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Because no government body has mandated a national or state curriculum for music education in the United States, elementary general music teachers can vary widely in their curricular choices about whether and how to include movement. To contribute to an understanding of children’s experiences engaging in movement during their elementary music education, the purpose of this research was to examine influencers on pre-Kindergarten through 8th grade general music teachers’ choices to use movement in elementary general music classes. With a pragmatic worldview, I approached the study through a lens of embodied teaching and learning, acknowledging a person’s bodily movements as connected ways of musical knowing. I used a mixed methods, explanatory sequential design in two phases of the research. In Phase I, I posed four research questions. Research questions one through three: For two types of movement (i.e., non-locomotor, locomotor), to what extent does variance in (a) school socioeconomic status (i.e., Title I, Non-Title I), (b) physical classroom space, and (c) class size significantly relate to the use of movement by type in elementary general music classes? Research question four: (d) To what extent do school socioeconomic status, physical classroom space, and class size in combination explain the variance in the use of movement in elementary general music classes? In Phase II, I posed four additional research questions to explain the results of Phase I. Research questions five through seven: How do music teachers describe the (e) purpose, (f) benefits, and (g) challenges in their use of different movement types in elementary general music classes? Research question eight: (h) What results emerge from comparing the quantitative data on influencers to the use of movement by type with the qualitative data that describes teachers’ choices in movement instruction? For that question, I examined the results from Phase I and Phase II to complete the mixed methods design of this study. In Phase I, pre-Kindergarten through 8th grade general music teachers (N = 251) teaching in the United States voluntarily completed a researcher-designed web-based survey. For research questions one through three, I conducted independent t-tests on the survey data for each of the related variables. For research question one, participants in Title I schools (n = 163) used non-locomotor steady beat gestures (t = 1.99) and locomotor choreography (t = 2.37) statistically significantly more than participants in non-Title I schools (n = 88). For research question two, participants without a dedicated physical music classroom space (n = 30) used non-locomotor movement for showing pitch relations and melodic contour with hands (t = 2.21) statistically significantly more than participants with a dedicated music classroom (n = 221). Participants with a dedicated music classroom (n = 221) used locomotor choreography (t = 3.87) statistically significantly more than participants without dedicated music classroom (n = 30). For research question three, participants with large class sizes (n = 107) used non-locomotor dramatizing (p = -.132) and locomotor creative/exploratory movement (p = -.198) statistically significantly more than participants with medium (n = 108) or small (n = 36) class sizes. For research question four, I conducted a multiple regression on the survey data to examine the influence of school socioeconomic status, physical space, and class size on use of movement by type. Results indicated one statistically significant correlation for the variables in combination: participants in Title I schools with dedicated music rooms statistically significantly used non-locomotor moving with flow (t = 2.303). In Phase II, I purposefully sampled 17 of 106 interested Phase I survey participants based on their responses to demographic information in relation to five conditions established a priori: Self-Reported Frequency of Movement Use, School Socioeconomic Status, Class Size, Physical Classroom Space, and Professional Development Experience. To answer research questions five through seven, I conducted a thematic analysis of those 17 Phase II participants’ transcribed and member-checked individual, semi-structured interviews. From their interview data, I identified 31 representative meaning units, 10 lower order themes, and four higher order themes (i.e., Who I Am, Who My Students Are, Where We Are Together, and What We Do Together). For research question eight, I compared the quantitative data on influencers to the use of movement by type with qualitative data that describes participants’ choices in type of movement. Participants’ choices to use locomotor movement were constrained by their physical classroom space and large class sizes but not by school socioeconomic status. Teachers’ choices to use movement in general music settings are also influenced by teacher identity and body image. Since participants volunteered for this study, results need to be applied with caution. By examining the results of Phase I and Phase II, I concluded that teachers in this study connected their choices of whether and how to use movement in elementary general music to their own identity, understandings of students’ identities, school context, and students’ musical engagement. Teachers desire students’ engaging movement experiences that lead to students’ empowerment through embodied learning. Teachers’ choices to use movement potentially connect teachers’ and students’ embodied experiences with teachers’ personally formational instruction, regardless of their school socioeconomic status, physical classroom space, or class size. Implications for the field of music education include widening our understanding of the role of identity at various junctures of a music teacher’s career. Because administrators assign physical teaching spaces and determine maximum class sizes, they play an important role ensuring general music teachers can teach in a dedicated space that is physically and socioemotionally safe for students and their teacher. By contemplating ways to engage in personal movement experiences beyond their practice in their classrooms, teachers may boost their self-confidence, and expand possibilities for using movement instruction in less-than-ideal teaching spaces. Future researchers might investigate the (a) role music-teacher body image plays as it influences teachers’ choices to use movement, (b) ways teachers connect students’ dance cultures to music learning, (c) use of movement in remote, cyber, or virtual general music classes. Depending on the status of the COVID-19 pandemic, future researchers may explore general music teachers’ choices to use movement relative to social distancing practices. / Music Education

Fakt ist, ein Erklärfilm ist nicht die alleinige Lösung für die aktive Lehre und auch nicht für Blended-Learning-Szenarien. Es bedarf immer einen Wechsel unterschiedlicher Methoden und unterschiedlicher Medien, die sich im Lernprozess abwechseln, um die verschiedenen Lerntypen anzusprechen. Fakt ist aber auch, der Erklärfilm spielt beim Lernen eine Schlüsselrolle. [... aus der Einleitung]

Σε πολλά προβλήματα υπάρχει η ανάγκη να ασχοληθούμε ταυτόχρονα με την μελέτη δύο μεταβλητών ώστε να δούμε αν υπάρχει αλληλεξάρτηση μεταξύ τους, καθώς και να εντοπίσουμε την σχέση που εκφράζει αυτήν την αλληλεξάρτηση. Η σχέση αυτή ονομάζεται εξίσωση παλινδρόμησης και περιγράφει τον τρόπο αλληλεξάρτησης των μεταβλητών, τον κανόνα δηλαδή που διαμορφώνει τις τιμές της μιας μεταβλητής από τις τιμές της άλλης. Η πρώτη θα ονομάζεται ανεξάρτητη (ερμηνευτική) και η δεύτερη που οι τιμές της θα καθορίζονται από αυτές της πρώτης εξαρτημένη(ερμηνευόμενη). Κάποιες φορές οι ερμηνευτικές μεταβλητές που χρησιμοποιούμε είναι ποιοτικές και υπάρχουν τρόποι ποσοτικού προσδιορισμού των κατηγοριών μιας ποιοτικής μεταβλητής. Η μελέτη αυτή έχει ως στόχο την διερεύνηση της σχέσης του φύλου του μαθητή με τις επιδόσεις του στα μαθηματικά, ώστε να αναλυθούν οι διαφορές που εμφανίζονται μεταξύ των δυο φύλων. Για τον σκοπό αυτό θα χρησιμοποιηθούν γραμμικά μοντέλα, όπου όμως η ερμηνευτική μεταβλητή(το φύλο) είναι ποιοτική. Θα γίνει ποσοτικός προσδιορισμός των κατηγοριών της με την χρήση δύο τιμών: 0 αν είναι κορίτσι, 1 αν είναι αγόρι. Ο πληθυσμός της έρευνας αποτελείται από μαθητές γυμνασίου της ορεινής Αχαΐας που άρχισαν και τελείωσαν το γυμνάσιο στο συγκεκριμένο σχολείο. Για κάθε μαθητή έχει καταγραφεί από την καρτέλα του για κάθε τάξη η επίδοση στα μαθηματικά, στη γλώσσα, η συνολική επίδοση και το φύλο. / In many problems there is a need to simultaneously study two variables in order to see if there is interdependence between them and as well as to identify the equation that expresses this interdependence. This equation is called the regression equation and describes the way that these variables are interdependent. The first variable will be called independent (explanatory) and the second one, whose values are determined by the values of the first, will be called dependent (interpreted). In some cases the explanatory variables we use are qualitative and there are ways of quantifying the categories of a qualitative variable. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the sex of a student and his or hers performance in mathematics, in order to analyze the differences between the two sexes. For this purpose linear models will be used, where the interpretative variable (sex) is qualitative. We will quantify the categories with the use of two values: 0 if it's a girl and 1 if it's a boy. The survey population is consisted of students of a high school located in mountainous Achaia that started and finished studying at this particular school. For each student we have retrieved the performance in mathematics course, language course, overall performance and gender for each year studying in that school.

This study was designed to investigate 1) the cultural factors involved with Mexican citizens' attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help and 2) Mexican citizens' explanatory models of mental distress. Questionnaire data from 110 Mexican college students indicate that those who report a higher tolerance for stigma report lower endorsement of both the construct of personalismo and the machismo. Respondents who reported more interpersonal openness also reported a lower endorsement of the machismo construct. Participants from a large city reported significantly more stigma tolerance than those from a small city. Regression analyses reveal machismo as a significant predictor of stigma tolerance. Qualitative data was collected to provide additional in-depth information. Study results could be used to provide culturally appropriate mental health services.

The problem addressed in this study was to determine if a significant association exists between attributions and academic achievement among students in a program of religious training at a Bible college. The research was designed to ascertain if optimistic attributions are more frequently associated with students in programs of religious education than with students in a public state-supported university environment. No significant correlation was found between optimistic explanatory styles and the academic achievement of Bible college students. A significant positive difference was found to exist between the explanatory styles of students at The Criswell College and students at the University of North Texas. Students in religious courses of study tended toward attributions for negative events that were external, unstable, and specific. The University of North Texas students tended toward attributions for negative events that were internal, stable, and global.

Quel impératif pousse Guilloux à se tourner vers les autres? Provient-il d'un appel au sentiment ? D'un appel à la raison ? Est-il la réponse à une éthique ? Pourquoi cette nécessité de rendre la vie valable ? La valeur d'un homme se juge d'aprés ses actes semble dire Guilloux. Qu'est-ce qu'écrire en regard de l'action ? Comment écrire dans un monde en guerre ? L'écriture peut-elle être agissante ? Guilloux a voulu partager ses interrogations avec ses lecteurs, esquisser tous les cheminements possibles jusqu'à la contradiction. D'abord, montrer le processus de mythification entourant les actions des hommes qui ont précédé Guilloux dans cette vie. Ceux d'avant savaient agir ensemble et pour le bien de tous, ce savoir s'est perdu laissant l'individu seul face à ses doutes. Les tourments qui agitent le début du XXème siècle n'ont fait qu'exacerber le questionnement existentiel. Les divers degrés de responsabilité des hommes se dévoilent ainsi dans leurs manières de se conduire vis-à-vis d'autrui, autant d'engagements concrets ou de retraits qui attestent de l'humanité ou de l'inhumanité: ? Trop et pas assez d'intelligence ? trop et pas assez d'amour ?. Ni la famille, ni la société, jaugée au travers de ses institutions, l'école, la justice, le clergé, ne répondent plus à l'exigence d'équité. Alors c'est aux hommes de s'unir. Agir, pour Guilloux, semble une forme de révolte et d'indignation contre la souffrance et l'injustice. Lutter, c'est aussi veiller sur la vie des autres. En refusant toutes compromissions, les personnages que Guilloux met en scène voient leur champ d'action se réduire à l'action humanitaire, quant à l'auteur lui revient le devoir de témoigner. Il se lance alors dans une écriture labyrinthique, un incessant jeu de miroir qui rapproche les hommes les plus différents : l'homme d'action, l'homme de lettres, l'homme militant, l'homme pas cru, l'homme en difficulté, l'homme perdu? chacun explore, estime, selon son itinéraire, la valeur accordée à sa vie et à celles des autres, hanté toujours par le devoir et la volonté de changer le monde / What is writing compared to action ? How to write in a state of war ? Guilloux wanted to share his ethical questioning with his readers, try every possible ways to the point of contradiction. First, he tried to show the mythification process of the people who lived before Guilloux's lifetime. The people who lived in days of old knew how to act together, this knowledge is now lost and individuals remain all alone facing their doubts. The troubles of the beginning of the 20th century could but magnify the existencial questioning. The different degrees of responsibility of the people highlight their commitments or retreats and give evidence of the humanity or the inhumanity. It is now up to men to unite against injustice. Acting to Guilloux is a form of revolt. Guilloux's characters refuse to compromise themselves and as a consequence their field of action becomes barely humaniatrian. The author has the duty to give his own account

Em nossa tese estudamos as chamadas leituras graduadas (LGs), especificamente reformulações de obras clássicas da literatura espanhola voltadas para o ensino/aprendizagem de espanhol como língua estrangeira. Procuramos problematizar as relações que se estabelecem na intertextualidade entre o discurso literário e o discurso didático. Adorno (1985), García Canclini (2015) e Jameson (1991) possibilitaram ver as reformulações dentro da lógica da indústria cultural, que responde, oportunamente, a discursos recentes de difusão do espanhol como língua transnacionalizada e supostamente com valor econômico a ser explorado (ARNOUX, 2008). O diálogo entre Compagnon (2012) e o conceito de literatura pósautônoma de Ludmer (2007, 2010, 2012) favoreceu uma abordagem que relativizou o lugar dos textos literários na relação com as LGs. Consideramos estas produções como uma forma de reescrita do texto literário que o transforma em outra coisa, buscamos regularidades discursivas, interdiscursivas e intertextuais nessa nova situação de enunciação que pudessem funcionar como vetores do estilo das LGs. Os estudos bakhtinianos sobre gêneros discursivos, as reflexões de Brait (2005) e os fundamentos de Atorresi e Zamudio (2000) permitiram reconhecer e identificar, em diferentes níveis da organização das leituras graduadas, procedimentos na sua construção que respondem a uma enunciação predominantemente explicativa. Esta presença dominante é uma das responsáveis por desestabilizar na reformulação a intenção de reproduzir o efeito de ficção e a concentração estésica do texto-fonte que afeta a percepção do sensível. As consequências da tentativa de intersecção do discurso didático e do discurso literário configuram um gênero que tem como princípio a mistura, gerando forças em tensão entre o viés sensível e o inteligível. O diálogo polêmico entre o discurso literário e o discurso didático estimulou a problematização a partir dos conceitos como cena englobante, cena genérica e cenografia, de Maingueneau (2008); reformulação parafrástica, (FUCHS, 1985); reformulação explicativa e imitativa (FUCHS, 1994), além de contribuições da historiografia em Chartier (2002, 2014, 2015), para discutir como as reformulações literárias negociam discursivamente com os textos-fonte e que enunciatário projetam. Na reformulação, agem forças involuntárias à didatização e na predominância da enunciação explicativa habita, também, o viés sensível que produz efeitos de sentido que não recuperam aqueles do texto-fonte, não somente porque a enunciação é sempre nova cada vez que se enuncia, mas também porque a LG está submetida a coerções que podemos reconhecer a partir de uma interpretação genérica discursiva e glotopolítica. As categorias de análise da semiótica, com Greimas e Courtés (2012), Discini (2015), Fontanille (1999), Merleau- Ponty (1991) e Zilberberg (2011), contribuem para identificar como se desestabiliza a estesia na transposição do texto literário e que percepções e efeitos de sentido provocam quando cotejados textos-fonte e suas respectivas reformulações. A comparação entre as cenas genéricas do texto-fonte e texto reformulado evidencia continuidades entre as textualidades, não apenas nos recorrentes recursos de imitação, mas também na presença da estesia, inerente a qualquer arranjo da linguagem, que se apresenta de forma concentrada na obra literária e tende a diluirse em diferentes graus de intensidade na retomada da palavra literária nas LGs. / In our thesis we studied the so called leituras graduadas (LG), specifically reformulations of classic Spanish literary works aimed at the teaching and learning of Spanish as a foreign language. We attempted to discuss the relationships estalblished between literary and pedagogical discourses. Adorno (1985), GarcÌa Canclini (2015), Jameson (1991) made it possible to see the LGs inside the logical of the cultural industry which responds, opportunely, to recent discourses of dissemination of the Spanish language as a transnational language, and supposedly with an economic value to be explored. (ARNOUX, 2008). The dialogue between Compagnon (2012) and the idea of post-autonomy by Ludmer (2007, 2010, 2012) allowed us to flexibilize the place of literary works in their relationship with the LGs. We considered the LG as a kind of re-written literary work that became another thing, we looked for discursive, interdiscursive and intertextual regularities within that new utterance situation that could work as vectors for LGs style. Bakhtinian studies about discursives genres, resumed by reflections by Brait (2005) and principles by Atorresi and Zamudio (2000) allowed to recognize and to identify in diferent levels of organization of the LGs, procedures for the construction of the text which respond to a predominantly explanatory utterance.That dominant presence is one of the responsible factors for destabilizing, in the reformulation, the intention of reproducing the ficction effect and the esthesic concentration of the source text which affects the perception of the sensitive. The consequences of the didactic discourse and literary discourse intersection attempt set up a genre which has the mixture as principle, generating tensing forces between the the sense and sensitive biases. The controversial dialogue between literary discorse and didactic discorse stimulated the problematization from the concepts of ìencompassing sceneî, ìgenre sceneî e ìsceneryî, by Maingueneau (2008); ìparaphrastic reformulationî, (FUCHS, 1985); ìimitative and explanatory reformulationî (FUCHS, 1994), and also the contributions about historiography by Chartier (2002, 2014, 2015) to discuss how reformulation works negotiate discursively with source-texts and which enunciatee they assume of. In the reformulation process, involuntary forces to didactization take place, and in the predominance of the explanatory utterances also inhabits the sensitive bias which produces meaning effects apart from those of the source text, not only because the utterance is always new every time it is uttered, but also because the LG is submitted to coertions which can recognized by one generic, discursive and glotopolytic interpretation. The semiotic analysis categories, by Greimas and CourtÈs (2012), Discini (2015), Fontanille (1999), Merleau-Ponty (1991) and Zilberberg (2011) contribute to identify how esthesia is destabilized in the transposition of the literary text and which perceptions and effects of meaning it provokes when confronted with the source-text and its respective reformulations. The comparison between generic scenes from the source text and the reformulated one shows continuities between textualities. Not only in the recurrent imitative resources, but also within the presence of the esthesia, inherent to any language arrangement, which shows itself in a concentrated way in the literary work and has the tendence to attenuate itself in different degrees of intensity during the recapture moment of the literary word in the LGs.

A partir da unidade temática Compreensão Humana do Universo, referida nas Orientações Educacionais Complementares aos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Médio: Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e suas Tecnologias, capítulo Física, é possível discutir uma série de conceitos presentes em seus objetivos, em especial, sobre os modelos explicativos do universo em diferentes modos de conhecimento. A fim de contribuir com esta discussão, de forma a tratar igualitariamente os diferentes modelos, que o presente trabalho tem como objetivo fornecer subsídios teóricos e metodológicos para o planejamento e implementação de aulas direcionadas para tal unidade temática, a partir de uma abordagem histórica-filosófica e pela perspectiva antropológica da Astronomia Cultural. Para transformar esta intenção em ação foi elaborada uma sequência didática, a qual foi conduzida segundo o processo EAR de validação. A sequência foi aplicada em uma turma de primeiro ano do ensino médio. Os dados da aplicação foram coletados por meio de gravação das aulas, dos diários de aula e do material (desenhos e questionários diagnósticos) produzidos pela turma. A fonte principal de dados foi o material produzido pela turma, o qual foi submetido à análise de conteúdo categorial. Como resultado da análise desse material verificou-se que a sequência didática aplicada, de acordo com os parâmetros adotados para sua elaboração, conseguiu com que a turma caracterizasse e delimitasse os modelos explicativos do universo segundo os tipos de conhecimentos dos quais estes são advindos / From the thematic unit \"Compreensão Humana do Universo\", referred to in the Orientações Educacionais Complementares aos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Médio: Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e suas Tecnologias, chapter \"Física\", it is possible to discuss a series of concepts present in its objectives, in particular, on the explanatory models of the universe in different models of knowledge. In order to contribute to this discussion, treating the different models equally, the present work aims to provide theoretical and methodological support for the planning and implementation of classes directed to such thematic unit, based on a historical-philosophical approach and by anthropological perspective of Cultural Astronomy. To transform this intention into action, a didactic sequence was elaborated, which was conducted according to the EAR process of validation. The sequence was applied in a first-year High School class. The application data were collected by recording the classes, class diaries and the material (drawings and diagnostic questionnaires) produced by the students. The main source of data was the material produced by the students, which was submitted to Categorical Content Analysis. As a result of the analysis of this material, it was verified that the didactic sequence applied, according to the parameters adopted for its elaboration, enabled the students to characterize and delimit the explanatory models of the universe according to the types of knowledge from which these are derived