ainda analisada a influência do processo adotado pelo IASB para definir requerimentos de divulgação incluídos em suas normas e pronunciamentos contábeis associado à confiabilidade trazida por auditores independentes (Big four) quanto ao enforcement à aderência a esses requerimentos, no âmbito da utilidade da informação financeira. De forma geral, os resultados indicaram que as notas explicativas às demonstrações financeiras atingem parcialmente seu objetivo principal de fornecer informações úteis a investidores e credores no mercado brasileiro, uma vez que preparadores da informação financeira norteiam-se pelos requerimentos de divulgação definidos nos IFRS de forma bastante literal, inclusive com auxílio de disclosure check list, propiciando a inclusão de informações imateriais em notas explicativas devido à ausência de orientação específica sobre determinação de materialidade nas normas do IASB. / In this study we have examined whether the explanatory notes to financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) achieve their main objective of providing useful information to investors and creditors in the Brazilian market. The analysis was based on data obtained from external users, investors and creditors with respect to financial information disclosed in the explanatory notes of financial statements of Brazilian public companies listed on the BM&FBovespa, during the period from October 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014. It was identified the opinions of the preparers of financial information and compared them with those of external users regarding the characteristics of useful financial information described in The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting IASB (2010). It was also analyzed the influence of IASB´s process to define the disclosure requirements in their accounting standards and pronouncements, together with the reliability resulting from independent auditors (Big Four) regarding the enforcement of compliance with these requirements, as they relate to the usefulness of financial information. Overall, the results revealed that the explanatory notes to the financial statements partially achieve their main goal of providing useful information to investors and creditors in the Brazilian market, since preparers of financial information are guided by the disclosure requirements defined in the IFRS quite literally, sometimes with the assistance of a disclosure checklist, resulting in the inclusion of immaterial information in the notes, due to the lack of specific guidance in the IFRS regarding materiality.