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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Efeitos da associação de sinvastatina e ezetimiba na cinética de quilomícrons artificiais em pacientes portadores de doença arterial coronária estável / Favourable effects of ezetimibe alone or in association with simvastatin on the removal from plasma of chylomicrons in coronary heart disease subject

Mangili, Otávio Celeste 04 September 2012 (has links)
FINALIDADE: Defeitos na depuração plasmática de quilomícrons e seus remanescentes (QM) predispõem à doença arterial coronária (DAC). QM ligam-se a seus receptores hepáticos específicos (RLP) e aos receptores de LDL (LDL-r). As estatinas reduzem o LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) e melhoram a depuração plasmática de QM, aumentando a expressão hepática do LDL-r. A ezetimiba (EZE), um bloqueador da absorção do colesterol, também aumenta a expressão de LDL-r nos seres humanos. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos isolados da EZE na depuração plasmatica de QM artificial em pacientes DAC. Também foram testados os efeitos da associação da sinvastatina em dose baixa com EZE em comparação com a máxima dose de sinvastatina sobre depuração plasmática de QM. MÉTODOS: 25 pacientes com DAC estável (idade 61 ± 5 anos), após um período de seis semanas de washout de estatinas, foram randomizados para um ou outro tratamento com 10 mg EZE (grupo 1, n = 13) ou sinvastatina 20 mg (grupo 2, n = 12). Os pacientes evoluíram para 10mg + 20mg de sinvastatina com EZE ou sinvastatina 80 mg, respectivamente. Os estudos cinéticos foram realizados no início e após 6 e 12 semanas de cada braço do tratamento. A emulsão lipídica de QM marcada com 14C-CE (que mede a remoção QM e remanescente) e 3H-TG (que mede a lipólise de QM) foi injetada e amostras de sangue foram coletadas durante 60 minutos para determinar taxas de remoção fracionária de radioisótopos (TFR) por análise compartimental. As comparações foram feitas por analise de medidas repetidas (ANOVA). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças nas características clínicas e laboratoriais entre os grupos. As TFR de 14C-CE (1/min) no grupo 1 foram 0,005 ± 0,004, 0,011 ± 0,007 e 0,018 ± 0,004 e no grupo 2 foram 0,004 ± 0,002, 0,011 ± 0,008 e 0,019 ± 0,007, respectivamente, à admissão, 6 e 12 semanas ( p <0,05 e ns, respectivamente, para comparações de tempo e grupo). As TFR de 3H-TG (1/min) no grupo 1 foram de 0,017 ± 0,01, 0,024 ± 0,011 e 0,042 ± 0,013 e no grupo 2 foi de 0,01 ± 0,016, 0,022 ± 0,009 e 0,037 ± 0,011, respectivamente, no início do estudo, 6 e 12 semanas ( p <0,05 e ns, respectivamente, para comparações de tempo e grupo). Mudanças semelhantes também foram encontradas para o LDL-C (mg/dL): 142 ± 22,113 ± 19, 74 ± 17 para grupo1 e 119 ± 22, 92 ± 15 e 72 ± 15 para o grupo 2, respectivamente, na admissão, 6 e 12 semanas (p <0,05 para o tempo e ns para o grupo). CONCLUSÃO: EZE isolada aumentou a remoção do plasma de QM e remanescentes e a associação com a sinvastatina aumentou os seus efeitos. A sinvastatina em dose baixa associada à EZE apresentou efeitos favoráveis semelhantes tanto na depuração plasmática de QM quanto na redução de LDL-C em comparação com 80mg de sinvastatina / PURPOSE: Defects on plasma clearance of chylomicrons and their remnants (CM) predispose to coronary heart disease (CHD). CM bind both to their specific liver receptors (LRP) and to the LDL receptors (LDL-r). Statins reduce LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and improve the plasma clearance of CM by increasing the expression of hepatic LDL-r. Ezetimibe (EZE), a cholesterol absorption blocker, also increases LDL-r expression in humans. This study evaluated the isolated effects of EZE on the plasma clearance of artificial CM in CHD subjects. We also tested the effects of the association of low dose simvastatin with EZE in comparison with maximal simvastatin dose upon CM plasma clearance. METHODS: 25 stable CHD patients (age 61 ± 5 years, 98%men) after a 6 week statin washout period were randomized for either treatment with EZE 10 mg (group 1, n= 13) or simvastatin 20 mg (group 2 n=12). Patients were progressed to 10mg EZE+ simvastatin 20mg or simvastatin 80 mg, respectively. Kinetic studies were done at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of each treatment arm. The CM emulsion labelled with 14C-CE (that measures CM and remnant removal) and 3H-TG (that measures CM lipolysis) was injected and blood samples were collected during 60 minutes to determine radioisotopes fractional catabolic rates (FCR) by compartmental analysis. Comparisons were made repeated measurements ANOVA. RESULTS: There were no differences in clinical and laboratory characteristics between the groups. The 14C-CE FCR (1/min) in group 1 were 0.005±0.004, 0.011±0.007 and 0.018±0.004 and in group 2 were 0.004±0.002, 0.011±0.008 and 0.019±0.007 respectively at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks (p<0.05 and n.s respectively for time and group comparisons). The 3H-TG FCR (1/min) in group 1 were 0.017±0.01, 0.024±0.011 and 0.042±0.013 and in group 2 were 0.01± 0.016, 0.022±0.009 and 0.037±0.011 respectively at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks (p <0.05 and n.s respectively for time and group comparisons). Similar changes were also found for LDL-C (mg/dL):142 ± 22,113 ± 19, 74 ± 17 for group1 and 119 ± 22, 92 ± 15, and 72 ± 15 for group 2 respectively at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks (p<0.05 for time and n.s. for group). CONCLUSION: EZE alone increased the removal from plasma of CM and remnants, the association with simvastatin increased its effects. The low dose simvastatin associated with EZE showed similar favourable effects in both CM plasma clearance and LDL-C in comparison with 80 mg simvastatin
12

Assessment of sterol metabolism in sitosterolemia

Othman, Rgia Ali 11 1900 (has links)
Sitosterolemia (STSL) is a sterol storage disorder characterized by very high plasma plant sterol (PS) and 5α-stanol levels, and leads to premature atherosclerosis, xanthomas, macrothrombocytopenia and endocrine disruption. Ezetimibe (EZE), a sterol absorption inhibitor, reduces plasma PS levels in STSL but its effect on tissue pool of sterols has not been investigated yet. The research objectives were to assess if EZE reduces whole body sitosterol and cholesterol pool sizes, improves cholesterol homeostasis, enhance hematologic profile and reduce endocrine disruption in STSL. EZE effects on circulating levels of cholestanol and its precursors (cholesterol and bile acid derivative 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 7α-H-C4) relative to exogenous stanols (sitostanol) were also studied. Eight STSL patients were taken off EZE for 14 wks. After 4 wks off EZE they received intravenous doses of D7-sitosterol and 18O-cholesterol for sterol pool sizes assessments, and oral doses of 13C-cholesterol and deuterium oxide to measure fractional cholesterol absorption and synthesis rates. EZE (10 mg/d) was resumed and stable isotopes testing repeated. Measurement parameters included isotopic sterol enrichments, blood cell count, plasma and red blood cell (RBC) PS, cholesterol and its precursor (lathosterol), 5α-stanols and plasma 7α-H-C4, and thyroid hormones levels. EZE reduced plasma levels of sitosterol and total cholesterol, whole body sitosterol and cholesterol pool sizes and fractional cholesterol absorption rate while increasing cholesterol synthesis, production and clearance rates. EZE increased platelet count and decreased platelet size without affecting RBC indices of size or mass. A substantial decrease in circulating sitostanol but moderate decrease of cholestanol was noted with EZE. EZE increased lathosterol but not 7α-H-C4, suggesting increases in cholesterol biosynthesis and thus precursor availability for synthesis of cholestanol. In summary, EZE reduces body stores of PS and cholesterol, and increases cholesterol turnover by reducing cholesterol absorption and enhancing its synthesis and clearance. EZE reduces circulating PS and 5α-stanol levels, and improves macrothrombocytopenia and thyroid disruption. Endogenous cholestanol in STSL is mainly derived from cholesterol but not bile acid synthesis pathway. These data suggest that EZE may reduce the risks of developing premature atherosclerosis, bleeding and hormone disruption, thereby reinforcing the rationale for the use of EZE in treatment of STSL. / February 2015
13

ROLES OF ABCG5 ABCG8 CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORTER IN LIPID HOMEOSTASIS

Wang, Yuhuan 01 January 2015 (has links)
The ABCG5 ABCG8 (G5G8) sterol transporter promotes cholesterol secretion into bile and opposes dietary sterol absorption in the small intestine. An emerging body of literature suggests that G5G8 links sterol flux to various risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therapeutic approaches that accelerate G5G8 activity may augment reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and provide beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and liver disease. Mice lacking leptin (ob/ob) or its receptor (db/db) are obese, insulin resistant in part due to the reduced levels of hepatic G5G8 and biliary cholesterol. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the reduced G5G8 protein expression in these mice may provide a clue to the drug development for this target. My studies show that neither acute leptin replacement nor liver-specific deletion of leptin receptor alters G5G8 abundance or biliary cholesterol. Similarly, hepatic vagotomy has no effect on G5G8 expression. Conversely, expression of the ER chaperone, GRP78, rescues G5G8 in db/db mice. Previous studies suggest an interdependent relationship between liver and intestine for cholesterol elimination. A combination therapy that increases G5G8-mediated biliary cholesterol secretion and simultaneously reduces intestinal absorption is likely to act additively in cholesterol elimination. My studies show that treatment with ursodiol (Urso) increases hepatic G5G8 protein and both biliary and fecal sterols in a dose-dependent manner. Ezetimibe (EZ), a potent inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption, produces an additive and dose-dependent increase in fecal sterol excretion in the presence of Urso. However, the stimulatory effects of both Urso and Urso-EZ are not G5G8-dependent. Beyond increasing G5G8 protein expression and biliary cholesterol secretion, my studies also show that Urso stimulates ileal FGF15 expression in mice. Our data of the stimulated ileal FGF15 expression in LIRKO and reduced hepatic G5G8 protein levels in Atsb KO mice both indicate the previous unrecognized role of FGF15/19 in the regulation of G5G8 and its activity. Indeed, this is subsequently confirmed by our results from the direct test of recombinant human FGF19 on G5G8. Thus, FGF15/19 may provide an alternative strategy in drug development to target G5G8 activity and accelerate cholesterol elimination.
14

The role of ezetimibe and simvastatin in modulating intestinal cholesterol transport, chylomicron profile and chylomicron-remnant uptake by the arterial wall in a rodent model of the metabolic syndrome

Warnakula, Samantha Unknown Date
No description available.
15

The role of ezetimibe and simvastatin in modulating intestinal cholesterol transport, chylomicron profile and chylomicron-remnant uptake by the arterial wall in a rodent model of the metabolic syndrome

Warnakula, Samantha 11 1900 (has links)
Intestinally derived chylomicron remnants (CM-r) may contribute to atherogenic dyslipidemia during the Metabolic Syndrome (Mets). However, the combined effects of ezetimibe (EZ) and simvastatin (SV) on post-prandial (PP) dyslipidemia during MetS remains unclear, nor is it known whether the combination has a synergistic anti-atherogenic effect on CM-r arterial retention. The first objective was to delineate the effects of EZ+SV therapy on intestinal cholesterol flux and CM PP metabolism in the JCR:LA-cp rat, a model of MetS. The second objective was to quantify the impact of EZ+SV therapy on arterial retention of CM-r and subsequent myocardial lesion development in the JCR:LA-cp rat. EZ+SV therapy decreased net intestinal cholesterol absorption in MetS rats. Furthermore, EZ+SV therapy reduced arterial retention of CM-r and frequency of myocardial lesions in MetS rats. In conclusion, EZ+SV therapy reduces arterial retention of CM-r and myocardial lesion development possibly through its beneficial effects on cholesterol transport and PP-metabolism. / Nutrition and Metabolism
16

Efeitos de hipolipemiantes sobre a expressão de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 in vitro e in vivo / Hypolipemiant effects on CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 mRNA expression in vitro and in vivo

Maria Alice Vieira Willrich 07 October 2011 (has links)
Introdução: As CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 são enzimas do citocromo P450 responsáveis pela biotransformação de esteróides endógenos e vários fármacos, entre eles as estatinas. Polimorfismos nos genes CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 (CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3C e CYP3A5*1D) foram associados com diferenças na resposta hipolipemiante de indivíduos tratados com atorvastatina e sinvastatina. Neste estudo foram avaliados os efeitos de hipolipemiantes sobre a expressão e a atividade de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5, em linhagens celulares HepG2 e Caco-2 e em CMSP de indivíduos hipercolesterolêmicos, e sua relação com variantes de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5. Métodos: Foram analisados 99 indivíduos normolipidêmicos (NL) e 139 hipercolesterolêmicos (HC). Os HC foram tratados com atorvastatina (10 mg/dia/4 semanas). A genotipagem das variantes CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3C e CYP3A5*1D foi feita por PCR-RFLP ou sequenciamento. A análise da expressão de RNAm de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 foi avaliada por PCR em tempo real quantitativo (PCRq). As proteínas totais de HepG2 foram avaliadas por Western Blotting. A atividade de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 in vivo foi avaliada pela relação entre cortisol e seu metabólito, 6&#946;-hidróxicortisol, na urina (razão 6&#946;OH-cortisol/cortisol), por CLAE. Resultados: O perfil de expressão basal de RNAm de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 é diferente entre HepG2 e Caco-2. Caco-2 expressa 31 vezes mais CYP3A4 e 122 vezes mais CYP3A5 que HepG2. Em células HepG2 tratadas por 12 h, a atorvastatina 20 &#181;M aumentou a expressão de CYP3A4 em 10 vezes, em relação ao controle (p=0,006). Após 24 h de tratamento, atorvastatina (1-20 &#181;M) aumentou a expressão de CYP3A4 em 5 a 8 vezes, nas HepG2 (p< 0,001). Para CYP3A5, a exposição por 12 h à atorvastatina 20 &#181;M aumentou a expressão em 4 vezes em relação ao controle ( p<0,001). A exposição à sinvastatina 1,0 &#181;M por 24 h aumentou a expressão de CYP3A4, em 2 vezes (p<0,01), em HepG2. Também se observou que, nesse tempo de tratamento, a sinvastatina (0,1 &#181;M a 10 &#181;M) aumentou a expressão de CYP3A5 em 2 a 4 vezes (p<0,05). A linhagem HepG2 apresenta alelos funcionais (CYP3A4*1A e CYP3A5*1A) em homozigose. A linhagem Caco-2 apresenta os alelos não funcionais CYP3A5*3C e CYP3A5*1D, em heterozigose. Também foi avaliada a expressão das proteínas CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 por Western Blotting, em células HepG2, após atorvastatina (0,1 a 20 &#181;M) e sinvastatina (0,01 a 10 &#181;M) por 12 e 24 h. O perfil de expressão das proteínas não diferiu com os tratamentos. Nas células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP), a expressão de RNAm basal de CYP3A4 é cerca de 2,5 a 9,6 vezes maior que a expressão de CYP3A5 (p< 0,05). Observou-se correlação da expressão de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 nessas células, antes (r2 = 0,22; p< 0,0001) e após o tratamento (r2 = 0,58; p<0,0001) com atorvastatina. A expressão basal de RNAm de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 é maior nos indivíduos (NL) que nos indivíduos (HC) (p<0,05). A atorvastatina não influenciou a expressão de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 em CMSP (p> 0,05). Os indivíduos NL apresentam atividade de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 basal maior que os indivíduos HC- (p<0,0001). O tratamento com atorvastatina não alterou a atividade de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 nos HC (p>0,05). As variantes gênicas estudadas (CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3C e CYP3A5*1D) como grupos haplotípicos não afetaram a resposta ao tratamento, a expressão de RNAm ou a atividade de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5, embora o haplótipo AGT tenha expressão basal de RNAm de CYP3A5 menor que os portadores de haplótipos GAT e GAC (p<0,005). Conclusão: Os resultados deste trabalho nos permitem concluir que a atorvastatina e a sinvastatina, mas não a ezetimiba, influenciam a expressão de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 in vitro, em linhagem derivada de hepatócitos (HepG2), e que este efeito não foi reproduzido em linhagem derivada de enterócitos (Caco-2). A expressão de CYP3A4 e CYP3A5 tem grande variabilidade interindividual, independente do grupo haplotípico de cada indivíduo, e que não é influenciada pela atorvastatina. / Background: CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 are enzymes from the cytochrome P450 resposible for the biotransformation of endogenous steroids and several drugs, e.g. statins. Polymorphisms in CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 (CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3C and CYP3A5*1D) have been associated with variation of lipid-lowering response in individuals treated with atorvastatin and simvastatin. In this study we evaluated the effect of hypolipemiants on expression and activity of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, in HepG2 and Caco-2 cell lines as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in hypercholesterolemic individuals, and their relationship with CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 variants. Methods: We analyzed 99 normolipidemic individuals (NL) and 139 hypercholesterolemic (HC). HC subjects were treated with atorvastatin (HC, 10 mg/day/4 weeks). Analysis of CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3C e CYP3A5*1D variants was performed with PCR-RFLP or sequencing assays and mRNA expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 with Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed . Total protein content was extracted from HepG2 for Western Blotting experiments. Activity of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in vivo was evaluated by 6&#946;OH-cortisol and cortisol ratio in urine samples, by HPLC-UV method. Results: Baseline mRNA expression is different for HepG2 and Caco-2. Caco-2 expresses 31 times more CYP3A4 and 122 times more CYP3A5 than HepG2. In HepG2 cells treated for 12h, atorvastatin 20 &#181;M increased CYP3A4 expression in 10 times, when compared to the control (p=0.006). After 24h treatment, atorvastatin (1-20 &#181;M) increased CYP3A4 mRNA expression in 5 to 8 times, in HepG2 (p< 0.001). To CYP3A5, exposure for 12h to atorvastatin 20 &#181;M increased expression in 4 times when compared to the control (p<0.001). Exposure to simvastatin 1.0 &#181;M for 24 h increased CYP3A4 expression in 2 times, (p<0.01), in HepG2. With the 24h treatment,simvastatin (0.1 &#181;M - 10 &#181;M) CYP3A5 showed increased mRNA expression in 2 to 4 times (p<0.05). HepG2 cell line carries homozygous functional alleles (CYP3A4*1A e CYP3A5*1A). Caco-2 carries heterozygous CYP3A5*3C and CYP3A5*1D. We evaluated the protein expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 with Western Blotting in HepG2 cells, after atorvastatin (0.1 - 20 &#181;M) and simvastatin (0.01 - 10 &#181;M) for 12 and 24 h. The proteins profile did not change with statins treatment. In PBMC, baseline mRNA expression of CYP3A4 is approximately 2.6 to 9.5 times higher than CYP3A5 (p< 0.05). There was a correlation in expression between CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, before (r2 = 0.22; p< 0.0001) and after treatment (r2 = 0.58; p<0.0001) with atorvastatin. Baseline mRNA expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 is higher in (NL) than in (HC) (p<0.05). Atorvastatin treatment did not increase CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 mRNA in PBMC (p>0.05). CYP3A4/5 activity was higher in NL subjects than in HC (p<0.0001). Atorvastatin treatment did not affect CYP3A4/5 activity in HC (p>0.05). The studied variants CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3C e CYP3A5*1D analyzed as a haplotype block did not affect response to treatment, mRNA expression or activity of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. However, AGT haplotype showed lower CYP3A5 mRNA expression levels when compared to GAC and GAT haplotypes at baseline (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study allow us to conclude that atorvastatin and simvastatin, but not ezetimibe, influence the expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 mRNA in vitro in HepG2 cell line, but this effect was not reproduced in Caco-2 cell line or PBMC. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 present great interindividual variability, despite the individual´s haplotype and is not influenced by atorvastatin.
17

Papel de inibidores da síntese e absorção do colesterol na modulação de biomarcadores de inflamação e adesão celular in vivo e in vitro / Role of inhibitors of the cholesterol synthesis and absorption on modulation of inflammation and cell adhesion biomarkers in vivo and in vitro

Álvaro Danilo Cerda Maureira 24 May 2013 (has links)
O processo inflamatório tem um papel fundamental na gênese e desenvolvimento da aterosclerose, sendo que a disfunção endotelial é considerada um dos estágios iniciais da aterogênese. Por meio da inibição da enzima hidroxi-metil-glutaril coA redutase (HMGCR), as estatinas reduzem a biossíntese do colesterol e a formação de isoprenóides, produtos intermediários da síntese do colesterol que são importantes na modificação pós-transcricional de GTPases pequenas que estão envolvidas na disfunção endotelial e inflamação vascular. A ezetimiba é um inibidor da absorção do colesterol através da inibição da proteína NPC1L1. Com a finalidade de esclarecer os mecanismos moleculares da inibição da síntese e da absorção do colesterol sobre a modulação de biomarcadores inflamatórios e de adesão celular foram utilizados modelos in vitro com células endoteliais (HUVEC) e monócitos (células THP-1), e in vivo com células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) de indivíduos hipercolesterolêmicos (HC). O efeito das estatinas, atorvastatina e sinvastatina, e da ezetimiba na expressão de RNAm e proteínas de moléculas de adesão endoteliais e moduladores do processo inflamatório, como citocinas e óxido nítrico (NO), foi estudado em células HUVEC. O efeito desses fármacos sobre a expressão de moléculas de adesão monocitárias foi estudado em células THP-1. O efeito da terapia hipolipemiante sobre essas moléculas foi também estudada em CMSP de HC tratados com ezetimiba (10 mg/dia/4 semanas), sinvastatina (10 mg/dia/8 semanas) e sinvastatina combinada com ezetimiba (10 mg de cada/dia/4 semanas). A expressão de RNAm foi avaliada por RT-qPCR. A expressão de moléculas de adesão na superfície de células THP-1 e HUVEC foi estudada por citometria de fluxo. A quantificação de citocinas secretadas no sobrenadante de células HUVEC e no plasma dos HC foi analisada pela tecnologia Milliplex. A quantificação do perfil lipífico, Proteína C reativa ultra-sensível (PCRus) e NO foi realizada por métodos laboratoriais convencionais. O papel do NO na modulação dos marcadores inflamatórios pelas estatinas foi também estudada, usando modelo de células HUVEC com NOS3 silenciado por interferência de RNAm e também por meio do uso do inibidor da síntese do óxido nítrico, L-NAME. Também foi avaliado o efeito de hipolipemiantes na expressão dos microRNAs (miRs) 221, miR-222 e miR-1303 em células HUVEC por meio do stem-loop RT-qPCR. O tratamento com atorvastatina e sinvastatina reduziu a expressão de RNAm e proteínas das moléculas de adesão LSelectina, PSGL-1 e VLA-4, em células THP-1 pré-tratadas com TNF&#945; por 12 h. A ezetimiba reduziu a expressão de L-Selectina apenas no nível transcricional. Em células HUVEC, as estatinas diminuíram a expressão de RNAm de IL1B e SELP, entretanto aumentaram a de VCAM1. A ezetimiba reduziu a expressão de RNAm do IL1B. Entretanto as expressões de SELE, MMP9, IL6 e MMP9 não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos. A expressão das proteínas ICAM-1 e P-Selectina, na superfície de células HUVEC, foi diminuída pelo tratamento com as estatinas, mas não pela ezetimiba. Da mesma forma, a secreção das citocinas IL-6 e MCP-1 foram reduzidas pelas estatinas, entretanto a secreção de IL-8 não foi modificada por nenhum dos tratamentos. A expressão de NOS3 e a liberação de NO em células HUVEC foi aumentada pelas estatinas, porém não foi estimulada pela ezetimiba. Entretanto, os efeitos antiinflamatórios exercidos pelas estatinas foram independentes dessa via devido a que estes efeitos foram mantidos em células HUVEC com NOS3 silenciado por interferência de RNAm. Apesar de que o efeito sobre ICAM-1 e MCP-1 foi atenuado quando as células foram simultaneamente tratadas com L-NAME, os efeitos das estatinas parecem ser independentes da liberação de NO. As estatinas e a ezetimiba reduziram a expressão do miR-221, em células HUVEC. A expressão do miR-222 foi reduzida só pelo tratamento com atorvastatina. A expressão do miR-1303 não foi modulada pelos tratamentos hipolipemiantes. Em pacientes HC, a terapia de associação da sinvastatina e ezetimiba demonstrou melhorar o perfil lipídico de forma mais efetiva que ambas monoterapias. Da mesma forma, o tratamento combinado resultou em maior beneficio pela redução da expressão de RNAm em CMSP e da concentração plasmática das proteínas IL-1 &#946;, MCP-1, IL-8 e TNF&#945;. A expressão de ICAM1 foi diminuída apenas no nível transcricional, entretanto a expressão de RNAm mas não da proteína do TNF&#945; foi também reduzida pela sinvastatina em monoterapia. Não houve modulação de RNAm ou proteínas de outros marcadores estudados no modelo in vivo. Por outro lado, os efeitos anti-inflamatórios observados nos indivíduos HC foram independentes da modulação de PCRus e NO que não foram modificados pelos tratamentos hipolipemiantes. Neste estudo, foram confirmados os propostos efeitos pleiotrópicos das estatinas em modelos células de monócito e endotélio vascular in vitro e em pacientes HC. Por outro lado, apesar de ser menos potente que as estatinas foi mostrado que a inibição da absorção do colesterol tem também um efeito anti-inflamatório. A redução adicional do colesterol causado pela combinação das terapias hipolipemiantes outorga um maior beneficio cardiovascular em pacientes hipercolesterolêmicos. / The inflammatory process has a key role in the genesis and development of atherosclerosis and the endothelial disfunction is considered as a first step in atherogenesis. By inhibiting the hydroxyl-methyl-glutaryl coA reductase (HMGCR)m statins reduce the cholesterol synthesis and isoprenoid generation, which are intermediary products of cholesterol synthesis with important role in posttranscriptional modifications of small GTPases that are involved in endothelial disfunction and vascular inflammation. The ezetimibe is an inhibitor of cholesterol absorption by inhibiting the NPC1L1 protein. To clarify the molecular mechanisms of the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and absorption modulating inflammatory and cell adhesion biomarkers we used in vitro models of endothelial cells (HUVEC) and monocytes (THP-1), and an in vivo model of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from hypercholesterolemic (HC) patients. The effect of the statins, atorvastatin and simvastatin, and the ezetimibe on mRNA and protein expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and modulators of the inflammatory process, as citokynes and nitric oxide (NO), was analyzed in HUVEC. The effect of these drugs on the expression of monocyte adhesion molecules was also studied in THP-1. The influence of hypolipemiant therapy on the adhesion molecules was also analyzed in PBMC from HC treated with ezetimibe (10 mg/day/4-weeks), simvastatin (10 mg/day/8-weeks) and simvastatin combined with ezetimibe (10 mg each/day/4-weeks). The mRNA expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR. The expression of adhesion molecules on the surface of THP-1 and HUVEC cells was analyzed flow cytometry. The citokynes in the supernatants of HUVEC were quantified using the milliplex technology. The Lipid profile, high-sensivity PCR (hsPCR) and NO were determined by conventional laboratory methods. The role of the NO on the statin-modulation of inflammatory markers was also studied using a model with silenced NOS3 by interference of mRNA and by the use of the inhibitor of NO synthesis, L-NAME. The effect of hypolipemiants on the expression of microRNAs (miRs) 221, miR-222 and miR-1303 was also evaluated in HUVEC using the stem-loom RT-qPCR. Atorvastatin and simvastatin reduced the mRNA and protein expression of the adhesion molecules L-Selectin, PSGL-1 and VLA-4 in THP-1 cells pre-treated with TNF&#945; for 12 h. The ezetimibe reduced the L-Selectin expression only at transcriptional level. In HUVEC, statins diminished IL1B and SELP mRNA expression, whereas VCAM1 was increased. The ezetimibe reduced the IL1B mRNA expression. However, SELE, MMP9, IL6 and MMP9 mRNA expressions were not affected by the treatments. The protein expression of ICAM-1 and P-Selectin on the surface of HUVEC was reduced by statins, but not by the ezetimibe. Similarly, IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion were reduced by statins, whereas IL-8 secretion was not modified by the treatments. The NO release and NOS3 expression in HUVEC was increased by the statins, however it was not stimulated by ezetimibe. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory statin effects were independent of this pathway due to statin effects were maintained in HUVEC with silenced NOS3. Although the statin effect on ICAM-1 and MCP-1 were attenuated by L-NAME co treatment, the statin effects seem to be independent of NO release. Statins and ezetimibe reduced miR221 in HUVEC. miR-222 expression was reduced only by atorvastatin. miR-1303 was not affected by the treatments. In HC patients, the improvement of the lipid profile simvastatin combined with ezetimibe was more efficient than both monotherapies. Similarly, the association therapy was better in reducing the mRNA expression in PBMC and plasma concentration of IL-1&#946;, MCP-1, IL-8 and TNF&#945;. ICAM1 expression was reduced only at transcriptional level, whereas mRNA but not protein expression of TNF&#945; was also reduced by the simvastatin monotherapy. There was no modulation mRNA or protein expression of other studied markers in the in vivo model. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects observed in the HC were independent of PCRus or NO modulation, which were not altered by the hypolipemiant treatments. In this study, the proposed plitropic effects of statins were confirmed in monocytes and endothelial cells in vitro and in HC patients. Moreover, although it was less potent than statins, an anti-inflammatory effect was also observed for the inhibition of cholesterol absorption. An additional reduction of the cholesterol caused by combined hypolipemiant therapies gives a greater cardiovascular beneffict in hypercholesterolemic patients.
18

Efeitos de hipolipemiantes e polimorfismos sobre a expressão dos genes HMGCR, LDLR, SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP e NPC1L1 em indivíduos hipercolesterolêmicos. / Lipid lowering and polymorphisms effects on the expression of HMGCR, LDLR, SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP and NPC1L1 genes in hypercholesterolemic subjects.

Arazi, Simone Sorkin 09 December 2008 (has links)
A homeostase do colesterol é mediada por proteínas envolvidas na absorção (NPC1L1), regulação (SREBP1, SREBP2, SCAP), síntese (HMGCR) e remoção plasmática (LDLR). Os fármacos inibidores da síntese (vastatinas) e absorção (ezetimiba) do colesterol são potentes agentes hipocolesterolemiantes. Alterações em vários genes têm sido associadas a diferenças na resposta a diversos agentes terapêuticos. Com a finalidade de estudar os efeitos de hipolipemiantes e polimorfismos sobre a expressão dos genes HMGCR, LDLR, SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP e NPC1L1, foram selecionados 25 indivíduos com hipercolesterolemia familial (HF), 72 com hipercolesterolemia não familial (HNF) e 125 indivíduos normolipidêmicos e sem doença cardiovascular (NL). Os indivíduos HF foram tratados com sinvastatina (40 mg/dia/4 sem) combinada ou não com ezetimiba (10 mg/dia/4sem) e os HNF foram tratados com atorvastatina (10 mg/dia/4sem). Amostras de sangue foram obtidas antes e após o tratamento para a extração de DNA e RNA e analise do perfil lipídico sérico. A expressão de mRNA dos genes SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP, HMGCR, LDLR e NPC1L1 em células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) foi determinada por RT-PCR em tempo real empregando-se o gene da GAPD como controle endógeno. Os polimorfismos SREBF1a 36delG, SREBF2 G1784C e SCAP A2386G foram determinados por PCR-RFLP. Os indivíduos HF apresentaram maior expressão de mRNA dos genes NPC1L1, HMGCR e LDLR que os grupos HNF e NL (p<0,05). O efeito da atorvastatina sobre a expressão dos genes estudados parece depender da expressão basal nos indivíduos HNF. A variação da expressão após o tratamento com atorvastatina nos pacientes do grupo HNF esteve correlacionada nos genes: SREBF1a e SREBF2; SREBF1a e SCAP; SREBF1a e LDLR; SREBF2 e SCAP; SREBF2 e LDLR; HMGCR e LDLR. O tratamento com sinvastatina e ezetimiba não modificou o padrão de expressão dos genes estudados no grupo HF. Os polimorfismos SREBF2 G1784C e SCAP A2386G parecem estar relacionados com diminuição da expressão de mRNA após o tratamento com atorvastatina. Foi observado que os portadores do genótipo GG do polimorfismo SREBF2 G1784C apresentaram maiores concentrações séricas de colesterol total e LDL-C após o tratamento com atorvastatina. O polimorfismo SCAP A2386G parece estar associado com maiores concentrações de apoB em pacientes do grupo HNF antes do tratamento com atorvastatina. Os resultados são sugestivos que os genes HMGCR, LDLR e NPC1L1 são regulados diferentemente de acordo com o estado metabólico do indivíduo e a taxa de expressão de mRNA é influenciada pelos polimorfismos SREBF2 G1784C e SCAP A2386G após o tratamento com atorvastatina / The regulation of cholesterol is mediated by proteins involved in the absorption (NPC1L1), regulation (SREBP1, SREBP2, SCAP), synthesis (HMGCR) and removal of plasma cholesterol (LDLR). Potent hypocholesterolemic agents inhibit cholesterol synthesis (statins) and its absortion (ezetimibe). Changes in several genes have been associated to different responses to various therapeutic agents. In order to evaluate the association between genes involved in the metabolism of cholesterol and their response to lipid lowering drugs, patients with familial (FH, n = 25) and non familial hypercholesterolemia (NHF, n = 72) were selected. Additionally, 125 normolipidemic individuals and without cardiovascular disease were selected (NL). The HF group were treated with simvastatin (40 mg/day/4 weeks) combined or not with ezetimibe (10 mg/day/4weeks). The NHF group were treated with atorvastatin (10 mg/day/4weeks). Blood samples were obtained prior to and following treatment for extraction of DNA and RNA, and serum lipid profile analysis. The mRNA expression of SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP, HMGCR, LDLR, and NPC1L1 genes was determined by real time RT-PCR using the GAPD gene as endogenous control. The polymorphisms SREBF1a-36delG, SREBF2 G1784C, and SCAP A2386G were determined by PCR-RFLP. Individuals with HF showed higher expression of mRNA of genes NPC1L1, HMGCR and LDLR when compared with HNF and NL groups (p <0.05). The effect of atorvastatin on the gene expression seems to depend on the baseline expression in HNF subjects. The change of expression after treatment with atorvastatin in group HNF was correlated as followed: SREBF1a and SREBF2; SREBF1a and SCAP; SREBF1a and LDLR; SREBF2 and SCAP; SREBF2 and LDLR; HMGCR and LDLR. Treatment with simvastatin and ezetimibe did not change the gene-expression profile in HF group. The polymorphisms SREBF2 G1784C, and SCAP A2386G appear to be related to a decreased expression of mRNA after treatment with atorvastatin. HNF group Carriers of GG genotype of SREBF2 G1784C polymorphism had higher serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-C after therapy. The SCAP A2386G polymorphism seems to be associated with higher concentrations of apoB in patients from HNF group prior to treatment with atorvastatin. The results suggest that the HMGCR, LDLR and NPC1L1 genes are regulated according to the metabolic status of the individual, and the expression rate of mRNA is influenced by SREBF2 G1784C and SCAP A2386G polymorphisms after atorvastatin therapy.
19

Využití organokatalytického konceptu pro přípravu enantiomerně čistých laktamů / Preparation of enantiomerically pure lactams based on the organocatalysis

Humpl, Marek January 2012 (has links)
Different catalytic approaches have been applied to new -lactams preparations. olefin metathesis has been successfully performed with 3--methylidene--lactams. It was verified that 3--methylidene--lactams olefin metathesis is applicable to preparation of biologically active -lactam of Ezetimibe-type.
20

Efeitos de hipolipemiantes e polimorfismos sobre a expressão dos genes HMGCR, LDLR, SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP e NPC1L1 em indivíduos hipercolesterolêmicos. / Lipid lowering and polymorphisms effects on the expression of HMGCR, LDLR, SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP and NPC1L1 genes in hypercholesterolemic subjects.

Simone Sorkin Arazi 09 December 2008 (has links)
A homeostase do colesterol é mediada por proteínas envolvidas na absorção (NPC1L1), regulação (SREBP1, SREBP2, SCAP), síntese (HMGCR) e remoção plasmática (LDLR). Os fármacos inibidores da síntese (vastatinas) e absorção (ezetimiba) do colesterol são potentes agentes hipocolesterolemiantes. Alterações em vários genes têm sido associadas a diferenças na resposta a diversos agentes terapêuticos. Com a finalidade de estudar os efeitos de hipolipemiantes e polimorfismos sobre a expressão dos genes HMGCR, LDLR, SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP e NPC1L1, foram selecionados 25 indivíduos com hipercolesterolemia familial (HF), 72 com hipercolesterolemia não familial (HNF) e 125 indivíduos normolipidêmicos e sem doença cardiovascular (NL). Os indivíduos HF foram tratados com sinvastatina (40 mg/dia/4 sem) combinada ou não com ezetimiba (10 mg/dia/4sem) e os HNF foram tratados com atorvastatina (10 mg/dia/4sem). Amostras de sangue foram obtidas antes e após o tratamento para a extração de DNA e RNA e analise do perfil lipídico sérico. A expressão de mRNA dos genes SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP, HMGCR, LDLR e NPC1L1 em células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) foi determinada por RT-PCR em tempo real empregando-se o gene da GAPD como controle endógeno. Os polimorfismos SREBF1a 36delG, SREBF2 G1784C e SCAP A2386G foram determinados por PCR-RFLP. Os indivíduos HF apresentaram maior expressão de mRNA dos genes NPC1L1, HMGCR e LDLR que os grupos HNF e NL (p<0,05). O efeito da atorvastatina sobre a expressão dos genes estudados parece depender da expressão basal nos indivíduos HNF. A variação da expressão após o tratamento com atorvastatina nos pacientes do grupo HNF esteve correlacionada nos genes: SREBF1a e SREBF2; SREBF1a e SCAP; SREBF1a e LDLR; SREBF2 e SCAP; SREBF2 e LDLR; HMGCR e LDLR. O tratamento com sinvastatina e ezetimiba não modificou o padrão de expressão dos genes estudados no grupo HF. Os polimorfismos SREBF2 G1784C e SCAP A2386G parecem estar relacionados com diminuição da expressão de mRNA após o tratamento com atorvastatina. Foi observado que os portadores do genótipo GG do polimorfismo SREBF2 G1784C apresentaram maiores concentrações séricas de colesterol total e LDL-C após o tratamento com atorvastatina. O polimorfismo SCAP A2386G parece estar associado com maiores concentrações de apoB em pacientes do grupo HNF antes do tratamento com atorvastatina. Os resultados são sugestivos que os genes HMGCR, LDLR e NPC1L1 são regulados diferentemente de acordo com o estado metabólico do indivíduo e a taxa de expressão de mRNA é influenciada pelos polimorfismos SREBF2 G1784C e SCAP A2386G após o tratamento com atorvastatina / The regulation of cholesterol is mediated by proteins involved in the absorption (NPC1L1), regulation (SREBP1, SREBP2, SCAP), synthesis (HMGCR) and removal of plasma cholesterol (LDLR). Potent hypocholesterolemic agents inhibit cholesterol synthesis (statins) and its absortion (ezetimibe). Changes in several genes have been associated to different responses to various therapeutic agents. In order to evaluate the association between genes involved in the metabolism of cholesterol and their response to lipid lowering drugs, patients with familial (FH, n = 25) and non familial hypercholesterolemia (NHF, n = 72) were selected. Additionally, 125 normolipidemic individuals and without cardiovascular disease were selected (NL). The HF group were treated with simvastatin (40 mg/day/4 weeks) combined or not with ezetimibe (10 mg/day/4weeks). The NHF group were treated with atorvastatin (10 mg/day/4weeks). Blood samples were obtained prior to and following treatment for extraction of DNA and RNA, and serum lipid profile analysis. The mRNA expression of SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP, HMGCR, LDLR, and NPC1L1 genes was determined by real time RT-PCR using the GAPD gene as endogenous control. The polymorphisms SREBF1a-36delG, SREBF2 G1784C, and SCAP A2386G were determined by PCR-RFLP. Individuals with HF showed higher expression of mRNA of genes NPC1L1, HMGCR and LDLR when compared with HNF and NL groups (p <0.05). The effect of atorvastatin on the gene expression seems to depend on the baseline expression in HNF subjects. The change of expression after treatment with atorvastatin in group HNF was correlated as followed: SREBF1a and SREBF2; SREBF1a and SCAP; SREBF1a and LDLR; SREBF2 and SCAP; SREBF2 and LDLR; HMGCR and LDLR. Treatment with simvastatin and ezetimibe did not change the gene-expression profile in HF group. The polymorphisms SREBF2 G1784C, and SCAP A2386G appear to be related to a decreased expression of mRNA after treatment with atorvastatin. HNF group Carriers of GG genotype of SREBF2 G1784C polymorphism had higher serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-C after therapy. The SCAP A2386G polymorphism seems to be associated with higher concentrations of apoB in patients from HNF group prior to treatment with atorvastatin. The results suggest that the HMGCR, LDLR and NPC1L1 genes are regulated according to the metabolic status of the individual, and the expression rate of mRNA is influenced by SREBF2 G1784C and SCAP A2386G polymorphisms after atorvastatin therapy.

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