In the studies underlying this thesis, various source tracing techniques were applied to environmental samples from the Baltic region. Comprehensive sampling and analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in surface sediments in Swedish coastal and offshore areas resulted in a unique data set for this region. Nearly 150 samples of surface sediments were analyzed for all tetra- to octa-chlorinated PCDD/Fs. The levels showed large spatial variability with hotspots in several coastal regions. Neither Sweden nor the EU has introduced guideline values for PCDD/Fs in sediment, but comparisons to available guidelines and quality standards from other countries indicate that large areas of primarily coastal sediments may constitute a risk to marine organisms. Multivariate pattern analysis techniques and receptor models, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), were used to trace sources. These analyses suggested that three to six source types can explain most of the observed pattern variations found in the sediment samples. Atmospheric deposition was suggested as the most important source to offshore areas, thus confirming earlier estimates. However, spatial differences indicated a larger fraction of local/regional atmospheric sources, characterized by PCDFs, in the south. This was indicated by the identification of several patterns of atmospheric origin. In coastal areas, the influence of direct emission sources was larger, and among these, chlorophenol used for wood preservation and emissions from pulp/paper production and other wood related industry appeared to be most important. The historic emissions connected to processes involving chemical reactions with chlorine (e.g. pulp bleaching) were found to be of less importance except at some coastal sites. The analysis of PCDD/Fs in Baltic herring also revealed spatial variations in the levels and pollution patterns along the coast. The geographical match against areas with elevated sediment levels indicated that transfer from sediments via water to organisms was one possible explanation. Fugacity, a concept used to predict the net transport direction between environmental matrices, was used to explore the gas exchange of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between air and water. These estimates suggested that, in the Kattegat Sea, the gaseous exchange of HCHs primarily resulted in net deposition while PCBs were net volatilized under certain environmental conditions. The study also indicated that, while the air concentrations of both PCBs and γ-HCH are mostly dependent upon the origin of the air mass, the fluctuations in α-HCH were primarily influenced by seasonal changes.

In this thesis, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) has been used as packing material in packed capillary liquid chromatography. The unique chromatographic properties of PGC has been studied in some detail and applied to different analytical challenges using both electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and ultra violet (UV) absorbance detection. The crucial importance of disengaging the conductive PGC chromatographic separation media from the high voltage mass spectrometric interface has been shown. In the absence of a grounded point between the column and ESI emitter, a current through the column was present, and changed retention behaviors for 3-O-methyl-DOPA and tyrosine were observed. An alteration of the chromatographic properties was also seen when PGC was chemically oxidized with permanganate, possibly due to an oxidation of the few surface groups present on the PGC material. The dynamic adsorption of the chiral selector lasalocid onto the PGC support resulted in a useful and stable chiral stationary phase. Extraordinary enantioselectivity was observed for 1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine, and enantioseparation was also achieved for other amines, amino acids, acids and alcohols. Finally, a new strategy for separation of small biologically active compounds in plasma and brain tissue has been developed. With PGC as stationary phase it was possible to utilize a mobile phase of high content of organic modifier, without the addition of ion-pairing agents, and still selectively separate the analytes.

Background: In Sweden, there are around 19 000 existing sport associations active in the non-profit sector, and nearly a third of the country’s population are included as members. As well as for the non-profit sector as a whole, effective financial management plays a rather important role in sport associations as a tool to reach their goals and missions, which are their biggest priority. These associations differ from commercial enterprises regarding the financial aspects of the organization, and earlier studies are missing regarding the studying of smaller sport associations’ financial management in general, and budget management in particular. Purpose: This study is determined to generate a greater understanding and knowledge regarding how non-profit sport associations use and perceive budget management. With this information it is possible to see how these associations produce and streamline sustainable budget management in aspiration of goals and sustainable economy. Method: Throughout this study, four different non-profit sport associations are investigated to determine how they perceive budget management. This was done using a qualitative research method with an abductive approach where the data was collected through six different interviews and a few complementing documents. Conclusion: How non-profit sport associations use and perceive budget management can be talked about in three ways: a tool for success, a tool that needs to be used choicely and a tool that needs development. Through those themes, several findings were met that further developed the knowledge about budget management in sport associations. Although the purpose of budgeting is somewhat similar to the usage in commercial enterprises, sport associations’ budgeting differ in ways which could be seen as typical only for these types of organizations. Important findings include: the communication process, democratic aspects, how internal balancing occurs and how sponsorships are used, and more. Findings regarding emerging financial awareness and the importance of budgeting are also notable. / Bakgrund: I Sverige finns cirka 19 000 befintliga idrottsföreningar aktiva inomden ideella sektorn och nästan en tredjedel av landets befolkning ingår sommedlemmar. Liksom för den ideella sektorn som helhet spelar effektivekonomistyrning en viktig roll i idrottsföreningar som ett verktyg för att nå sinamål och uppdrag. Dessa föreningar skiljer sig från kommersiella bolag när detgäller de ekonomiska aspekterna av organisationen och tidigare studier saknasbeträffande studier av mindre idrottsföreningars ekonomistyrning i allmänhetoch budgetstyrning i synnerhet. Syfte: Denna studie syftar på att generera större förståelse och kunskap om hurideella idrottsföreningar ser på budgetstyrning. Med denna information är detmöjligt att se hur dessa föreningar producerar och effektiviserar hållbarbudgetförvaltning i strävan efter mål och hållbar ekonomi. Metod: Under denna studie undersöks fyra olika ideella idrottsföreningar för attfastställa hur de ser på budgetstyrning. Detta gjordes med en kvalitativforskningsmetod med ett abduktivt ansats där data samlades in genom sex olikaintervjuer och några kompletterande dokument.  Slutsats: Hur ideella idrottsföreningar använder och ser på budgetstyrning kandiskuteras på tre olika sätt: ett verktyg för framgång, ett verktyg som behöveranvändas varsamt och ett verktyg som behöver utvecklas. Genom temana möttesflera fynd som vidareutvecklade kunskapen om budgetstyrning iidrottsföreningar. Även om syftet med budgetering liknar användningen ikommersiella företag, skiljer sig idrottsföreningarnas budgetering på sätt somkan ses som typiska endast för dessa typer av organisationer. Viktiga resultat ärbland annat: kommunikationsprocessen, demokratiska aspekter, hur internbalansering sker och hur sponsring används med mera. Resultaten omframväxande ekonomisk medvetenhet och vikten av budgetering är ocksåanmärkningsvärda.