The intervention for fungi control in seeds is widely made through chemical products. However, the results of this use may become negative to society and environment due to the pollution caused by the residues of those products, besides the development of isolates of phytopathogens which become, long term, resistant to these chemical substances. One of the current approaches is the alternative control of plant diseases. In this context, the aim of this work is to use vegetal extracts in different ways and to include the biological control in fungi control in forest seeds. Bioactive plants may establish, together with the biological control, one of the potencial ways of alternative control of fungi diseases. Some of the species studied under this aspect were: Ateleia glazioviana, Mentha piperita, Eucalyptus citriodora, Melya azedarach and Cymbopogon winterianus. Analysing the results in Chapter I, it was evidenced that treatments made with dry extracts in the storage of seeds inhibited most of the associated fungi. It was also evidenced that the germination in treated seeds was not altered for most of the treatments. In Chapter II, the results showed that essential oils associated with biological control (Trichoderma sp.) were the most efficient in fungi control together with the seeds. / A intervenção para o controle de fungos em sementes é largamente realizada através de produtos químicos. No entanto, além do surgimento de isolados dos fitopatógenos resistentes às substâncias químicas, os resultados para a sociedade e para o meio ambiente podem se tornar negativos devido à poluição causada pelos resíduos. Um dos enfoques da atualidade é o controle alternativo de doenças em plantas, neste contexto este trabalho teve como objetivo utilizar extratos vegetais sob diferentes formas e incluir o controle biológico no controle de fungos em sementes de espécies florestais. As plantas bioativas podem se constituir, ao lado do controle biológico, em mais uma forma potencial de controle alternativo de doenças fúngicas. Algumas espécies estudadas sob este aspecto foram: Ateleia glazioviana, Mentha piperita, Eucalyptus citriodora, Melyia azedarach e Cymbopogon winterianus. No capítulo I podemos constatar que os tratamentos com extratos secos no armazenamento de sementes, inibiram a maioria dos fungos associados, também se constatou que a germinação das sementes tratadas, não foi alterada para maioria dos tratamentos. No capítulo II, os resultados apontaram que os óleos essenciais assim como o controle biológico (Trichoderma sp.), foram os mais eficientes no controle dos fungos associados às sementes.

Terminalia superba Engler & Diels (Combretaceae) est utilisée en médecine traditionnelle au Cameroun pour les soins d'hypertension artérielle (HTA). L'objectif du travail de cette thèse a été d'apporter des bases scientifiques à son utilisation traditionnelle. Nous avons évalué les effets d'un extrait aqueux de T. superba chez des rats normaux ou soumis à deux modèles d'HTA secondaire : l'HTA induite par le glucose et l'HTA induite par l'éthanol. L'extrait aqueux exerce un effet hypotenseur, antihypertenseur et antioxydant. Quatre extraits de T. superba : l'extrait aqueux (AQU), au méthanol (MET), au chlorure de méthylène (MC) et au méthanol/chlorure de méthylène (MCM) ont des effets vasodilatateurs les anneaux aortiques isolés de rat, dénués ou non d'endothélium vasculaire et contractés à la phénylephrine ou au chlorure de potassium. L'extrait MC est le plus actif et réduit les flux calciques. L'extrait MC a exercé un effet anti-hypertenseur chez le rat spontanément hypertendu, une diminution du stress oxydatif, une amélioration de la fonction endothéliale. Il n'a affecté ni la diurèse, ni l'activité des cytochromes P450 3A hépatiques. Les extraits AQU et au MC se sont révélés faiblement toxiques, avec des DLso respectivement supérieures à 5000 mg/kg et 2000 mg/kg. L'extrait MC aux doses de 300 et de 600 mg/kg a révélé des zones de congestion vasculaires et d'inflammations réversibles après arrêt du traitement. Ce travail a validé sur le plan pharmacologique l'utilisation de T. superba comme traitement alternatif à l'HTA. Il sera question d'identifier les composés purs à l'origine de l'activité cardio-vasculaire de la plante, et à poursuivre les études toxicologiques. / Terminalia superba Engler & Diels (Combretaceae) is used in cameroonian traditional medicine for thé treatment of hypertension (HT). The aim of this thesis was to provide scientifical of it traditional use. We evaluated thé effects of an aqueous extract (AQUE) of T. superba in normal rats or in glucose or ethanol induced hypertensive rats. The AQUE had an hypotensive, antihypertensive and antioxydative effect. Four extracts of T. superba: aqueous (AQU), méthanol (MET), méthylène chloride (MC) and methanol/methylene chloride (MCM) extracts showed vasorelaxant effects on rat aortic rings endothelium stripped or not, contracted with phénylephrine or potassium chloride. The MC extract was thé most potent. It reduced thé calcium fluxes in vascular smooth muscle cells. The MC extract had an antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rat, associated with a decreased in oxidative stress assessed by measuring thé rate of urine 8-iso-PGF2a and reduced endothelial dysfunction. This extract did not affect diuresis, or thé activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 3A. The AQU and MC extracts appeared slightly toxic, with LDso respectively greater than 5000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg. The MC extract at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg induced areas of vascular congestion and inflammation réversible after discontinuation. In conclusion, our study validâtes thé pharmacological traditional use of T. superba as a treatment for hypertension. The prospects of this work will aim at identifying thé pure compounds that cause thé cardiovascular activity of this plant, and further toxicological studies to ensure their safety.

Abstract Various bone proteins and growth factors are needed during the bone healing cascade. If the body cannot produce sufficient quantities of these factors, bone trauma healing can be improved with an implant that contains the required growth factors. However, an added bone protein extract needs a suitable delivery system to protect the proteins from degradation and to release them gradually, promoting new bone formation. This study focused on evaluating and optimization of the bone forming capacity of various scaffold systems of reindeer bone protein extract formulations using different experimental models. The tested carrier systems for various reindeer bone protein extract doses were collagen sponge and bioactive glass granules in critical-size defect model of rat femur. Calcium salt compositions (beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), hydroxyapatite or calcium sulphate) in disc and compressed pellet forms were tested in the thigh muscle pouch model of mouse. Various β-TCP granules combined with polyethylene/glycerol and stearic acid gel were tested in a hole defect model of sheep femur and humerus. Control groups involved carrier materials with no protein extract or untreated defects. In the sheep study, reference materials also included autograft and demineralized bone matrix (DBM). New bone formation, bone healing, and carrier resorption were evaluated based on radiographs, peripheral computerized tomography (pQCT), mechanical tests, histological examination, and micro-CT. New bone formation and bone union were markedly better in groups receiving higher doses of the extract and with follow-ups of six or more weeks, compared to empty defect or carrier without extract. Resorptions of carrier materials in active groups were faster and more active than in the control groups. The greatest bone formation occurred in the groups that had the bone protein extract readily available, which indicated that bone forming factors are required in sufficient concentrations at an early stage. The micro-CT analysis showed that bone formation in the groups with the extract was comparable to autograft, while the least bone formation was observed in the DBM and untreated groups. The present study indicated that the tested reindeer bone protein extract can be used to improve bone formation with various carriers. The study suggests that an inorganic carrier material together with stearic acid is the one of most suitable carrier alternatives for this extract. The developed medical device in paste form can be an alternative for autograft use. / Tiivistelmä Luun paraneminen vaatii erilaisia proteiineja ja kasvutekijöitä. Jos elimistö ei pysty tuottamaan riittävää määrää näitä tekijöitä, luumurtuma ei parane luonnollisesti vaan vaatii hoitoa, jossa murtuma alueelle viedään tarvittavia kasvutekijöitä. Kasvutekijät kiinnitetään tarkoituksenmukaiseen kantaja-aineeseen, jonka avulla kasvutekijöiden vapautumista ja toimintaa voidaan säädellä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli arvioida ja optimoida erilaisissa eläinmalleissa porosta eristetyn luuproteiiniuutteen kantaja-ainesysteemien toimivuutta. Testatut kantaja-ainemateriaalit olivat kollageenihuopa ja bioaktiivinen lasirae. Näitä testattiin useilla luuproteiiniannoksilla, ja mallina oli rotan reisiluun kriittisen koon murtuma. Hiiren reisilihasmallilla testattiin kalsiumsuolayhdistelmiä (beta trikalsiumfosfaatti (β-TCP), hydroksiapatiitti ja kalsiumsulfaatti) tablettina ja pellettinä. Lampaan reisi- ja olkaluiden reikämurtumamallilla testattiin erilaisia β-TCP-rakeita yhdistettynä polyetyleenistä, glyserolista ja steariinihaposta valmistettuun geeliin. Kontrollisryhmistä toinen sisälsi kantaja-aineen ilman luuproteiiniuutetta, toisessa ryhmässä murtuma jätettiin kokonaan hoitamatta. Lammaskokeessa verrattiin lisäksi omaluusiirteen ja demineralisoidun luumateriaalin (DBM) toimivuutta verrattuna poron luuproteiiniuutteeseen. Uudisluun muodostuminen, murtuman paraneminen ja kantaja-aineen hajoaminen arvioitiin natiiviröntgenillä, perifeerisellä tietokonetomografialla (pQCT), mekaanisin testein, histologisesti ja mikro-CT:llä. Luuproteiiniuutetta sisältäneillä ryhmillä oli luun paraneminen ja kantaja-aineen hajoaminen merkittävästi parempaa kuin uutetta sisältämättömillä ryhmillä. Uudisluun muodostuminen oli suurempaa korkeammilla annoksilla ja pitemmillä seuranta-ajoilla. Suurin uudisluun muodostus mitattiin ryhmillä, joissa luuproteiiniuute oli heti käytettävissä implantoinnin jälkeen. Tämä osoittaa, että varsinkin murtuman paranemisen alkuvaiheissa tarvitaan luuta muodostavia kasvutekijöitä riittävinä pitoisuuksina. Mikro-CT-analyysit osoittivat, että luuproteiiniuuttetta sisältäneet ryhmät olivat verrannollisia omaluusiirrehoidolle. Vähiten uudisluuta havaittiin DBM ja tyhjäreikäryhmissä. Tutkimus osoittaa, että poron luuproteiiniuutetta erilaisten kantajamateriaalien kanssa voidaan käyttää parantamaan luun muodostumista. Erityisesti epäorgaaninen kantajamateriaali steariinihapon kanssa on yksi soveltuvimmista vaihtoehdoista luu-uutteelle. Kehitelty pastamutoinen lääkinnällinen laite, joka sisälsi poron luuproteiiniuutteen ja kalsiumsuolakantaja-aineen, osoittautui vaihtoehdoksi omaluusiirrehoidolle.

Medicinal plants have been used as traditional medicine in the treatment of numerous human diseases for thousands of years in many parts of the world. In the developing world, especially in rural areas, herbal remedies continue to be a primary source of medicine. Scientifically, medicinal plants have proven to be an abundant source of biologically active compounds, many of which have already been formulated into useful therapeutic substances or have provided a basis for the development of new lead molecules for pharmaceuticals. Antibiotic resistance, undesireable side effects and expences associated with the use of combination therapy in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections have generated a considerable interest in the study of medicinal plants as potential sources of new drugs against this organism. The high complexicity of bioactive compounds accumulated in plants coupled with their broad antimicrobial activity may make it difficult for pathogenic organisms, including H. pylori to acquire resistance during treatment. This study therefore evaluates the antimicrobial potential of selected South African medicinal plants employed in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections, and the subsequent isolation of the plant active principles. An ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections was conducted in the study area. Crude extracts of Combretum molle, Sclerocarya birrea, Garcinia kola, Alepidea amatymbica and 2 Strychnos species were screened against 30 clinical strains of H. pylori and 2 standard control strains (NCTC 11638 and ATCC 43526). In the preliminary stages of this study, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water extracts of the plants were tested against H. pylori by agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution methods. The plant crude extracts that exhibited anti-H. pylori activity with a iv percentage susceptibility of 50 percent and above were considered for the rate of kill assays and the most active crude extracts selected for bio-assay guided isolation of the active ingredient. Preliminary fractionation of the crude extract was achieved by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using different solvent combinations; hexane/diethylether (HDE), ethyl acetate/methanol/water (EMW) and chloroform/ethyl acetate/formic acid (CEF) in order to determine the most suitable combination for column chromatography (CC) and subsequent testing by indirect bioautography. The extract was then fractionated in a silica gel column using previously determined solvent combinations as eluent. Active fractions obtained from column chromatography separations were further fractionated and the compounds identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. All the plants exhibited antimicrobial activity against H. pylori with zone of inhibition diameters ranging from 0 - 38 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.06 - 5.0 mg/mL. The most active plant extracts were the acetone extract of C. molle with a percentage susceptibility of 87.1 percent, acetone and aqueous extracts of S. birrea (71 percent each) and the ethanolic extracts of G. kola (53.3 percent). Except for the aqueous extract, these extracts also exhibited a strong bactericidal activity against H. pylori at different concentrations. TLC analysis revealed the presence of 9 components in the acetone extract of S. birrea with the EMW solvent system as opposed to 5 and 8 with HDE and CEF respectively. Bioassay-guided isolation led to the identification of 52 compounds from the acetone extract of S. birrea with n-octacosane being the most abundant (41.68 percent). This was followed by pyrrolidine (38.91 percent), terpinen-4-ol (38.3 percent), n-eicosane (24.98 percent), cyclopentane (16.76 percent), n-triacontane (16.28 percent), aromadendrene (13.63 percent) and α-gujunene (8.77 percent). Terpinen-4-ol and pyrrolidine demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against H. pylori at all concentrations tested. These results may serve as preliminary scientific validation of the ethnomedicinal uses of the above mentioned plants in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections in South Africa. Terpinen-4-ol and pyrrolidine could be considered for further evaluation as therapeutic or prophylactic agents in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections. However, further investigations would be necessary to determine their toxicological properties, in-vivo potencies and mechanism of action against H.pylori

Submitted by Michele Mologni (mologni@unoeste.br) on 2018-07-27T14:02:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviane Tavares de Almeida.pdf: 648777 bytes, checksum: 415a188441b2acf7c0cb46fd1aeeac2b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T14:02:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviane Tavares de Almeida.pdf: 648777 bytes, checksum: 415a188441b2acf7c0cb46fd1aeeac2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a polyphagous species which attacks many economically important crops in several countries. This insect is an important pest of corn, and currently the most widely used control method is chemical. In order to minimize environmental impacts, other forms of control have been tried, and accordingly, the investigation of plants with insecticidal effects becomes relevant. Thus the present study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Euphorbia pulcherrima leaves (poinsettia) in fall armyworm biology. Extracts were prepared from leaves of the plant E. pulcherrima collected at different phenological stages (vegetative and reproductive), oven dried, crushed and then solubilized in ethanol, yielding the ethanol extract. The extracts were set aside in 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations for each phenological stage of the plant, incorporated into an artificial diet and offered to the larvae of S. frugiperda. The extract of vegetative and reproductive phase of E. pulcherrima leaves in concentrations of 0.5% and 1%, has showed effects on larvae of S. frugiperda affecting mortality, increasing the larval period and reducing the weight of larvae. The extract of the reproductive phase in two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) reduced the pupal weight and feces excreted by the caterpillars. The highest concentration of the ethanolic extract from the reproductive stage of the leaves reduced the viability of the eggs. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of E. pulcherrima leaves in the reproductive phase of the plant is effective to reduce the S. frugiperda population. / A lagarta-do-cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda) é uma espécie polífaga que ataca diversas culturas economicamente importantes em vários países. Esse inseto é uma importante praga do milho, e atualmente a forma mais utilizada de controle é o químico. No intuito de minimizar impactos ambientais, outras formas de controle têm sido experimentadas, e nesse sentido, a investigação de plantas com ação inseticida torna-se relevante. Diante disso o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a ação do extrato etanólico de folhas de Euphorbia pulcherrima (Bico-de-Papagaio) na biologia da Lagarta-do-cartucho. Foram elaborados extratos a partir de folhas da planta E. pulcherrima coletadas em diferentes fases fenológicas (vegetativa e reprodutiva), secas em estufa, trituradas e então solubilizadas em etanol, obtendo-se o extrato etanólico bruto. Os extratos obtidos foram reservados nas concentrações 0,5% e 1,0% para cada fase fenológica da planta, incorporados em dieta artificial e oferecidos para as lagartas de S. frugiperda. O extrato de folhas de E. pulcherrima da fase vegetativa e reprodutiva nas concentrações de 0,5% e 1%, apresentaram efeitos sobre as lagartas de S. frugiperda, afetando a mortalidade, prolongando o período larval e reduzindo o peso das lagartas. O extrato da fase reprodutiva nas duas concentrações (0,5 % e 1 %) reduziu o peso de pupas e das fezes excretadas pelas lagartas. A maior concentração do extrato etanólico de folhas da fase reprodutiva reduziu a viabilidade dos ovos. Conclui-se que o extrato de folhas de E. pulcherrima da fase reprodutiva é eficiente para a redução de população de S. frugiperda.

Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia da suplementação de diferentes misturas de extratos vegetais nas rações de frangos de corte como melhoradores do desempenho. Para o ensaio de desempenho, foram utilizados 1350 pintos de corte em blocos casualizados, com 6 repetições e 5 dietas experimentais: CN - controle negativo (dieta basal); CP - controle positivo, CN com 10 ppm de avilamicina; ME1 - CN com produto contendo 200 ppm de óleos essenciais de cravo, tomilho, canela e pimenta; ME2- CN com 100 ppm do produto comercial composto por óleos essenciais sintéticos de orégano e canela e óleoresina de pimenta microencapsulados; ME3 CN 500 ppm do produto comercial constituído por óleo de eucalipto, óleo essencial de canela-da-China, folhas de boldo-do-Chile e sementes de feno-grego, na fase inicial e 1200 ppm nas fases de crescimento e final. As aves foram criadas em cama reutilizada com a finalidade de proporcionar desafio à criação. Foram realizadas análises de contagem de oocisto de Eimeria na cama antes do início e após o término do experimento e os exames das amostras de cama não revelaram presença de oocistos de Eimeria. Ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, viabilidade, uniformidade do lote aos 42 dias de idade e características de carcaça foram avaliados. Aos 23 dias de idade, 80 frangos criados separadamente e submetidos aos mesmos tratamentos do experimento de desempenho foram transferidos para gaiolas de metabolismo e, dos 27 aos 30 dias de idade, foi realizado o ensaio de metabolismo pelo método de coleta total de excretas e determinados a energia metabolizável e o coeficiente de digestibilidade da proteína bruta das dietas. Quatro aves de cada tratamento, criadas separadamente, foram sacrificadas para realização da morfometria do proventrículo, moela, fígado, pâncreas e intestino delgado. Também foi anotado o comprimento do intestino delgado. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa estatístico SAS e, no caso de diferença significativa, as médias comparadas pelo teste de Dunnett. As inclusões de misturas de extratos vegetais nas dietas de frangos de corte não foram capazes de exercer efeito significativo (P<0,05) quando comparadas às dietas controles CN e CP. Tal fato pode estar relacionado com a ausência de desafio nas condições experimentais aliado à utilização de dietas com ingredientes de alta digestibilidade que permitiram que os frangos de corte expressassem todo o seu potencial tornando indetectável qualquer melhora ocasionada pela inclusão de antibiótico ou de misturas de extratos vegetais nas dietas. Conclui-se que, nas condições em que foi realizado este estudo, as dietas contendo misturas de extratos promoveram desempenho semelhante ao das dietas CN e CP. / Two trials were carried out to evaluate different blends of plants extracts in broilers diets. Dietary treatments were fed to 1,350 one-day-old male Cobb chicks distributed in a randomized complete block design with six repetitions. The experimental diets were: NC - negative control (basal diet); PC - positive control, NC with 10 ppm of avilamycin; BPE1 - NC with 200 ppm of a blend containing natural essential oils of clove, thyme, cinnamon and capsicum microencapsulated; BPE2 - NC with a commercial product containing 100 ppm of synthetic cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol and natural capsicum oleoresin microencapsulated; BPE3 - NC with 500 ppm of commercial product containing eucalypt oil, essential oil of Chinese cinnamon, leaves of Chilene boldo and seeds of fenu-Greek in the initial phase and 1200 ppm in the grower and finisher phases. The amount of Eimeria oocist in the litter was analyzed before and after the trials and the results were negative to the presence of Eimeria oocist. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, viability, uniformity at 42 days of age and carcass characteristics were evaluated. At 23 days of age, 80 chickens, raised at the same conditions and receiving the same diets as the chickens from the performance trial, were transferred to metabolic cages in a randomized complete block design and four repetitions. From 27 to 30 days of age, the total excreta collection method was applied to determine the apparent metabolizable energy and the crude protein digestibility of the dietary treatments. Four chickens from each treatment were sacrificed to evaluate relative weight of proventriculus, gizzard, liver, pancreas and small intestine. The length of the small intestine was also determined. The statistical analyses were carried out by SAS and the means were compared using the Dunnet test. The dietary utilization of plants extracts had no effect on parameters evaluated when compared to NC or PC. Possibly, the lack of challenge at poultry house and the high digestibility of the experimental diets made undetectable any improvement that could be shown by the inclusion of additives in the diet. It can be concluded that in these experimental conditions, the chickens fed on BPE1, BPE2 or BPE3 diets showed the same performance than NC or PC diets.

Os antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento na alimentação animal tem proporcionado melhora considerável no desempenho. Porém, seu uso vem sendo proibido em diversos países e, face a esta restrição, tem-se buscado alternativas aos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar aditivos fitogênicos, butirato de sódio, assim como a colistina sobre o desempenho, histologia intestinal, pH, morfometria de órgãos, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e freqüência de diarréia de leitões recém-desmamados. Um experimento em blocos casualizados, com 34 dias de duração foi realizado para testar cinco tratamentos: controle (T1) - ração basal; antimicrobiano (T2) basal com 40 ppm de sulfato de colistina; fitogênico (T3) dieta basal com 500 ppm de aditivos fitogênicos; butirato de sódio (T4) dieta basal com 1500 ppm de butirato de sódio; fitogênico+butirato de sódio (T5) dieta basal com 500 ppm de aditivos fitogênicos + 1500 ppm de butirato de sódio. Para o desempenho e frequência de diarréia foram utilizados 120 leitões, com idade de 24 dias e peso inicial de 6,10 ± 1,21 kg, oito repetições por tratamento e três leitões por unidade experimental. No ensaio de digestibilidade (quatro primeiras repetições), utilizou-se o método da coleta parcial de fezes e o óxido de cromo como marcador. Ao final do experimento, um animal de cada baia, das quatro primeiras repetições, foi abatido para análise de histologia, pH e morfometria dos órgãos. Foram testados contrastes específicos de interesse. O desempenho, a frequência de diarréia e o pH da digesta não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Os leitões dos tratamentos fitogênico e butirato apresentaram a média de digestibilidade da energia superior (P=0,07) a dos leitões do tratamento fitogênico+butirato de sódio. Para a morfometria dos órgãos, a média dos tratamentos T2, T3, T4 e T5 para a relação peso:comprimento do intestino delgado foi menor (P=0,02) que a do tratamento controle. Para o peso relativo do ceco, a média dos tratamentos fitogênico e butirato de sódio foi menor (P=0,09) do que a do tratamento fitogênico+butirato de sódio. Em relação à histologia intestinal, no duodeno, a média da densidade de vilosidades (DV) dos leitões dos tratamentos fitogênico e butirato de sódio foi maior (P=0,06) do que a dos leitões do tratamento fitogênico+butirato de sódio. Foi observado, também, maior DV (P=0,02) para os animais do tratamento fitogênico em relação aos animais do tratamento butirato de sódio. No jejuno, a média da DV dos leitões dos tratamentos T2, T3, T4 e T5 foi maior (P=0,03) do que a dos leitões do tratamento controle. Os animais do tratamento butirato apresentaram maior DV do que os animais do tratamento fitogênico (P=0,08). Assim, em condições de creche experimental, não ficou evidenciado efeito dos aditivos fitogênicos e do butirato de sódio como promotores de crescimento de leitões recém-desmamados, alimentados com dietas complexas e altamente digestíveis. Há, também, indicações de que os aditivos fitogênicos e o butirato de sódio, individualmente adicionados às dietas dos leitões, podem melhorar a digestibilidade e algumas características histológicas e morfométricas. / The antimicrobials growth promoters in the animal feed have been related to an increase on animal performance. However, due to the restriction of many countries to the use of antimicrobial as growth promoters, alternatives are being studied. So, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of phytobiotic additives, sodium butyrate and even colistina on performance, intestinal histology, digesta pH, organs morphometry, nutrients digestibility and diarrhea incidence of weanling pigs. A 34-d randomized complete block design experiment was carried out to compare five treatments: control (T1) basal diet; antimicrobial (T2) basal diet with 40 ppm of colistin sulfate; phytobiotic (T3) basal diet with 500 ppm of natural phytobiotics; sodium butyrate (T4) basal diet with 1500 ppm of sodium butyrate; and phytobiotic+sodium butyrate (T5) basal diet with 500 ppm of natural ptytobiotics + 1500 ppm of sodium butyrate. One hundred and twenty piglets (average age around 24 d and initial live weight of 6.10 ± 1.21 kg), eight replications per treatment, and three animals per experimental unit were used for performance data and diarrhea incidence. For digestibility assay, 60 piglets of first four replications were considered, using chromium oxide as fed marker. At the end of experimental period, an animal of each pen of first four replications was slaughtered for histology analysis, digesta pH and organs morphometry. Specific contrasts of practical importance were tested. No differences were found in performance data (P>.05). The treatments did not show any effect (P>.05) on diarrhea incidence and on digesta pH. Energy digestibility coefficient average of phytobiotic additives and sodium butyrate was higher (P=.07) than that of phytobiotic+sodium butyrate. Organs morphometry showed that the average of treatments T2, T3, T4 e T5 for weight:length ratio of small intestine was lower (P=.02) than that of control treatment. The average of phytobiotic and sodium butyrate treatments for caecum relative weight was lower (P=.09) than that of the phytobiotic+sodium butyrate treatment. For intestinal histology of duodenum, the average of villous density (DV) of phytobiotic and sodium butyrate treatments was higher (P=.06) than that of phytobiotic+sodium butyrate treatment. Piglets of phytobiotic treatment showed higher DV (P=.02) than those of sodium butyrate treatment. Jejunum DV average of treatments T2, T3, T4 e T5 was higher (P=.03) than that of control treatment. Piglets of sodium butyrate treatment showed higher DV than those of phytobiotic treatment (P=.08). Therefore, there was no evidence of natural phytobiotic and sodium butyrate as growth promoters of weanling pigs fed complex diet with high digestibility raised in experimental nursery. However, there are some indications that both phytobiotic and sodium butyrate added individually to weanling pig diets, may improve energy digestibility and some histology and morphometry traits.

Orientador: Sergio Antonio De Bortoli / Resumo: Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) e Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) são insetos cosmopolitas, polífagos e que causam danos tanto na fase vegetativa quanto na reprodutiva de vários cultivos. Entre os métodos disponíveis para controle, os mais utilizados são o químico e a utilização de plantas Bt, porém o uso incorreto resultou em diversos relatos de resistência a esses dois métodos. Deste modo, surgiu a necessidade de novas tecnologias e produtos para o controle desses insetos-praga, sendo que o controle biológico com bactérias e vírus, e extratos de plantas podem ser ferramentas importantes frente a esses problemas. Além da resistência, outro problema que o uso incorreto dos inseticidas pode causar é a toxicidade a organismos não alvo, como as abelhas Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), que vem sofrendo com a mortalidade causada por esses produtos. Para a realização de pesquisas que auxiliem e aprimorem os programas de Manejo Integrado de H. armigera e S. frugiperda, é essencial uma metodologia de criação que permita a obtenção de uma grande quantidade de indivíduos, sendo que dietas artificiais adequadas auxiliam a criação em grande escala. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito de diferentes níveis proteicos na dieta artificial para criação destas espécies, o efeito agudo das concentrações letais e os efeitos subletais de inseticidas químicos, biológicos e de extrato da planta Piper cubeba Linnae... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are cosmopolitan, polyphagous insects that cause damage both in the vegetative and in the reproductive phase of several crops. Among the methods available for its control, the most used are the chemical and the use of Bt plants, however the incorrect use has resulted in several reports of resistance to both methods. Thus, there was a need to development of new technologies and products for the control of these pest insect, and biological control with bacteria and viruses, and plant extracts can be important tools in the face of these problems. In addition to resistance, another problem that the incorrect use of pesticides can cause is toxicity to non-target organisms, such as honey bees Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), which has been suffering from the mortality caused by these products. In order to carry out research that helps and improve the Integrated Management programs of H. armigera e S. frugiperda, a rearing methodology is essential that allows the obtaining of a large number of individuals, and adequate artificial diets assist the rearing on a large scale. In this sense, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of diferente protein levels in the artificial diet for the rearing of these species, the acute effect of lethal concentrations and the sublethal effects of chemical and biological pesticides, and plant extract from the pla... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

This diploma thesis deals with the production of herbal drops from Echinacea and the determination of the content of selected active substances. In the theoretical part, the taxonomic classification of echinacea, its botanical characteristics and growing conditions are mentioned. The history of cultivation and uses of this plant are also mentioned. An important chapter of the theoretical part is the chemical composition of the plant and differences in composition between individual cultivars of Echinacea. Methods for obtaining active substances and their determination are also mentioned. The last chapter is devoted to the technology of production of echinacea drops. In the experimental part, the extraction was optimized for dried flowers and roots of E. purpurea. The following extraction system was determined for the flowers: 40% ethanol, time 6 hours, weight to solvent ratio 1:10 and room temperature. For the roots, 20% ethanol and a time of 24 hours, a ratio of 1:10 and room temperature were evaluated as the best conditions. Furthermore, the best extracts were prepared, in which the content of total phenolic substances was set at 0.799-0.839 mg/ml, then the antioxidant activity was determined in the range from 116 to 242 µg T/ml, and finally the analysis of aromatic substances was performed by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Two commercial samples were also tested to compare the prepared extracts.

Purpose of this thesis was research the content of biologically active substances in herbal rosehip extracts and also determination of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of these extracts. Teoretical part describes informations about Rosa canina L., detailed specification of biologically active substances, specification of antioxidation and overview of methods determine antioxidant compound and antimicrobial activity. In the practical part was by combination of different solvents, procedures and herbal materials, made 21 extracts of Rosa canina L.. From measuring of these extracts, was made extraction curves and also was determined antimicrobial efficiency against bacterial strains Serratia marcescesns, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus. Results shows, that also all extracts has some antimicrobial activity, but only against microorganisms Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus cereus. Also was found that bud extracts contains more bioactive compounds soluble in ethanol, meanwhile rose hip extracts contains more bioactive compounds soluble in water.