Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-30T17:15:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Jéssica Aparecida Coelho.pdf: 983869 bytes, checksum: f052f02c58568ed9e5417fa5e8c7bc58 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T17:15:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Jéssica Aparecida Coelho.pdf: 983869 bytes, checksum: f052f02c58568ed9e5417fa5e8c7bc58 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-08 / Currently, research related to natural products, mainly those of plant origin, has been strongly encouraged by the World Health Organization (WHO), once the use of plants with proven or unproven medicinal properties are of great influence on public health. Among the high medicinal potential plants, the species Myrciaria cauliflora Berg, which belongs to the Myrtaceae family, popularly known as `Jabuticaba`, a typical Brazilian fruit, is used in popular medicine to treat angina pectoris, dysentery, inflammation and asthma. Aiming to highlight the importance of the use of plants for the treatment of various diseases, the aim of this work was to identify the bioactive compounds present in Jabuticaba peel, and to perform in vitro tests of antioxidant action, antimicrobial potential and cytotoxic effect against red blood cells. The tests were carried out with the aim of obtaining results that could prove the possible pharmacological activities of the organic extracts, for further development of formulation with the use of pharmaceutical technology. Bioprospecting studies from the Brazilian flora represent concrete possibilities in the discovery of new antimicrobial agents, as well as the improvement and the discovery of new technologies in the most diverse industrial branches, with emphasis in the health sector. / Atualmente as pesquisas relacionadas aos produtos naturais, principalmente os de origem vegetal, têm sido incentivadas fortemente pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), visto que o uso de plantas com propriedades medicinais, comprovadas ou não, são de grande influência na saúde pública. Dentre as plantas com um alto potencial medicinal, destaca-se a espécie vegetal Myrciaria cauliflora Berg, pertencente à família Myrtaceae, conhecida popularmente como jabuticaba, fruta tipicamente brasileira, utilizada na medicina popular para tratar anginas do peito, disenterias, inflamações e asma. Visando ressaltar a importância do uso de plantas para o tratamento de diversos males, o intuito desse trabalho foi realizar a identificação dos compostos bioativos presentes nas cascas da jabuticaba, além, de realizar testes in vitro de ação antioxidante, potencial antimicrobiano e efeito citotóxico frente a hemácias humanas. Os testes foram realizados com o intuito de obter resultados que comprovassem as possíveis atividades farmacológicas dos extratos orgânicos, para posterior desenvolvimento de formulação com o uso de tecnologia farmacêutica. Estudos de bioprospecção a partir da flora brasileira, representam possibilidades concretas na descoberta de novos agentes antimicrobianos, assim como o aprimoramente e descobrimento de novas tecnologias nos mais diversos ramos industriais, com ênfase no setor da saúde.

A presença de 14 compostos fenólicos (ácido elágico, ácido gálico, vanilina, siringaldeído, sinapaldeído, coniferaldeído, ácido vanílico , siríngico ácido, a quercetina, trans-resveratrol, catequina, epicatequina, eugenol, e miricetina) e duas cumarinas (escopoletina e cumarina) foi investigada por HPLC-ESI-MSn em um total de 25 extratos de aguardente de seis diferentes madeiras brasileiras e o carvalho, comumente utilizados pela indústria de tanoaria para o envelhecimento da cachaça. Estes dados foram comparados com os anteriormente obtidos utilizando HPLC-DAD-Fluorescência. Questões pendentes relativas à atribuição da epicatequina, co-eluições do ácido gálico e do ácido elagico respectivamente foram resolvidas utilizando HPLC-ESI-MSn. Além disso, elaborou-se uma impressão digital cromatográfica de HPLC-DAD usando a análise quimiométrica (PCA) com base nos perfis de eluição cromatográfica dos extratos monitorizada a 280 nm. As principais diferenças observadas entre o carvalho e as madeiras brasileiras reside nas concentrações de cumarina, catequina, siringaldeído, e coniferaldeído. A análise quimiometrica do perfil do quantitativo dos 14 compostos fenólicos e das duas cumarinas nos extractos de madeira permitiu uma boa diferenciação entre os extratos das madeiras brasileiras e os extratos de carvalho. A impressão digital cromatográfica analisada por PCA revelou diferenças significativas entre as madeiras brasileiras e o carvalho, definindo claramente seis grupos de extratos de madeira: (i) extratos de carvalho, extratos (ii) de jatobá, (iii) cabreúva- parda extratos, (iv) os extratos de amendoim (v) canela-sassafrás e extratos (vi) de pequi. As análises multivariadas de UV-Vis de dados espectrais de 93 extratos de cachaça ,de madeiras brasileiras e de carvalho, forneceu um modelo simples e robusto para classificar cachaças brasileiras de acordo com as espécies de madeira utilizados nos barris de maturação. Aplicação de PCA (Análise de Componentes Principais) e HCA (análise hierárquica de agrupamentos) levou a identificação de 7 agrupamentos; amburana, amendoim, balsamo, castanheira, jatobá, jequitibá e carvalho. A aplicaçao de LDA (Análise Discriminante Linear) aos resultados experimentais permitiu a classificação de 10 diferentes espécies de madeira utilizadas nos extratos de cachaça ;amburana, amendoim, balsamo, cabreúva-parda, canela sassafrás, castanheira, jatobá, jequitibá-rosa, louro-canela, e carvalho, com uma precisão variando de 80% (amendoim e Castanheira) a 100% (bálsamo e jequitibá-rosa). A auto consistência do modelo foi verificada usando 50 amostras de cachaças comerciais. Um índice de classificação muito bom foi observado para este modelo, cuja atribuiçao correta variou de 100% a 80 %. A metodologia aqui desenvolvida (UV-vis) fornece uma alternativa de baixo custo e robusta a cromatografia líquida e a espectrometria de massa para identificar as diferentes espécies de madeira utilizadas nas construções dos barris em que destilados foram armazenados. Além disso, ela contém potencial como uma possível ferramenta forense para a identificação de madeiras objetivando controlar a extração de espécies em risco. Estes desenvolvimentos poderao ser ampliados para outros destilados e para uma maior variedade de espécies de madeira. / A total of 25 sugarcane spirit extracts of six different Brazilian woods and oak, commonly used by cooperage industries for aging cachaça, were analyzed for the presence of 14 phenolic compounds (ellagic acid, gallic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, synapaldehyde, coniferaldehyde, vanillic acid, syringic acid, quercetin, trans-resveratrol, catechin, epicatechin, eugenol, and myricetin) and two coumarins (scopoletin and coumarin) by HPLC-ESI-MSn . This data was compared with the previous one obtained from HPLC-DAD-Fluorescence. Pending questions regarding to epicatechin attribution, galic acid and elagic acid co-elution have been solved through HPLC-ESI-MSn analysis. Furthermore, an HPLC-DAD chromatographic fingerprint was build-up using chemometric analysis based on the chromatographic elution profiles of the extracts monitored at 280?nm. The main difference observed among oak and Brazilian woods remains in the concentration of coumarin, catechin, syringaldehyde, and coniferaldehyde. The chemometric analysis of the quantitative profile of the 14 phenolic compounds and two coumarins in the wood extracts provides a good differentiation between the Brazilian wood and oak extracts. The chromatographic fingerprint treated by multivariate analysis revealed significant differences among Brazilian woods themselves and oak, clearly defining six groups of wood extracts: (i) oak extracts, (ii) jatobá extracts, (iii) cabreúva-parda extracts, (iv) amendoim extracts, (v) canela-sassafrás extracts and (vi) pequi extracts.<br /> Multivariate analyses of UV-Vis spectral data from 93 cachaça wood extracts provide a simple and robust model to classify aged Brazilian cachacas according to the wood species used in the maturation barrels. Application of PCA (Principal Components Analysis) and HCA (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) leads to identification of 7 clusters of cachaca\'s wood extracts (amburana, amendoim, balsamo, castanheira, jatoba, jequitibá and oak). LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis) affords classification of 10 different wood species used in the cachaça extracts (amburana, amendoim, balsamo, cabreuva-parda, canela-sassafras, castanheira, jatobá, jequitiba-rosa, louro-canela, and oak) with an accuracy ranging from 80% (amendoim and castanheira) to 100% (bálsamo and jequitibá-rosa).This model self consistency was checked using 50 samples of commercial cachaças. A very good classification was observed for this model, which 100 to 80% of correct assignment.<br /> The methodology provides a robust low-cost alternative to methods based on liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to classify cachaças aged in barrels that are composed of different wood species. Furthermore, it holds some potential as a possible forensic tool for wood identification which could be applied to control the wood marked of endangered species. Our findings could be extended to other spirits and to a wider variety of wood species.

Two experiments were carried to evaluate the effect of different nutritional plans on the DM intake, ingestive and social behavior and health status of dairy cows from different racial compositions during the transition period. In the first trial we evaluated the inclusion or not (CON) of 10 g / day of oregano (OE) extract (Origanum vulgare) or 5 g / day of green tea extract (GT) (Camellia sinensis L.) in the diet provided to 24 Jersey cows with BW of 441 ± 27 kg, 3.5 ± 0.3 points of BCS and with 2.7 ± 1.8 lactations. Cows that received OE tended to consume more than CON after calving. Before calving, cows OE tended to spend less time in decubitus and to ingest the concentrate in less time than GT. After calving, OE caused faster concentrate intake in relation to CON and GT. After calving, the number of total visits to the trough was lower when OE was used in relation to CON and GT, but cows that ingested GT visited the trough with feeding activity more often and tended to interact less in relation to cows that ingested EO. The use of the extracts did not influence the occurrence of diseases and metabolic disorders. In the second trial, 36 Holstein, Gir and Gyrolando F1 (½ Holstein and ½ Gir) nulliparous cows, with BW of 715 ± 64.5 kg, 4.2 ± 0.3 points of BCS and with 4.1 ± 0.4 years of age were distributed (6 cows from each racial composition) in two nutritionl plans with allowance of 1.89% or 1.69% of BW of feed (based on dry meter) during pre calving period. Dry matter intake was higher in pre and post calving for Holstein cows than the others, and it was higher in some days near the calving for 1.69% plan compared with 1.89% plan. Before calving, cows the 1.69% plan remained longer in the trough and tended to spend longer at the trough with feeding activity in relation to 1.89% plan. Holstein cows tended to stay longer in each visit with feeding at the trough and ingested more at each visit than the others before and after calving. The occurrence of diseases and metabolic disorders was not influenced by the nutritional plans but the Holstein cows showed more dystocia and clinical diseases compared to the others. Nutritional plans change the way the animals distributed their feed activities and influenced social behavior. The adoption of different nutritional plans during the period of transition modify aspects of dairy cow’s behavior and intake without affecting the occurrence of diseases.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-09-15T19:31:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Renata Napolis Fonte.pdf: 2644583 bytes, checksum: c2421580b82f9265d2881382fabdf85d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T19:31:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Renata Napolis Fonte.pdf: 2644583 bytes, checksum: c2421580b82f9265d2881382fabdf85d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / CAPES / Corn seed storage is a vital phase, in order to maintain high seed germination and vigor from harvest until planting. There is not many studies dedicated to find substitutes to synthetic fungicides and inseticides. The present study aimed evaluate effects of using plant extracts, diatomaceous powder and a synthetic fungicide, wich main active is captan, associated with osmo and hydropriming in corn (Zea mays L.) seed treatment and storage. Vegetal extracts of pepper (Piper nigrum), garlic (Allium sativum) e tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) were used, chosen after being reported as owner of antimicrobial properties. Diatomaceous powder has been being used successfully in small farms, basically because it is composed mainly of silica, wich causes dehydration and death of insects of Sitophilus gender, commonly called ?carunchos?. Priming seeds comprehends controlled exposion of water, wich brings positive effects. Three experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, all products were used in the form of powder, in seeds storaged in polyethylene (PET) bottles for ten months. In the second experiment the products were used associated with osmopriming, drying back to a water content near 10%, and the seeds were storaged in PET bottles for 8 months. In the third experiment, all products were used associated with hydropriming, dried back to a water content near 10%, and the seeds were storaged for 8 months. Evaluations were made every two months, measuring the seeds quality through germination test, germination speed index, seedlings length, weight, water content and blotter test during storage period. First experiment was outlined using a factorial design 6x6 (6 products: pepper, garlic and tobacco extracts, diatomaceous powder, synthetic fungicide and control e 6 storage periods: at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 months). Second and third experiments were outlined using a factorial design 6x5 (6 products and 5 storage periods). Statistical analisys was performed by Sisvar software, storage periods were analysed using regression and products were submitted to Tukey test (p<0,05). It was observed a reduction in physiological quality of seeds with the advancement of storage, in all experiments performed. The use of the powder pepper extract resulted in the greatest % of germination and first germination count found. Garlic extract associated with osmopriming in seeds treatment resulted in higher values of seeds germinated at the end of storage. The hydropriming associated with the pepper extract resulted in higher values of germination speed index, length of seedlings and seedling dry weight. Regarding sanitary quality, the most frequently found were species of the genera Rhizopus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Fungicide resulted in better control of these pathogens in most analysis, but was overcome by the use of garlic extract associated with osmopriming in control of Rhizopus and Penicillium and was similar to the use of diatomaceous earth and tobacco extract associated with hydropriming in control of Rhizopus. / O armazenamento de sementes de milho ? uma etapa crucial do processo de produ??o e quase sempre obrigat?ria, considerando a diferen?a entre a ?poca de colheita e semeadura posterior. Na produ??o de sementes em cultivo org?nico, n?o existe abund?ncia de trabalhos que estudem alternativas ao uso de inseticidas e funcigidas sint?ticos. O presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos de extratos vegetais, terra diatom?cea e funcigida comercial com captana como princ?pio ativo associados ao condicionamento fisiol?gico no tratamento e armazenamento de sementes de milho (Zea mays L.). Os extratos usados foram de pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum L.), alho (Allium sativum L.) e tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), detentores de propriedades antimicrobianas. A terra diatom?cea ? usada com sucesso no armazenamento de sementes na agricultura familiar, no controle de insetos do g?nero Sitophilus, comumente chamados de ?carunchos?. O condicionamento fisiol?gico engloba um conjunto de t?cnicas, que envolvem a exposi??o das sementes ? embebi??o controlada de ?gua, com benef?cios para seu armazenamento. Foram realizados 3 experimentos. No primeiro foram usados os extratos bot?nicos e a terra diatom?cea em p?, em sementes armazenadas em garrafas de polietileno (PET) por dez meses. No segundo, foram usados os mesmos produtos via osmocondicionamento, com posterior secagem at? as sementes atingirem teores de ?gua pr?ximos a 10% e armazenamento por 8 meses. No terceiro, os produtos foram usados via hidrocondicionamento, seguido de secagem at? teores pr?ximos de 10% de ?gua e armazenamento por 8 meses. Foram realizadas avalia??es sobre a qualidade fisiol?gica (testes de germina??o, velocidade de germina??o, comprimento de pl?ntula, massa seca de pl?ntulas e teor de ?gua) e sanit?ria (blotter test) a cada dois meses durante o per?odo de armazenamento. O primeiro experimento foi delineado em esquema fatorial 6x6 (6 produtos: extrato de pimenta-do-reino, alho e tabaco, terra diatom?cea, fungicida comercial e testemunha ? nenhum produto e 6 pontos de avalia??es durante os dez meses de armazenamento). O segundo e terceiro experimento foram delineados em esquema fatorial 6x5 (6 produtos e 5 pontos de avalia??es durante os 8 meses de armazenagem). Os dados foram submetidos ? an?lise estat?stica no programa Sisvar, usando regress?o para per?odos de armazenamento e teste Tukey (p<0,05) para produtos. Foi observada redu??o da qualidade fisiol?gica das sementes com o armazenamento em todos os experimentos realizados. O uso do extrato de pimenta-do-reino em p? resultou nas maiores porcentagens de germina??o e primeira contagem da germina??o. O extrato de alho associado ao osmocondicionamento resultou nos maiores valores de sementes germinadas ao final do armazenamento. O hidrocondicionamento associado ao extrato de pimenta-do-reino resultou nos maiores valores de ?ndice de velocidade de germina??o, comprimento de pl?ntulas e massa seca de pl?ntulas. Em rela??o ? qualidade sanit?ria, foram encontrados com maior frequ?ncia esp?cies dos g?neros Rhizopus, Penicillium e Fusarium. O fungicida apresentou melhores resultados no controle desses pat?genos, na maioria das avalia??es, por?m, foi superado pelo uso do extrato de alho associado ao osmocondicionamento no controle de Rhizopus e Penicillium e foi similar ao uso de terra diatom?cea e extrato de fumo associados ao hidrocondicionamento no controle de Rhizopus.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacaovandjore pronta.pdf: 1244176 bytes, checksum: 0acde300276a806250001806ca1faae2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Invasive alien species can interfere with the development of native species for the production and release of chemicals in the environment, a phenomenon known as allelopathy. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the allelopathic potential and oxidative stress on seeds and Cucumis sativus seedlings when submitted to aqueous extracts of Leucaena leucocephala. Therefore, we evaluated the germination behavior, early growth and activity of antioxidant enzymes in different soaking time of seeds and target species of seedlings. The results indicated that there was interference from L. leucocephala extracts on the germination of variables, speed index and average germination time, decreased length of root and shoot growth stimulus. Regarding enzymatic activity, it was found high activity of catalase enzyme after 24 hours of soaking seeds, and low activity in the seedlings after 168 hours of soaking. As for the peroxidase enzyme, there was low activity in seeds and high activity in the C. sativus seedlings. They were also investigated the effect of aqueous extracts in the laboratory and powdered extracts, in a greenhouse, Leucaena leucocephala and Hovenia dulcis on the germination and early development of native species Mimosa bimucronata and Peltophorum dubium. Both extracts revealed allelopathic potential on seed germination and initial growth of M. bimucronata. No negative interference of extracts from the donor species on the germination of P. dubium, however, seedlings subjected to L. leucocephala extract had interference in the initial development, and the elongation of the radicle more sensitive to the effects of the extracts. Regarding the effects of the extract powder on the development of the species, it was found that there was no interference in the growth variables for the species M. bimucronata, however, to P. dubium, extracts promoted difference in the height of the seedlings field conditions. According to the methodology used and the results obtained, it observed that the allelopathic effects observed in the laboratory were more significant, suggesting that in a controlled environment, with little variation of environmental factors, the action of allelochemicals interfere more actively on seed germination and seedling development of the recipient species. / As espécies exóticas invasoras podem interferir no desenvolvimento de espécies nativas pela produção e liberação de compostos químicos no ambiente, fenômeno conhecido como alelopatia. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o potencial alelopático e estresse oxidativo sobre sementes e plântulas de Cucumis sativus quando submetidas ao extrato aquoso de Leucaena leucocephala. Para tanto, foram avaliados o comportamento germinativo, crescimento inicial e atividade de enzimas antioxidantes em diferentes tempos de embebição das sementes e plântulas da espécie-alvo. Os resultados indicaram que houve interferência dos extratos de L. leucocephala sobre as variáveis de germinação, índice de velocidade e tempo médio de germinação, diminuição do comprimento de raiz e estímulo de crescimento de parte aérea. Em relação a atividade enzimática, foi verificada alta atividade da enzima catalase, após 24h da embebição das sementes, e baixa atividade nas plântulas, após 168h de embebição. Já para a enzima peroxidase, observou-se baixa atividade nas sementes e alta atividade nas plântulas de C. sativus. Também foram investigados o efeito dos extratos aquosos, em laboratório, e extratos em pó, em casa de vegetação, de Leucaena leucocephala e Hovenia dulcis, sobre a germinação e desenvolvimento inicial das espécies nativas Mimosa bimucronata e Peltophorum dubium. Ambos os extratos evidenciaram potencialidades alelopáticas na germinação das sementes e no crescimento inicial de M. bimucronata. Não foram observadas interferências negativas dos extratos das espécies doadoras sobre o processo germinativo de P. dubium, entretanto, plântulas submetidas ao extrato de L. leucocephala tiveram interferência no desenvolvimento inicial, sendo o alongamento da radícula mais sensível aos efeitos dos extratos. Em relação aos efeitos do extrato em pó sobre o desenvolvimento das espécies, constatou-se que não houve interferência nas variáveis de crescimento analisadas para a espécie M. bimucronata, entretanto, para P. dubium, os extratos promoveram diferença sobre a altura das mudas em condições de campo. De acordo com a metodologia adotada e os resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que os efeitos alelopáticos observados em laboratório foram mais significativos, sugerindo que em ambiente controlado, com pouca variação de fatores ambientais, a ação dos aleloquímicos interferem mais ativamente sobre a germinação de sementes e o desenvolvimento_de_plântulas_das_espécies_receptoras

<p>Cilj istraživanja doktorske disertacije bio je da se ispita pojedinačni i sinergistički uticaj<br />ekstrakata kima (Carum carvi L.), bosiljka (Ocimum basilicum L.), origana (Origanum<br />vulgare L.) i etarskih ulja crnog (Allium cepa L. kultivar Kupusinski jabučar) i belog luka<br />(Allium sativum L. kultivar Bosut) na rast plesni izolovanih iz prehrambenih proizvoda, kao i<br />njihov uticaj na biosintezu mikotoksina.<br />Ukupan broj plesni u uzorcima salata od povrća spremnih za konzumiranje kretao se od<br />10,0 do 5,5&acute;102 cfu/g, u uzorcima poslastičarskih proizvoda do 6,1&acute;102 cfu/g i u<br />proizvodima od mesa do 60,0 cfu/g. Najveći broj plesni izolovan je na DG18 podlozi<br />(1,53&acute;102 cfu/g), a najmanji na MY50G (42,0 cfu/g). U ukupnoj mikopopulaciji svih ispitivanih<br />uzoraka dominirale su vrste rodova Penicillium (39,07%), Cladosporium (23,40%) i<br />Aspergillus (20,42%). Vrste iz rodova Alternaria, Fusarium i Eurotium su bile zastupljene sa<br />5,85%, 4,97% i 2,76%. Dominantne vrste u ukupnoj mikopopulaciji bile su C.<br />cladosporioides (21,63%), A. niger (16,0%) i P. aurantiogriseum (11,81%).<br />Dominirali su potencijalni producenti ohratoksina A (31,89%), proizvo&ntilde;ači fumonizina<br />(4,74%), moniliformina (1,43%) i sterigmatocistina (1,54%). Izolati A. versicolor su<br />biosintetisali sterigmatocistin u koncentracijama od 56,3 i 109,2 ng/mL. Ostale potencijalne<br />toksin-produkujuće vrste nisu pokazale sposobnost produkcije mikotoksina.</p><p>Mikotoksikolo&scaron;kim ispitivanjem hrane u dva uzorka salata spremnih za konzumiranje<br />(kupus beli rezani i FIT salata) utvr&ntilde;en je sadržaj sterigmatocistina u koncentracijama od 3,5<br />i 5,5 mg/kg.<br />Kao glavna komponenta u ekstraktu kima odre&ntilde;en je karvon (43,98%), u ekstraktu bosiljka<br />estragol (metil kavikol) (86,72%), a u ekstraktu origana karvakrol (34,20%) i karvon (18,05%).<br />Najveći deo etarskog ulja crnog luka činili su: dimetil-trisulfid, metil-propil-trisulfid, dimetiltetrasulfid,<br />dietil-1,2,4-tritiolan, metil-(1-propenil)-trisulfid, metil-(1-propenil)-disulfid. Dialildisulfid,<br />dialil-trisulfid, metil-alil-trisulfid i metil-alil-disulfid su glavne komponente koje su<br />odre&ntilde;ene u etarskom ulju belog luka.<br />Koncentracija od 0,35 mL/100 mL ekstrakta kima je bila fungicidna (MFC) prema C.<br />cladosporioides, dok je 0,70 mL/100 mL potpuno inhibirala rast A. carbonarius, A. wentii, E.<br />nidulans, Eurotium spp., C. cladosporioides, P. glabrum, P. brevicompactum, F.<br />subglutinans i F. verticillioides. Na rast P. chrysogenum i P. aurantiogriseum ista<br />koncentracija bila je inhibitorna (MIC). Najslabije delovanje ovaj ekstrakt ispoljio prema A.<br />niger, A. versicolor, F. oxysporum i F. proliferatum.<br />Primena ekstrakta bosiljka u koncentraciji od 0,70 mL/100 mL pokazala je fungicidno<br />delovanje na C. cladosporioides. Koncentracija od 1,50 mL/100 mL potpuno je inhibirala<br />rast A. wentii, A. versicolor, E. nidulans, E. herbariorum, E. chevalieri, E. rubrum, P.<br />chrysogenum i Fusarim spp. Ekstrakt bosiljka je najslabije delovao prema A. niger, A.<br />carbonarius, P. aurantiogriseum, E. amstelodami, P. glabrum i P. brevicompactum.<br />Ekstrakt origana je pokazao najslabije ihibitorno delovanje na rast ispitivanih plesni.<br />Primena ekstrakta u koncentraciji od 1,50 mL/100 mL je bila fungicidna prema E. rubrum.<br />Koncentracija od 2,50 mL/100 mL je pokazala fungicidno delovanje na E. rubrum, E.<br />herbariorum, A. wentii, C. cladosporioides i P. aurantiogriseum, a inhibitorno prema E.<br />nidulans, E. chevalieri, E. amstelodami, P. glabrum i P. brevicompactum. Ovaj ekstrakt je<br />najslabije delovao na A. niger, A. carbonarius, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans i P.<br />chrysogenum.<br />Etarsko ulje crnog luka pokazalo je signifikantno jače antifungalno delovanje na ispitivane<br />plesni u odnosu na etarsko ulje belog luka. Koncentracija od 14,0 mL/100 mL ulja belog luka<br />fungicidno je delovala prema E. rubrum, E. chevalieri i C. cladosporioides, dok je ulje crnog<br />luka na ovoj koncentraciji pokazalo fungicidni efekat i na E. herbariorum i E. amstelodami.<br />Za ostale plesni fungicidna koncentracija iznosila je 28,0 mL/100 mL, osim za A. niger i P.<br />aurantiogriseum.<br />Neke od ispitivanih sme&scaron;a bosiljka i kima, bosiljka i origana, origana i kima i etarskih ulja<br />lukova pokazale su sinergističko delovanje na inhibiciju rasta A. wentii, E. herbariorum, F.<br />verticilllioides i P. aurantiogriseum sa FICindex od 0,63 do 0,97.<br />Začinski ekstrakti i etarska ulja lukova su pored ograničavanja rasta kolonija plesni<br />uzrokovali i promene u makro i mikromorfologiji.<br />Potpuna inhibicija biosinteze sterigmatocistina i rasta A. versicolor postignuta je pri<br />koncentraciji od 0,20 mL/100 mL ekstrakta kima i origana u periodu od 21 dana. Na ovoj<br />koncentraciji ekstrakt bosiljka je inhibirao biosintezu sterigmatocistina za 88,73% i rast<br />plesni za 52,56%. Sme&scaron;a koja je sadržavala 75% ekstrakta kima i 25% ekstrakta bosiljka<br />potpuno je inhibirala rast plesni i biosintezu sterigmatocistina u YES bujonu tokom 21 dana<br />inkubiranja.<br />Pojedinačne koncentracije etarskih ulja crnog i belog luka od 5,0 i 10,0 mL/100 mL i u sme&scaron;i<br />sa 1,50 mL/100 mL etarskog ulja crnog luka i 0,50 mL/100 mL etarskog ulja belog luka bile su<br />potrebne za potpunu inhibiciju rasta A. versicolor i biosintezu sterigmatocistina.<br />Dodatak sme&scaron;e ekstrakata kima i bosiljka (0,35 mL/100 mL ekstrakta kima + 0,70 mL/100 mL<br />ekstrakta bosiljka) u svež kupus rezanac uticao je na smanjenje inicijalne kontaminacije<br />plesnima za 93,9%, uz pojavu intenzivnijeg, ali prihvatljivog mirisa i neznatne promene boje.</p><p>Definisani matematički model za komparaciju uticaja ekstrakata i etarskih ulja na rast plesni<br />može se primenjivati u formiranju matrica inhibicije i optimizaciji vremena i koncentracije<br />antifungalnih agenasa.<br />Dobijena saznanja o antifungalnom delovanju ekstrakata začina i etarskih ulja lukova mogu<br />biti značajna u pobolj&scaron;anju antifungalne za&scaron;tite namirnica, smanjenju biosinteze<br />mikotoksina i ukupnim smanjenju &scaron;teta izazvanih delovanjem plesni.</p> / <p>The aim of this PhD thesis was to study the individual and synergistic effects of extracts of<br />caraway (Carum carvi L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and the<br />essential oils of onion (Allium cepa L. cultivar Kupusinski jabučar) and garlic (Allium sativum<br />L. cultivar Bosut) on the growth of moulds isolated from food products. The study also<br />focused on the impact of extracts and the essential oils on mycotoxins biosynthesis.<br />The total number of moulds detected in samples of vegetable salads &ldquo;ready for use&rdquo; ranged<br />from 10.0 to 5.5&acute;102 cfu/g. In cake and pastries, as well as, meat samples, the number<br />reached 6.1&acute;102 cfu/g and 60.0 cfu/g, respectively. The highest number of mould colonies was<br />isolated in DG18 medium (1.53 &acute; 102cfu/g) and the lowest in MY50G medium (42.0 cfu/g). The<br />species of the genera Penicillium (39.07%), Cladosporium (23.40%) and Aspergillus (20.42%)<br />prevailed in the entire mycopopulation of all tested samples. Species of the genera Alternaria,<br />Fusarium and Eurotium were represented with 5.85%, 4.97% and 2.76%, respectively, while C.<br />cladosporioides (21.63%), A. niger (16.0%) and P. aurantiogriseum (11.81%) were the most<br />dominant species in the entire mycopopulation.<br />Potential producers of ochratoxin A (31.89%) accounted for the largest share of the isolated<br />mycopopulation. The share of producers of fumonisin, moniliformin and sterigmatocystin<br />amounted to 4.74%, 1.43% and 1.54%, respectively. Sterigmatocystin was biosynthesised in</p><p>the concentration of 56.3 ng/mL and 109.2 ng/mL by both isolates of A. versicolor, while other<br />potential toxin producers did not show the ability of mycotoxin production.<br />Mycotoxicological investigation showed the sterigmatocystin content in two samples of<br />vegetable salads &quot;ready for use&quot; (shredded white cabbage and FIT salad - carrot, lettuce and<br />red chicory) in concentrations of 3.5 mg/kg and 5.5 mg/kg, respectively.<br />The major component in the extract of caraway was carvon with a share of 43.98%. The basil<br />extract contained estragol (methyl cavicol) in the highest percentage (86.72%), while<br />carvacrol (34.20%) and carvon (18.05%) were major components of the oregano extract. As for<br />the essential oil of onion, dimethyl trisulphide, methyl propyl trisulphide, dimethyl tetrasulfid,<br />diethyl-1, 2, 4-tritiolan, methyl-(1-propenyl)-trisulphide, and methyl-(1-propenyl) &ndash; disulfide<br />constituted the largest share. The major components isolated in garlic essential oil were<br />diallyl disulfide, diallyl-trisulphide, allyl methyl trisulphide and allyl methyl disulfide.<br />The concentration of the caraway extract of 0.35 mL/100mL exhibited fungicidal effect (MFC)<br />on C. cladosporioides, while the concentration of 0.70 mL/100mL completely inhibited the<br />growth of A. carbonarius, A. wentii, E. nidulans, Eurotium spp., C. cladosporioides, P.<br />glabrum, P. brevicopmactum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides. The same concentration<br />showed the inhibitory effect (MIC) on the growth of P. chrysogenum and P. aurantiogriseum.<br />The poorest effect of the caraway extract was expressed on the growth of A. niger, A.<br />versicolor, F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum.<br />The basil extract application in the concentration of 0.70 mL/100mL showed fungicidal effects<br />(MFC) on the growth of C. cladosporioides. The concentration of 1.50 mL/100mL completely<br />inhibited (MFC) the growth of A. wentii, A. versicolor, E. nidulans, E. herbariorum, E.<br />chevalierii, E. rubrum, P. chrysogenum and Fusarim spp. The poorest effect of the basil<br />extract was exhibited on A. niger, A. carbonarius, P. aurantiogriseum, E. amstelodami, P.<br />glabrum and P. brevicompactum.<br />The oregano extract showed the weakest growth inhibition influence on all of the tested<br />moulds. The application of this extract in the concentration of 1.50 mL/100mL was fungicidal<br />(MFC) to E. rubrum. The concentration of 2.50 mL/100mL showed fungicidal effects (MFC) on<br />the growth of E. rubrum, E. herbariorum, A. wentii, C. cladosporioides and P. aurantiogriseum<br />and inhibitory effects (MIC) on E. nidulans, E. chevalieri, E. amstelodami, P. glabrum and P.<br />brevicompactum. The weakest effect of this extract was expressed on the growth of A. niger,<br />A. carbonarius, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and P. chrysogenum.<br />Onion essential oil showed a significantly stronger antifungal effect on the tested moulds in<br />comparison to garlic essential oil. While the concentration of 14.0 mL/100mL of garlic oil had a<br />fungicidal effect on E. rubrum, E. chevalieri and C. cladosporioides, the same concentration<br />of onion oil was also fungicidal to E. herbariorum and E. amstelodami. With an exception of A.<br />niger and P. aurantiogriseum, the concentration that showed a fungicidal effect on the<br />remaining moulds equalled 28.0 mL/100mL.<br />Some of the tested mixtures of basil with caraway, basil with oregano, oregano with caraway,<br />and essential oils of onion and garlic, showed a synergistic effect on the growth inhibition of<br />A. wentii, E. herbariorum, F. verticilllioides and P. aurantiogriseum with the FIC index ranging<br />from 0.63 to 0.97.<br />Apart from the inhibitory effect on the mould colony growth, the spices extracts and the<br />essential oils of onion and garlic also caused changes in the macro- and micro- morphology<br />of the moulds.<br />Complete inhibition of the growth of A. versicolor and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis was<br />achieved at a concentration of 0.20 mL/100mL of the extract of caraway and oregano in the<br />period of 21 days. At this concentration the basil extract delayed the sterigmatocystin<br />biosynthesis by 88.73% while the mould growth was inhibited by 52.56%. Mixtures containing</p><p>75% of the caraway extract and 25% of the basil extract completely inhibited the mould<br />growth and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in YES broth during 21 days of incubation.<br />The concentrations of 5.0 m L/100mL (onion essential oil) and 10.0 m L/100mL (garlic essential<br />oil) applied in a mixture containing 1.50 mL/100mL of onion and 0.50 mL/100mL of garlic<br />essential oil were necessary for a complete inhibition of the growth of A. versicolor and<br />sterigmatocystin biosynthesis.<br />The addition of the mixture of caraway and basil extracts (0.35 mL/100mL of caraway + 0.70<br />mL/100mL of basil) to fresh shredded cabbage influenced the reduction of initial mould<br />contamination by 93.9%. This was accompanied by the occurrence of acceptable more<br />intense flavour and slight discoloration.<br />The defined mathematical model for comparing the effects of extracts and essential oils on<br />the growth of moulds can be applied in establishing inhibition matrices and optimisation of<br />the time and the concentration of antifungal agents.<br />The obtained results on the antifungal effects of the spices extracts and onion and garlic<br />essential oils can be beneficial for improving the antifungal protection of food and reducing<br />the mycotoxin biosynthesis as well as the overall damage caused by the action of moulds.</p>

Esse trabalho descreve o estudo monitorado de extratos de origem microbiológica e vegetal. Com o objetivo de identificar compostos com atividade antioxidante e/ou inibidores da enzima acetilcolinesterase em extratos de origem microbiológica e vegetal do cerrado brasileiro, uma triagem de atividade foi realizada utilizando ensaios simples e rápidos. Nessa triagem dois extratos promissores foram selecionados para os estudos de identificação dos compostos responsáveis pela atividade inicial. O trabalho de purificação foi iniciado com a fração em acetato de etila do extrato etanólico da actinobactéria-36 (50PL), Streptomyces sp., fermentado em meio de canjica amarela que apresentou atividade nos dois ensaios realizados. As atividades antioxidante e anticolinesterásica são relatadas pela primeira vez para essa actinobactéria. Nesse estudo foram identificados dois compostos, o éster metílico do ácido cis-6, cis-8 octadecadienóico e o tetradecanal. Da espécie Psychotria carthagenensis, uma planta da família Rubiaceae, foram objeto de estudo as frações hexânica e acetato de etila oriundas do extrato etanólico das folhas, o extrato hexânico das folhas e o extrato etanólico dos caules. A espécie P. cartahgenensis foi investigada quanto à presença de alcalóides uma vez que é utilizada juntamente com as espécies Psychotria viridis e Banisteriopsis caapi no preparo de uma bebida alucinógena conhecida como ayahuasca. A partir dos extratos etanólicos das sementes, caules e folhas foi realizada uma extração ácido-base resultando em frações ricas em compostos nitrogenados. As frações de alcalóides totais foram analisadas em TLC e revelador específico, o cloro-iodoplatinado, evidenciando a presença de alcalóides. As frações foram analisadas por EM (desreplicação) resultando na identificação de 5 compostos nitrogenados. / This work describes the monitored study of extracts from microbiological and plant origin. In order to identify compounds with antioxidant action and/or inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in extracts of microbial and plants of the Brazilian Cerrado vegetation, screening for these activities was performed using simple and rapid tests. From this screening, two promising extracts were selected for identification of the compounds responsible for the initially observed activity. Purification was started with the ethyl acetate fraction in the ethanol extract of actinobacteria-36 (50PL), Streptomyces sp., fermented in a yellow hominy culture medium that displayed activity in both tests. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities are reported for this actinobacteria for the first time. Two compounds were identified, namely 6(Z),8(Z)-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester and tetradecanal. The hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of the ethanol extract of the leaves as well as the ethanol extract of the stems from the Psychotria carthagenensis species, a plant of the Rubiaceae family, were studied. This species was investigated for the presence of alkaloids, because it is used together with the species Psychotria viridis and Banisteriopsis caapi in the preparation of a hallucinogenic drink known as ayahuasca. Acid-base extractions of the ethanol extracts of the seeds, stems, and leaves of this plant were carried out, resulting in fractions rich in nitrogen compounds. The total alkaloids fractions were analyzed by TLC and specific revealing with chlorine-iodoplatinate, which evidenced the presence of alkaloids. The fractions were analyzed by MS (derreplication), which allowed for identification of five nitrogen compounds.

Orientador: James Venturini / Resumo: A paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é micose sistêmica causada por fungos do gênero Paracoccidioides; suas principais formas clínicas são aguda/subaguda e crônica (FC). Apesar do tratamento antifúngico ser eficaz, a maioria dos paciente com a FC da doença apresentam sequelas, incluindo fibrose pulmonar. Sabe-se que o estabelecimento da fibrose na PCM é um processo precoce e sua relação com o tratamento antifúngico não é bem esclarecido. As plantas possuem o chamado metabolismo secundário e, portanto, são utilizadas para fins terapêuticos desde os primórdios. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar novos candidatos terapêuticos com propriedades anti-fibróticas frente a fibroblastos pulmonares humanos a partir de espécies do gênero Piper, Peperomia, Davilla, Eugenia e Silybum. Além de avaliar o efeito da associação da silimarina ao antifúngico cotrimoxazol (CMX) em modelo experimental murino da PCM. Nossos resultados demonstraram potencial pró-fibrótico das espécies Piper aduncum, Piper gaudichaudianum e Piper arboreum, induzindo maior produção de pró-colágeno I em fibroblastos pulmonares humanos. Entretanto, o alcaloide/amida comumente isolado do gênero Piper, a piplartina, apresentou potencial anti-fibrótico, reprimindo a produção de pró-colageno 1. Além de verificarmos que a associação da silimarina e CMX exibe um potencial antifibrótico e uma resposta pró Th1. Por outro lado, a silibinina isolada, componente majoritário da silimarina, não apresentou diferença quanto a p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is systemic mycosis caused by fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides; its main clinical forms are acute/subacute and chronic (CF). Although antifungal therapy is effective, most patients with CF suffer from sequelae, including pulmonary fibrosis. It is known that the establishment of fibrosis in PCM is an early process and its relation to antifungal treatment is not well understood. Plants have the secondary metabolism and have been used for therapeutic purposes since the earliest. In this context, the present study aims to identify new therapeutic candidates with antifibrotic properties against human pulmonary fibroblasts from species of the genus Piper, Peperomia, Davilla and Eugenia. In addition to evaluating the effect of silimarine in association with CMX in murine experimental model of PCM. Our results demonstrated the pro-fibrotic potential of the species P. aduncum, P. gaudichaudianum and P. arboreum, inducing greater pro-collagen I production in human lung fibroblasts. However, the compound isolated piplartine presented antifibrotic potential, upregulating the production of pro-collagen 1. In addition, we find that the association of silymarin the herbal antifungal CMX demonstrated antifibrotic potential and a response pro Th1. However, isolated silibinin does not presented difference of production of pro-collagen 1. Our results are promising, as they demonstrate for the first time the protective effect of piplartine on pulmonary fibrosis an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Infectious diarrhoea is the second largest single cause of mortality in children under the age of five globally. Bacteria are responsible for most diarrhoeal episodes especially in developing countries, and progressive increase in antimicrobial resistance has given rise to the need to investigate other sources of therapy such as medicinal plants. Ten plant extracts were analysed for their antimicrobial activities using the agar well diffusion and broth microdilution method. Their phytochemical contents were screened, and their effect on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to assess their antioxidant activities. Their toxicity profiles were evaluated using the XTT Cytotoxicity Assay. Water and methanol extracts of Adansonia digitata v ABSTRACT Infectious diarrhoea is the second largest single cause of mortality in children under the age of five globally. Bacteria are responsible for most diarrhoeal episodes especially in developing countries, and progressive increase in antimicrobial resistance has given rise to the need to investigate other sources of therapy such as medicinal plants. Ten plant extracts were analysed for their antimicrobial activities using the agar well diffusion and broth microdilution method. Their phytochemical contents were screened, and their effect on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to assess their antioxidant activities. Their toxicity profiles were evaluated using the XTT Cytotoxicity Assay. Water and methanol extracts of Adansonia digitata seeds and pulp showed no inhibition against all the test organisms, while water and methanol extracts of A. digitata leaves showed inhibition, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.39 to 6.25mg/ml. Water and methanol extracts of Garcinia livingstonei and Sclerocarya birrea barks showed good activity against all the test organisms, with MICs between 0.39 and 1.56 mg/ml. Alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids were found in one or more of the plant extracts, and all the plant extracts demonstrated scavenging power against DPPH.The cytotoxicity of extracts of Garcinia livingstonei, and Sclerocarya birrea barks ranged between 105.9 μg/ml and 769.9 μg/ml. The results obtained in this study validate the traditional use of A. digitata leaves, G. livingstonei and S. birrea bark in treating bacteria causing diarrhoea. / Life Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto antibacteriano del extracto metanólico de Moringa oleifera (Moringa) combinado con Hidróxido de calcio sobre cepas de Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212). Materiales y métodos: Se preparó extractos metanólicos de tallos, hojas y tallos más hojas de Moringa oleifera, los cuales fueron combinados con Hidróxido de calcio en igual proporción. Posteriormente se procedió a evaluar el efecto antibacteriano de los extractos en presencia y ausencia del Hidróxido de calcio contra la cepa bacteriana de Enterococcus faecalis utilizando el método de Kirby-Bauer y el recuento de Unidades Formadoras de Colonias (UFC). Resultados: Se observó que al comparar el Hidróxido de calcio con los extractos metanólicos de Moringa oleifera en presencia y ausencia del Hidróxido de calcio se demuestra que, el Hidróxido de calcio por si solo tiene alto efecto antibacteriano a diferencia de las diversas combinaciones. Conclusiones: La importancia de este estudio fue evaluar si el extracto metanólico de Moringa oleifera repotencia el efecto antibacteriano del Hidróxido de calcio. Los resultados muestran que los diferentes extractos metanólicos de Moringa oleifera no tienen la capacidad de repotenciar al Hidróxido de calcio. / Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial effect of the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) combined with calcium hydroxide on strains of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212). Materials and methods: Methanolic extracts of stems, leaves and stems plus Moringa oleifera leaves were prepared, which were combined with calcium hydroxide in equal proportion. Subsequently, the antibacterial effect of the extracts in the presence and absence of calcium hydroxide against the bacterial strain of Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer method and the count of Colony Forming Units (CFU). Results: It was observed that when comparing calcium hydroxide with the methanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera in the presence and absence of calcium hydroxide, it is shown that calcium hydroxide alone has a high antibacterial effect unlike the various combinations. Conclusions: The importance of this study was to evaluate if the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera enhances the antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide. The results show that different methanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera do not have the capacity to repower the calcium hydroxide. / Tesis