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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
201

Variability and long-term trends of climate extremes over the Limpopo, South Africa

Sikhwari, Thendo 20 September 2019 (has links)
MENVSC / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences / Climate change has a crucial impact on livelihoods, economy, and water resources due to the occurrence of weather and climate extreme events such as floods, droughts and heat waves. Extreme weather has been increasing worldwide, hence the need to understand their nature and trends. The aim of this study was to analyse the spatial variability and long-term trends of climate extremes over the Limpopo in South Africa from 1960 to 2014. Rainfall, temperature, and circulation fields were analysed to understand the extent, nature of climate extremes over the Limpopo. Extreme value theory (EVT) is a powerful method that was also employed in this study to provide statistical models for events rarely observed. R statistical software was used for clustering analysis which has a variety of functions for cluster analysis. Any station whose value is larger than 95th for any day of the season was considered as a widespread extreme event. The results show that the study area is highly vulnerable to extreme events due to its latitudinal location and low altitude. Anomalous cut-off lows, tropical cyclones and tropical storms are the major extreme producing systems affecting the Limpopo province whilst the Botswana High becomes dominant during heat waves and drought. Extreme weather events are common in Limpopo during summertime and often coincide with mature phases of the El Nino Southern Oscillation. In this study, after the suitable model for data was chosen, the interest was in deriving return levels of extreme maximum rainfall. The computed data for return levels predicted that the 5-year return period’s return level is approximately 223.89 mm, which suggests that rainfall of 223.89 mm or more per month should occur at that station or location on the average of once every five years. / NRF / http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1485
202

Matrices aléatoires et leurs applications à la physique statistique et quantique / Random matrices and applications to statistical physics and quantum physics

Nadal, Céline 21 June 2011 (has links)
Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des matrices aléatoires et à quelques unes de leurs applications en physique, en particulier en physique statistique et en physique quantique.C'est un travail essentiellement analytique complété par quelques simulations numériques Monte Carlo. Dans un premier temps j'introduis la théorie des matrices aléatoires de façon assez générale : je définis les principaux ensembles de matrices aléatoires (en particulier gaussiens) et décris leurs propriétés fondamentales (distribution des valeurs propres, densité, etc). Dans un second temps je m'intéresse à des systèmes physiques d'interfaces à l'équilibre qui peuvent être modélisés par des marcheurs ``vicieux'', c'est-à-dire des marcheurs aléatoires conditionnés à ne pas se croiser. On peut montrer que la distribution des positions des marcheurs à un temps donné est exactement celle des valeurs propres d'une matrice aléatoire. J'étudie ensuite un problème physique qui relève d'un domaine très différent, celui de l'information quantique, mais qui est également étroitement relié aux matrices aléatoires: celui de l'intrication pour des états aléatoires dans un système quantique bipartite (fait de deux sous-parties) de grande taille. Enfin je m'intéresse à certaines propriétés des matrices aléatoires comme la distribution du nombre de valeurs propres positives ou encore la distribution de la valeur propre maximale (loi de Tracy-Widom près de la moyenne et grandes déviations loin de la moyenne). / This thesis presents a study of random matrices and some applications in physics, in particular in statistical physics and quantum physics. This work is mostly analytic, but I also performed some Monte Carlo numerical simulations. First I introduce random matrix theory: I define the main random matrix ensembles (in particular Gaussian ensembles) and describe their fundamental properties (distribution of the eigenvalues, density...). Then I study a physical system of interfaces at equilibrium that can be modeled by ``vicious walkers'', ie random walkers that can not meet each other.One can show that the distribution of the positions of the walkers at a given time is the same as the distribution of the eigenvalues of a random matrix. I also consider a problem coming from a very different field, the field of quantum information theory, but that is also closely related to random matrices: the distribution of entanglement for random states in a large bipartite quatum system (made of two parts). Finally I study some properties of random matrices such as the distribution of the number of positive eigenvalues or the one of the maximal eigenvalue (Tracy-Widom and large deviations).
203

Échantillonnage et inférence dans réseaux complexes / Sampling and inference in complex networks

Kazhuthuveettil Sreedharan, Jithin 02 December 2016 (has links)
L’émergence récente de grands réseaux, surtout réseaux sociaux en ligne (OSN), a révélé la difficulté de crawler le réseau complet et a déclenché le développement de nouvelles techniques distribuées. Dans cette thèse, nous concevons et analysons des algorithmes basés sur les marches aléatoires et la diffusion pour l'échantillonnage, l'estimation et l'inférence des fonctions des réseaux. La thèse commence par le problème classique de trouver les valeurs propres dominants et leurs vecteurs propres de matrices de graphe symétriques, comme la matrice Laplacienne de graphes non orientés. En utilisant le fait que le spectre est associé à une équation de type différentiel Schrödinger, nous développons des techniques évolutives à l’aide de la diffusion sur le graphe. Ensuite, nous considérons l’échantillonnage des fonctions de réseau (comme somme et moyenne) en utilisant les marches aléatoires sur le graphe. Afin d'éviter le temps «burn-in» de marche aléatoire, avec l'idée de régénération à un nœud fixe, nous développons un estimateur de la fonction de somme qui est non asymptotiquement non-biaisé et dérivons une approximation à la postérieure Bayésienne. La dernière partie de la thèse étudie l'application de la théorie des valeurs extrêmes pour faire une inférence sur les événements extrêmes à partir des échantillons stationnaires des différentes marches aléatoires pour l’échantillonnage de réseau / The recent emergence of large networks, mainly due to the rise of online social networks, brought out the difficulty to gather a complete picture of a network and it prompted the development of new distributed techniques. In this thesis, we design and analyze algorithms based on random walks and diffusion for sampling, estimation and inference of the network functions, and for approximating the spectrum of graph matrices. The thesis starts with the classical problem of finding the dominant eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of symmetric graph matrices like Laplacian of undirected graphs. Using the fact that the eigenspectrum is associated with a Schrödinger-type differential equation, we develop scalable techniques with diffusion over the graph and with gossiping algorithms. They are also adaptable to a simple algorithm based on quantum computing. Next, we consider sampling and estimation of network functions (sum and average) using random walks on graph. In order to avoid the burn-in time of random walks, with the idea of regeneration at its revisits to a fixed node, we develop an estimator for the aggregate function which is non-asymptotically unbiased and derive an approximation to its Bayesian posterior. An estimator based on reinforcement learning is also developed making use of regeneration. The final part of the thesis deals with the use of extreme value theory to make inference from the stationary samples of the random walks. Extremal events such as first hitting time of a large degree node, order statistics and mean cluster size are well captured in the parameter “extremal index”. We theoretically study and estimate extremal index of different random walk sampling techniques
204

An Asymptotic Approach to Progressive Censoring

Hofmann, Glenn, Cramer, Erhard, Balakrishnan, N., Kunert, Gerd 10 December 2002 (has links)
Progressive Type-II censoring was introduced by Cohen (1963) and has since been the topic of much research. The question stands whether it is sensible to use this sampling plan by design, instead of regular Type-II right censoring. We introduce an asymptotic progressive censoring model, and find optimal censoring schemes for location-scale families. Our optimality criterion is the determinant of the 2x2 covariance matrix of the asymptotic best linear unbiased estimators. We present an explicit expression for this criterion, and conditions for its boundedness. By means of numerical optimization, we determine optimal censoring schemes for the extreme value, the Weibull and the normal distributions. In many situations, it is shown that these progressive schemes significantly improve upon regular Type-II right censoring.
205

Schätzung maximaler Wartezeiten mittels Extremwertverteilung an lichtsignalgesteuerten Knotenpunkten

Drache, Lisa 04 July 2018 (has links)
In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmalig die Anwendung der Extremwerttheorie auf Wartezeiten eines lichtsignalgesteuerten Verkehrsknotenpunktes untersucht. Anhand der Verkehrsstärken eines realen Knotenpunktes wurden mit der Simulationssoftware PTV Vissim 100 Datensätze mit individuellen Wartezeiten erzeugt. Als Referenz wurde eine zweite Simulationsreihe durchgeführt. Diese erfolgte mit 15 % höherer Verkehrsstärke. Mittels der Blockmaximum-Methode wurden aus den erzeugten Datensätzen die Maxima ausgewählt, welche mit der Maximum-Likelihood Methode an eine Extremwertverteilung angepasst wurden. Die Bewertung der Schätzung wurde mit dem Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test vorgenommen. Anschließend wurde die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass bestimmte Wartezeiten überschritten werden (Value at Risk) berechnet. Im Ergebnis konnten 22 % der geschätzten Extremwertverteilungen mit ausreichender Güte angepasst werden. Für die restlichen Datensätze sollte nach Alternativen zur angemessenen Beschreibung gesucht werden.
206

3D study of non-metallic inclusions by EEmethod and use of statistics for the estimationof largest size inclusions in tool steel.

Safa, Meer January 2010 (has links)
The control of non-metallic inclusions is very important for the improvement of performance during the application of tool steel. This present study was performed to see the effect of changing of some process parameters during the vacuum degassing of the melt and how these changing parameters affects the characteristics of inclusions in tool steel. The main parameters that were changed during the vacuum degassing were the change of induction stirring, argon flow rate from both the plug 1 and 2 and different ladle ages for different heat. Electrolytic extraction method was used to observe the morphology and characteristics of inclusions as a 3 dimensional view in tool steel. Four lollipop samples from four different heats were used for the experiment and all the samples were after vacuum (AV) degassing. In this study four different types of inclusions were found and they are classified as type 1, 2, 3 and 4. Of them type 1 inclusion was the major one with mostly spherical shaped. This study shows that among the three parameters, induction stirring has the biggest effect for the total number of inclusions per volume in the sample than the other two parameters Heat 4A showed the lowest number of inclusions per volume comparing with the other heats. The main reason behind this can be said that the induction stirring was the lowest comparing with the other heats with moderate argon flow and ladle age of 12. Extreme value analysis was used in this study to predict the probability of getting largest size inclusions in a certain volume of the metal. For the prediction of the largest inclusion size, both the electrolytic extraction (3D) and cross-sectional (2D) method was used. Later in this study comparison was done to determine the accuracy of both the methods and it is concluded that for the type 1 inclusions electrolytic extraction method shows almost similar trend with cross-sectional method and electrolytic extraction method shows better accuracy for the prediction of largest size inclusions than the cross-sectional method. Electrolytic Extraction method is also applicable for the prediction of largest size inclusions for multiple types of inclusions.
207

Extreme value analysis of non-stationary time series: Quantifying climate change using observational data throughout Germany

Müller, Philipp 11 March 2019 (has links)
The overall subject of this thesis is the massive parallel application of the extreme value analysis (EVA) on climatological time series. In this branch of statistics one strives to learn about the tails of a distribution and its upper quantiles, like the so-called 50 year return level, an event realized on average only once during its return period of 50 years. Since most studies just focus on average statistics and it's the extreme events that have the biggest impact on our life, such an analysis is key for a proper understanding of the climate change. In there a time series gets separated into blocks, whose maxima can be described using the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution for sufficiently large block sizes. But, unfortunately, the estimation of its parameters won't be possible on a massive parallel scale with any available software package since they are all affected by onceptional problems in the maximum likelihood fit. Both the logarithms in the negative log-likelihood of the GEV distribution and the theoretical limitations on one of its parameters give rise to regions in the parameter space inaccessible to the optimization routines, causing them to produce numerical artifacts. I resolved this issue by incorporating all constraints into the optimization using the augmented Lagrangian method. With my implementation in the open source package **climex** it is now possible to analyze large climatological data sets. In this thesis I used temperature and precipitation data from measurement stations provided by the German weather service (DWD) and the ERA-Interim reanalysis data set and analyzed them using both a qualitative method based on time windows and a more quantitative one relying on the class of vector generalized linear models (VGLM). Due to the climate change a general shift of the temperature towards higher values and thus more hot and less cold extremes would be expect. Indeed, I could find the cation parameters of the GEV distributions, which can be thought of as the mean event size at a return period of approximately the block size of one year, to increase for both the aily maximum and minimum temperatures. But the overall changes are far more complex and dependent on the geographical location as well as the considered return period, hich is quite unexpected. E.g. for the 100 year return levels of the daily maximum temperatures a decrease was found in the east and the center of Germany for both the raw series and their anomalies, as well as a quite strong reduction for the raw series in the very south of Germany. The VGLM-based non-stationary EVA resulted in significant trends in the GEV parameters for the daily maximum temperatures of almost all stations and for about half of them in case of the daily minima. So, there is statistically sound evidence for a change in the extreme temperatures and, surprisingly, it is not exclusively towards higher values. The analysis yielded several significant trends featuring a negative slope in the 10 year return levels. The analysis of the temperature data of the ERA-Interim reanalysis data set yielded quite surprising results too. While in some parts of the globe, especially on land, the 10 year return levels were found to increase, they do in general decrease in most parts of the earth and almost entirely over the sea. But since we found a huge discrepancy between the results of the analysis using the station data within Germany and the results obtained for the corresponding grid points of the reanalysis data set, we can not be sure whether the patterns in the return levels of the ERA-Interim data are trustworthy. / Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die massiv parallele Anwendung der Extremwertanalyse (EVA) auf klimatologischen Zeitreihen. Dieser Bereich der Statistik beschäftigt sich mit den Schwänzen von Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen und deren großen Quantilen, wie z.B. dem sogenannten 50-jährigen Return Level. Dies ist ein Ereignis, welches im Mittel nur einmal innerhalb seiner Return Periode von 50 Jahren realisiert wird. Da sich aber die Mehrheit der wissenschaftlichen Studien auf die Analyse gemittelter statistischer Größen stützen, aber es gerade die extremen Ereignisse sind, welche unser Leben maßgeblich beeinflussen, ist eine solche EVA entscheidend für ein umfassendes Verständnis des Klimawandels. In der Extremwertanalyse wird eine Zeitreihe in einzelne Blöcke geteilt, deren Maxima sich bei hinreichend großer Blocklänge mittels der generalisierten Extremwertverteilung (GEV) beschreiben lassen. Die Schätzung ihrer Parameter ist auf solch massiv parallelen Skalen jedoch mit keinem der verfügbaren Softwarepakete möglich, da sie alle vom selben konzeptionellen Problem der Maximum Likelihood Methode betroffen sind. Sowohl die Logarithmen in der negativen log-Likelihood der GEV Verteilung, als auch die theoretischen Beschränkungen im Wertebereich eines ihrer Parameter machen Teile des Parameterraumes für den Optimierungsalgorithmus unzugänglich und führen zur Erzeugung numerischer Artefakte durch die Routine. Dieses Problem konnte ich lösen, indem ich die Beschränkungen mittels der augmented Lagrangian Methode in die Optimierung integrierte. Mittels dem verbesserten Fit, den ich in dem Open Source Paket **climex** zur Verfügung stellte, ist es nun möglich beliebig viele Zeitreihen in einer parallelen Analyse zu behandeln. In dieser Arbeit verwende ich Temperatur- und Niederschlagszeitreihen des deutschen Wetterdienstes (DWD) und den ERA-Interim Reanalyse Datensatz in Kombination mit sowohl einer qualitativen Analyse basierend auf Zeitfenstern, als auch einer quantitativen, welche auf der Modellklasse der Vektor-generalisierten linearen Modellen (VGLM) beruht. Aufgrund des Klimawandels ist intuitiv eine Verschiebung der Temperaturverteilung zu höheren Werten und damit mehr heiße und weniger kalte Temperaturextreme zu erwarten. Tatsächlich konnte ich für die täglichen Maximal- und Minimaltemperaturen einen Anstieg des Location Parameters finden, dem man sich als mittlere Ereignisgröße für eine Return Periode gleich der verwendeten Blocklänge von einem Jahr versinnbildlichen kann. Im Großen und Ganzen sind die Änderungen jedoch deutlich komplexer und hängen sowohl vom Ort, als auch von der Return Periode ab. Z.B. verringern sich die 100 jährigen Return Level der täglichen Maximaltemperaturen im Osten und im Zentrum Deutschlands für sowohl die unprozessierten Zeitreihen, als auch für deren Anomalien, und weisen eine besonders starke Reduktion im Süden des Landes für die prozessierten auf. Durch die VGLM-basierte, nicht-stationäre EVA konnte ich zeigen, dass nahezu alle Stationen für die täglichen Maximaltemperaturen, sowie rund die Hälfte aller Stationen für die täglichen Minimaltemperaturen, signifikante Trends in den Parameters der GEV Verteilung aufweisen. Somit war es mir möglich statistisch fundierte Beweise für Veränderungen in den extremen Temperaturen finden, die jedoch nicht ausschließlich in einer Verschiebung zu höheren Werten bestanden. Einige Stationen wiesen eine negativen Trend in ihren 10 jährigen Return Leveln auf. Die Analyse der Temperaturzeitreihen des ERA-Interim Reanalyse Datensatzes ergab ebenfalls überraschende Resultate. Während in einigen Teilen der Welt, hauptsächlich an Land, die 10 jährigen Return Level steigen, sinkt ihr Wert für den Großteil der Zeitreihen und fast über den gesamten Ozeanen. Da jedoch eine große Diskrepanz zwischen den Ergebnissen der Stationsdaten des DWD und den dazugehörigen Rasterpunkten im ERA-Interim Datensatz besteht, konnte nicht abschließend geklärt werden in wieweit die Resultate der Rasteranalyse der Natur entsprechen.
208

Climate Change Effects on Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Curves for the Town of Willoughby (HUC-12) Watershed Using Various Climate Models

Mainali, Samir 18 July 2023 (has links)
No description available.
209

Correction d'estimateurs de la fonction de Pickands et estimateur bayésien

Chalifoux, Kevin 01 1900 (has links)
Faire l'estimation d'une copule de valeurs extrêmes bivariée revient à estimer A, sa fonction de Pickands qui lui est associée. Cette fonction A:[0,1] \( \rightarrow \) [0,1] doit satisfaire certaines contraintes : $$\max\{1-t, t \} \leq A(t) \leq 1, \hspace{3mm} t\in[0,1]$$ $$\text{A est convexe.}$$ Plusieurs estimateurs ont été proposés pour estimer cette fonction A, mais peu respectent ses contraintes imposées. La contribution principale de ce mémoire est d'introduire une technique simple de correction d'estimateurs de la fonction de Pickands de sorte à ce que les estimateurs corrigés respectent les contraintes exigées. La correction proposée utilise une nouvelle propriété du vecteur aléatoire bivarié à valeurs extrêmes, combinée avec l'enveloppe convexe de l'estimateur obtenu pour garantir le respect des contraintes de la fonction A. La seconde contribution de ce mémoire est de présenter un estimateur bayésien non paramétrique de la fonction de Pickands basé sur la forme introduite par Capéraà et al. (1997). L'estimateur utilise les processus de Dirichlet pour estimer la fonction de répartition d'une transformation du vecteur aléatoire bivarié à valeurs extrêmes. Des analyses par simulations sont produites sur un ensemble d'estimateurs pour mesurer la performance de la correction et de l'estimateur bayésien proposés, sur un ensemble de 18 distributions de valeurs extrêmes bivariées. La correction améliore l'erreur quadratique moyenne sur l'ensemble des niveaux. L'estimateur bayésien proposé obtient l'erreur quadratique moyenne minimale pour les estimateurs considérés. / Estimating a bivariate extreme-value copula is equivalent to estimating A, its associated Pickands function. This function A: [0,1] \( \rightarrow \) [0,1] must satisfy some constraints : $$\max\{1-t, t \} \leq A(t) \leq 1, \hspace{3mm} t\in[0,1]$$ $$\text{A is convex.}$$ Many estimators have been proposed to estimate A, but few satisfy the imposed constraints. The main contribution of this thesis is the introduction of a simple correction technique for Pickands function estimators so that the corrected estimators respect the required constraints. The proposed correction uses a new property of the extreme-value random vector and the convex hull of the obtained estimator to guaranty the respect of the Pickands function constraints. The second contribution of this thesis is to present a nonparametric bayesian estimator of the Pickands function based on the form introduced by Capéraà, Fougères and Genest (1997). The estimator uses Dirichlet processes to estimate the cumulative distribution function of a transformation of the extreme-value bivariate vector. Analysis by simulations and a comparison with popular estimators provide a measure of performance for the proposed correction and bayesian estimator. The analysis is done on 18 bivariate extreme-value distributions. The correction reduces the mean square error on all distributions. The bayesian estimator has the lowest mean square error of all the considered estimators.
210

Metal Additive Manufacturing Defects Analysis and Prediction of Their Effect on Fatigue Performance

Sanaei, Niloofar January 2020 (has links)
No description available.

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