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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Regulació de fabp4 depenent de nrf2 en macròfags

Lázaro López, Iolanda 22 October 2010 (has links)
Els macròfags desenvolupen un paper clau en la formació de la lesió d'ateroma. Les LDL oxidades (LDLox) indueixen l'expressió de la adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4) en els macròfags, fet que constitueix un dels desencadenants de l'evolució d'aquestes cèl·lules al fenotip de cèl·lula escumosa. Les LDLox són una font d'aldehids, que són els productes finals de l'oxidació dels àcids grassos poliinsaturats. El treball realitzat ha estat dissenyat per provar la hipòtesi de la participació dels aldehids en la inducció de l'expressió de FABP4 en macròfags. A causa del caràcter prooxidant d'aquestes espècies, s'ha avaluat si aquesta inducció podria relacionar-se amb el sistema antioxidant cel·lular dirigit pel factor de transcripció Nrf2. El treball experimental es va dur a terme amb monòcits de la línia cel·lular THP-1 que es van diferenciar a macròfags mitjançant èsters de forbol. Els aldehids apolars estudiats van ser el 2,4-decadienal (DDE) i l'hexanal. La valoració dels efectes sobre les expressions gènica i proteica de FABP4 es va realitzar per RT-PCR a temps real i western blot, respectivament. Ambdós aldehids van produir augments en l'expressió gènica i proteica de la FABP4 en els macròfags. L'estudi in silico del promotor de la FABP4 humana va revelar la presència d'un possible lloc antioxidant response element (ARE) per la unió de Nrf2 amb un elevat grau d'homologia amb la seqüència consens. L'assaig d'immunoprecipitació de la cromatina va confirmar al unió in vivo de Nrf2 a aquest lloc ARE. L'estudi de l'efecte dels aldehids sobre l'activació del factor de transcripció Nrf2 va evidenciar un comportament diferencial entre els dos compostos. El DDE augmentava la forma fosforilada i activa de Nrf2, mentre que l'hexanal no produïa cap efecte. Es va provar que en l'activació de Nrf2 produïda pel DDE estaven implicades dues de les principals vies de senyalització intracel·lular: PI-3k/Akt i ERK-MAPK. Considerant els resultats obtinguts, podem suggerir un nou paper de la via Nrf2-ARE com a desencadenant de la formació de cèl·lules escumoses a través de la inducció de FABP4 en resposta a l'oxidació. Aquests resultats proposa la via de Nrf2 com a nova diana per la intervenció terapèutica dirigida a la prevenció i el control del desenvolupament de l'aterosclerosi. / Macrophages play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis. It has been shown that oxidized LDL (oxLDL) induces adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4) in human macrophages, which constitutes one of the major contributors to foam cell formation. oxLDL is a source of apolar aldehydes formed as end-products of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation in LDL. This thesis has been designed to study the hypothesis that apolar aldehydes participate in the induction of FABP4 expression in human macrophages. According to the prooxidant nature of these species, we have assessed whether FABP4 expression could be related to the cellular antioxidant system leadered by the transcription factor Nrf2. The experimental procedure was mainly performed by using human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells which were differentiated to macrophages through a 72-hour phorbol ester treatment. 2,4-decadienal (DDE) and hexanal were the two apolar aldehydes studied. Reverse transcription and real time-PCR (RT-rtPCR) and Western blotting were used to assess FABP4 mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Both aldehydes produced a markedly increase in FABP4 expression at mRNA and protein levels. In silico analysis of human FABP4 promoter revealed the presence of a putative antioxidant response element (ARE) where Nrf2 could bind. This putative binding site had a high matrix similarity score with the consensus sequence. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay using an Nrf2-specific antibody confirmed the in vivo binding of Nrf2 to this ARE found in human FABP4 promoter. The assessment of the effect of the two aldehydes on Nrf2 activation evidenced a differential behaviour between DDE and hexanal. Whereas DDE increased nuclear phosphorylated Nrf2 levels, hexanal showed no effect. We observed that two of the major intracellular signal transduction pathways, PI-3k/Akt and ERK-MAPK, are implicated in DDE-induced Nrf2 activation. According to our results, we propose a novel role of Nrf2-ARE pathways as a triggering step on foam cell formation mediated by FABP4 induction in response to oxidation. These results open new therapeutic targets addressed to control arteriosclerosis development.
2

Characterizing the expression and regulation of FABP4 in response to growth arrest and hypoxia in Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts

Peragine, Stephanie January 2018 (has links)
The process of reversible growth arrest, otherwise known as cellular quiescence or the G₀ phase denoted by withdrawal from the cell cycle, is a poorly characterized state. Subsets of growth arrest-specific (GAS) genes are upregulated during quiescence, however, these subsets are specific to/dependent on the limiting factor or circumstance inducing growth arrest. Here I characterize the expression and regulation of the lipid trafficking GAS gene Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 in the quiescence-inducing conditions of contact inhibition and oxygen limitation (hypoxia). Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts (CEF) were cultured to high density or subjected to hypoxia, in which oxygen is the limiting factor inducing growth arrest, or serum starvation, in which nutrients is the limiting factor inducing growth arrest. Contact inhibition and hypoxia induced FABP4 expression, whereas cycling control CEF and serum depleted CEF did not. At higher, though still hypoxic, oxygen levels that did not robustly induce FABP4, proliferation assays showed a slight reduction in CEF proliferation. The GAS gene p20k lipocalin has been shown to exhibit similar expression patterns to FABP4, with its regulation determined by the presence of the transcription factor C/EBP-β. CEF overexpressing C/EBP-β also showed strong FABP4 induction. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that C/EBP-β bound directly to the FABP4 promoter in both normoxic and hypoxic cells, although only the latter condition induced FABP4 protein expression. In summary, these results suggest that FABP4 is induced during growth arrest specifically when oxygen is the limiting factor, as induction was not seen during growth arrest mediated by starvation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, where nutrients was the limiting factor. The induction of these hypoxia-responsive genes suggests that oxygen availability regulates the expression of a sub-class of growth arrest specific genes. Additionally, FABP4 was shown to be associated with growth arrest and the promotion of cell survival and proliferation, as depicted by proliferation assays. Lastly, C/EBP-β not only strongly induced FABP4 expression, but directly bound to the FABP4 promoter. This suggests that C/EBP-β is a regulator of FABP4, although there may be other interacting factors acting as activators or repressors as this FABP4-C/EBP-β interaction was observed in conditions permissive and non-permissive to FABP4 expression. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / The process of reversible growth arrest is a poorly characterized state. Subsets of growth arrest-specific (GAS) genes are upregulated during quiescence, however, these subsets are specific to the limiting factor or circumstance inducing growth arrest. Here we characterize the expression and regulation of the lipid trafficking GAS gene Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 in the quiescence-inducing conditions of contact inhibition (CI) and hypoxia. Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts (CEF) were cultured to high density or subjected to hypoxia, in which oxygen is the limiting factor inducing growth arrest, or serum starvation, in which nutrients availability is the limiting factor. CI and hypoxia induced FABP4 expression, whereas control and serum depleted CEF did not. At higher, though still hypoxic, oxygen levels that did not robustly induce FABP4, proliferation assays showed a slight reduction in CEF proliferation. When overexpressing C/EBP-β, CEF showed strong FABP4 induction. Additionally, a direct interaction with the FABP4 promoter was observed in both normoxic and hypoxic cells, although only the latter condition induced expression. In summary, the induction of this hypoxia-responsive gene suggests that oxygen availability regulates the expression of a sub-class of growth arrest specific genes and that this induction may be regulated by C/EBP-β.
3

Cellular and Systemic Metabolic Adaptations to Energy Status

Calay, Ediz Suha January 2014 (has links)
My thesis work has focused on physiological adaptations to nutrient stress; from genes, environment and hormonal perspective, and how failure of these systems result in common chronic diseases.
4

Caracterización de polimorfismos en los genes PPARG, CEBPA, LIPE, RXRA y FABP4 asociados a metabolismo lipídico en razas de ganado bovino

Goszczynski, Daniel Estanislao January 2015 (has links)
La calidad de la carne está determinada por cualidades como el marmoleo, el sabor, la terneza y la composición, entre otras. Estas cualidades están reguladas a distintos niveles, y uno de ellos es la genética. Hoy en día se conoce buena parte de las vías metabólicas que regulan estas características, y se han propuesto "genes candidatos" que codifican factores importantes dentro de estas vías. Los genes PPARG, CEBPA, FABP4, LIPE y RXRA son parte de las vías de diferenciación adipocítica y del metabolismo lipídico. El objetivo de este proyecto fue caracterizar la variabilidad genética en estos genes en razas bovinas con diferente calidad carnicera. Los datos se obtuvieron por medio de técnicas moleculares (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, re-secuenciación) aplicadas a muestras de ADN extraídas de animales pertenecientes a diferentes razas criadas alrededor del mundo. Luego se realizaron una serie de análisis a través de programas bioinformáticos y herramientas web. Algunos de los polimorfismos detectados en los genes y otros disponibles en las bases de datos de internet fueron seleccionados para realizar estudios de validación a nivel poblacional y análisis estadísticos de asociación a caracteres de calidad carnicera en una población de ganado local. Los resultados fueron diversos: PPARG y CEBPA presentaron una variabilidad moderada, y FABP4 y LIPE presentaron una variabilidad alta. Algunos de los polimorfismos analizados sugieren una asociación a la composición lipídica de la carne y otros caracteres de engrasamiento, como espesor de grasa dorsal. Algunas de las posibles explicaciones biológicas para estas asociaciones fueron analizadas con diferentes herramientas bioinformáticas y se observaron algunos fenómenos interesantes. El conocimiento de la variabilidad existente en estos genes es de importancia para complementar los métodos de selección genética tradicionales y mejorar la calidad del ganado.
5

Fabp4 i biomarcadors de la disfunció endotelial. Estudi clínic i in vitro

Aragonés Bargalló, Gemma 08 October 2010 (has links)
La coexistència de múltiples factors de risc cardiovascular com la síndrome metabòlica, l'obesitat abdominal, la dislipèmia i la resistència a la insulina, determinen l'aparició de la disfunció endotelial, primer event en la patogènia de l'aterosclerosi. La tonometria arterial perifèrica (PAT) és una tècnica novedosa i no invasiva la qual permet la valoració de la funció endotelial a nivell clínic. Per altra banda, evidències científiques recents suggereixen que FABP4, adipoquina secretada pel teixit adipós, circulant podria tenir un efecte directe en teixits perifèrics. Per tant, els nivells elevats de FABP4 podrien estar implicats en el dany arterial i la disfunció endotelial. Per dur a terme la valoració clínica es van reclutar pacients amb risc cardiovascular (CV) moderat i se'ls hi va realitzar el test de la funció endotelial per PAT i l'extracció sanguínia per l'anàlisi dels biomarcadors circulants endotelials, d'inflamació i oxidació lipídica i FABP4. A nivell in vitro, es va treballar en cèl·lules endotelials HUVECs i limfòcits (Jurkat T cells), i es va estudiar la via de senyalització de la PI3K/Akt/eNOS, l'expressió de molècules implicades en la disfunció endotelial i l'assaig d'adhesió dels leucòcits a l'endoteli. Els resultats més significatius a nivell clínic van ser que la sE-selectina (molècula d'adhesió endotelial) i les LDL oxidades s'associen inversament amb la mesura de RHI-PAT en els pacients amb risc CV moderat, és a dir amb una pitjor funció endotelial. La FABP4 plasmàtica es relaciona inversament amb el RHI-PAT en pacients amb diabetis tipus 2, per tant a més FABP4 més disfunció endotelial. A nivell in vitro, FABP4 podria ser capaç de modular les vies de senyalització de la insulina, disminuint les cascades de fosforilacions (Akt i eNOS) augmentant l'expressió de les molècules d'adhesió (VCAM1 i E-selectina) i augmentant l'adhesió de leucòcits a l'endoteli, induint la disfunción endotelial i la resistència a la insulina en les cèl·lules endotelials. Segons els resultats obtinguts, podem concloure que la sE-selectina i les LDL oxidades es relacionen amb el RHI-PAT en pacients amb risc CV recolzant el paper del RHI-PAT en la valoració clínica de la funció endotelial i els nivells circulants de FABP4 estan associats amb la disfunció endotelial en pacients diabètics. FABP4 podria induir la disfunció endotelial a nivell molecular, interferint en les cascades de senyalització depenents d'insulina en l'endoteli vascular. / The coexistence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors such as metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, determine the onset of endothelial dysfunction, the first event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) is a novel and noninvasive technique which allows the assessment of endothelial function at the clinical level. Moreover, recent scientific evidence suggests that FABP4 circulating, adipokyne secreted by adipose tissue, could have a direct effect on peripheral tissues. Therefore, high levels of FABP4 might be involved in arterial damage and endothelial dysfunction. To perform the clinical assessment were recruited patients with moderate cardiovascular risk (CV). The endotehlial function was assessed by PAT. Antropometry, circulating endothelial, lipid oxidation and inflammation biomarkers and FABP4 were measured. In vitro, was working in endothelial cells HUVECs and leukocyte (Jurkat T cells), and were quantified protein expression and mRNA. The results were clinically significant in that the sE-selectin (endothelial adhesion molecule) and oxidized LDL are associated inversely with RHI-PAT in patients with moderate CV risk. The plasma FABP4 was inversely associated with RHI-PAT in patients with type 2 diabetes. In vitro, FABP4 might modulate insulin signaling, decreasing the phosphorylations pathways (Akt and eNOS) and increasing the expression of adhesion molecules (VCAM1 and E-selectin), inducing endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in endothelial cells. We conclude that sE-selectin and oxidized LDL are associated with RHI-PAT in patients with CV risk by supporting the role of PAT in the clinical assessment of endothelial function and circulating FABP4 levels are associated with dysfunction endothelial cells in diabetic patients. FABP4 might induce endothelial dysfunction at the molecular level, interfering in insulin-dependent signaling pathways in vascular endothelium.
6

Characterizing the role and regulation of growth arrest specific FABP4 in chicken embryo fibroblasts

Donders, Jordan January 2020 (has links)
Conditions which promote reversible growth arrest, such as hypoxia and high cell density, lead to activation of a diverse network of proteins known as growth arrest specific (GAS) genes. Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), a lipid chaperone involved in the regulation of metabolic and inflammatory responses, has been shown to be part of the GAS program. While the induction of FABP4 in oxygen-deprived environments is well characterized, its functionality and regulation in such conditions remains unclear. In this study, we describe how mis-expression of FABP4 affects cell viability and survival within low oxygen conditions. Loss of FABP4 using shRNA was shown to be associated with a significant increase in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, a reduction in lipid droplet formation and a greater incidence of apoptosis. Hypoxia-mediated expression of FABP4 was also found to be positively correlated with cellular levels of C/EBP-beta, an essential activator of p20K in quiescence. FABP4 and p20K are both lipocalins that have been shown to share similar induction patterns and ability to assist in the maintenance of lipid trafficking in cellular stress circumstances. Unexpectedly, the depletion of FABP4 or p20K results in loss of the other in limited oxygen concentrations. This occurs independently of disruption to the broad GAS gene program, suggesting the two proteins may be co-regulated in a shared hypoxic-signalling pathway. C/EBP-beta appears to be the transcriptional activator shared by FABP4 and p20K in quiescence, and the three may be part of an intricate system to sense and respond to reactive oxygen species and lipid radicals. However, the forced expression of either FABP4 or p20K when the other is repressed only moderately restores cell survival through alleviating oxidative stress, indicating the two are both necessary for optimal response to hypoxia. In all, these studies suggest that analogous to the p20K lipocalin, FABP4 plays a critical role in lipid homeostasis and cell survival in conditions of limited oxygen concentrations, and its stimulation is dependent on C/EBP-beta activity. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / A study investigating the role of FABP4 and p20K in conditions of reversible growth arrest with an emphasis on cell survival, lipid homeostasis and mitigating the effects of oxidative stress, and regulation of the two lipocalins by C/EBP-beta.

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