A presente tese tem por objetivo analisar o Poder da União na Amazônia, sobretudo sua hipertrofia no espaço territorial de Roraima, tendo como marco temporal as ações políticas desenvolvidas a partir do Governo Vargas até Lula, a evidenciar dois períodos bem distintos para Amazônia brasileira. O desenvolvimentismo e a defesa nacional do Governo Vargas e dos Militares (1943-1985) e o da integração internacional e desenvolvimento sustentável, especialmente a partir do Governo Collor (1992) até o Governo Lula. Paralelamente ao tempo histórico da pesquisa, o surgimento do ambientalismo internacional, o fortalecimento dos mecanismos de proteção a um ambiente saudável e a absorção das demandas ambientais e dos interesses indígenas em texto constitucional produzido em ambiente democrático no Brasil/88, ocorre mudança de paradigma nas políticas públicas do Governo Federal para Amazônia. O desenvolvimento e a segurança nacional cedem espaço para uma postura eminentemente preservacionista do ambiente amazônico. A pesquisa confirma a supremacia do Poder da União na Amazônia e o seu desmedido uso quanto a restrição territorial do Estado de Roraima, em afronta ao pacto federativo estabelecido pela Constituição da República/88. A União não reparte equitativamente as obrigações de proteger o meio ambiente nacional entre as unidades federativas, impondo unilateralmente maiores restrições quanto ao uso das terras na região amazônica (periferia), em especial Roraima. É preciso uma postura menos centralizadora e mais cooperativa da União, compreendendo o pluralismo da amazônia brasileira em cada uma das suas unidades federativas com mais independência externa, permitindo-lhes não apenas conservar, mas também produzir e incluir, buscando o almejado desenvolvimento sustentável. / This doctoral thesis aims to analyze the Union Power in the Amazon, especially its enlargement in the sovereign territory of Roraima, with the time frame political actions developed from the Government Vargas to Lula, to high light two distinct periods for the Brazilian Amazon. The developmentalism and national defense Government and Military Vargas (1943-1985) and the international integration and sustainable development, especially from the Collor government (1992) to Lula’s Government. Parallel to the history of research time, the emergence of international environmentalism, strengthening protection mechanisms to a healthy environment and absorption of environmental demands and indigenous interests in the constitutional text produced in democratic environment in Brazil / 88 occurs paradigm shift in public policy of the Federal Government to Amazon. The development and national security give way to an eminently conservationist stanceof the Amazonian environment. The research confirms the supremacy of Union Power in the Amazon and its excessive use as a territorial restriction of the State of Roraima, going against the federal pact established by the Constitution of the Republic / 88. The Union does not divide evenly obligations to protect the national environment among federal units, unilaterally imposing greater restrictions on the use of land in the Amazon region (periphery), especially Roraima. A less centralized approach and more cooperative Union, with more external independence, including the pluralism of the Brazilian Amazon in each of its federal units, allowing them to not only conserve but also produce and include, seeking the desired sustainable development is necessary. / Esta tesis tiene como objetivo analizar la Unión de alimentación en el Amazonas, en especial de su ampliación en el territorio soberano de Roraima, con las acciones políticas desarrolladas marco temporal de la Vargas Gobierno de Lula, para poner de relieve dos períodos distintos de la Amazonia brasileña. El desarrollismo y la defensa nacional y el Gobierno Militar Vargas (1943-1985) y la integración internacional y el desarrollo sostenible, especialmente por parte del gobierno de Collor (1992) para el gobierno de Lula. Paralelamente a la historia del tiempo de investigación, la aparición del ecologismo internacional, el fortalecimiento de los mecanismos de protección al medio ambiente sano y la absorción de las demandas ambientales y los intereses indígenas en el texto constitucional producidos en ambiente democrático en Brasil / 88 se produce cambio de paradigma en la política pública del Gobierno Federal a Amazon. El desarrollo y la seguridad nacional dan paso a una postura eminentemente conservacionista del medio ambiente amazónico. La investigación confirma la supremacía de la Unión de energía en el Amazonas y su uso excesivo como una restricción territorial del Estado de Roraima, que va en contra del pacto federal que establece la Constitución de la República / 88. La Unión no divide uniformemente obligaciones de proteger el medio ambiente nacional entre las unidades federales, imponiendo unilateralmente mayores restricciones en el uso de la tierra en la región amazónica (periferia), especialmente Roraima. Se necesita una postura menos centralizada y más cooperativo de la Unión, incluido el pluralismo en la Amazonia brasileña en cada una de sus unidades federales con independencia externa, lo que les permite no sólo conservar, sino también producen e incluyen, buscando el desarrollo sostenible deseado.

A presente tese tem por objetivo analisar o Poder da União na Amazônia, sobretudo sua hipertrofia no espaço territorial de Roraima, tendo como marco temporal as ações políticas desenvolvidas a partir do Governo Vargas até Lula, a evidenciar dois períodos bem distintos para Amazônia brasileira. O desenvolvimentismo e a defesa nacional do Governo Vargas e dos Militares (1943-1985) e o da integração internacional e desenvolvimento sustentável, especialmente a partir do Governo Collor (1992) até o Governo Lula. Paralelamente ao tempo histórico da pesquisa, o surgimento do ambientalismo internacional, o fortalecimento dos mecanismos de proteção a um ambiente saudável e a absorção das demandas ambientais e dos interesses indígenas em texto constitucional produzido em ambiente democrático no Brasil/88, ocorre mudança de paradigma nas políticas públicas do Governo Federal para Amazônia. O desenvolvimento e a segurança nacional cedem espaço para uma postura eminentemente preservacionista do ambiente amazônico. A pesquisa confirma a supremacia do Poder da União na Amazônia e o seu desmedido uso quanto a restrição territorial do Estado de Roraima, em afronta ao pacto federativo estabelecido pela Constituição da República/88. A União não reparte equitativamente as obrigações de proteger o meio ambiente nacional entre as unidades federativas, impondo unilateralmente maiores restrições quanto ao uso das terras na região amazônica (periferia), em especial Roraima. É preciso uma postura menos centralizadora e mais cooperativa da União, compreendendo o pluralismo da amazônia brasileira em cada uma das suas unidades federativas com mais independência externa, permitindo-lhes não apenas conservar, mas também produzir e incluir, buscando o almejado desenvolvimento sustentável. / This doctoral thesis aims to analyze the Union Power in the Amazon, especially its enlargement in the sovereign territory of Roraima, with the time frame political actions developed from the Government Vargas to Lula, to high light two distinct periods for the Brazilian Amazon. The developmentalism and national defense Government and Military Vargas (1943-1985) and the international integration and sustainable development, especially from the Collor government (1992) to Lula’s Government. Parallel to the history of research time, the emergence of international environmentalism, strengthening protection mechanisms to a healthy environment and absorption of environmental demands and indigenous interests in the constitutional text produced in democratic environment in Brazil / 88 occurs paradigm shift in public policy of the Federal Government to Amazon. The development and national security give way to an eminently conservationist stanceof the Amazonian environment. The research confirms the supremacy of Union Power in the Amazon and its excessive use as a territorial restriction of the State of Roraima, going against the federal pact established by the Constitution of the Republic / 88. The Union does not divide evenly obligations to protect the national environment among federal units, unilaterally imposing greater restrictions on the use of land in the Amazon region (periphery), especially Roraima. A less centralized approach and more cooperative Union, with more external independence, including the pluralism of the Brazilian Amazon in each of its federal units, allowing them to not only conserve but also produce and include, seeking the desired sustainable development is necessary. / Esta tesis tiene como objetivo analizar la Unión de alimentación en el Amazonas, en especial de su ampliación en el territorio soberano de Roraima, con las acciones políticas desarrolladas marco temporal de la Vargas Gobierno de Lula, para poner de relieve dos períodos distintos de la Amazonia brasileña. El desarrollismo y la defensa nacional y el Gobierno Militar Vargas (1943-1985) y la integración internacional y el desarrollo sostenible, especialmente por parte del gobierno de Collor (1992) para el gobierno de Lula. Paralelamente a la historia del tiempo de investigación, la aparición del ecologismo internacional, el fortalecimiento de los mecanismos de protección al medio ambiente sano y la absorción de las demandas ambientales y los intereses indígenas en el texto constitucional producidos en ambiente democrático en Brasil / 88 se produce cambio de paradigma en la política pública del Gobierno Federal a Amazon. El desarrollo y la seguridad nacional dan paso a una postura eminentemente conservacionista del medio ambiente amazónico. La investigación confirma la supremacía de la Unión de energía en el Amazonas y su uso excesivo como una restricción territorial del Estado de Roraima, que va en contra del pacto federal que establece la Constitución de la República / 88. La Unión no divide uniformemente obligaciones de proteger el medio ambiente nacional entre las unidades federales, imponiendo unilateralmente mayores restricciones en el uso de la tierra en la región amazónica (periferia), especialmente Roraima. Se necesita una postura menos centralizada y más cooperativo de la Unión, incluido el pluralismo en la Amazonia brasileña en cada una de sus unidades federales con independencia externa, lo que les permite no sólo conservar, sino también producen e incluyen, buscando el desarrollo sostenible deseado.

A presente tese tem por objetivo analisar o Poder da União na Amazônia, sobretudo sua hipertrofia no espaço territorial de Roraima, tendo como marco temporal as ações políticas desenvolvidas a partir do Governo Vargas até Lula, a evidenciar dois períodos bem distintos para Amazônia brasileira. O desenvolvimentismo e a defesa nacional do Governo Vargas e dos Militares (1943-1985) e o da integração internacional e desenvolvimento sustentável, especialmente a partir do Governo Collor (1992) até o Governo Lula. Paralelamente ao tempo histórico da pesquisa, o surgimento do ambientalismo internacional, o fortalecimento dos mecanismos de proteção a um ambiente saudável e a absorção das demandas ambientais e dos interesses indígenas em texto constitucional produzido em ambiente democrático no Brasil/88, ocorre mudança de paradigma nas políticas públicas do Governo Federal para Amazônia. O desenvolvimento e a segurança nacional cedem espaço para uma postura eminentemente preservacionista do ambiente amazônico. A pesquisa confirma a supremacia do Poder da União na Amazônia e o seu desmedido uso quanto a restrição territorial do Estado de Roraima, em afronta ao pacto federativo estabelecido pela Constituição da República/88. A União não reparte equitativamente as obrigações de proteger o meio ambiente nacional entre as unidades federativas, impondo unilateralmente maiores restrições quanto ao uso das terras na região amazônica (periferia), em especial Roraima. É preciso uma postura menos centralizadora e mais cooperativa da União, compreendendo o pluralismo da amazônia brasileira em cada uma das suas unidades federativas com mais independência externa, permitindo-lhes não apenas conservar, mas também produzir e incluir, buscando o almejado desenvolvimento sustentável. / This doctoral thesis aims to analyze the Union Power in the Amazon, especially its enlargement in the sovereign territory of Roraima, with the time frame political actions developed from the Government Vargas to Lula, to high light two distinct periods for the Brazilian Amazon. The developmentalism and national defense Government and Military Vargas (1943-1985) and the international integration and sustainable development, especially from the Collor government (1992) to Lula’s Government. Parallel to the history of research time, the emergence of international environmentalism, strengthening protection mechanisms to a healthy environment and absorption of environmental demands and indigenous interests in the constitutional text produced in democratic environment in Brazil / 88 occurs paradigm shift in public policy of the Federal Government to Amazon. The development and national security give way to an eminently conservationist stanceof the Amazonian environment. The research confirms the supremacy of Union Power in the Amazon and its excessive use as a territorial restriction of the State of Roraima, going against the federal pact established by the Constitution of the Republic / 88. The Union does not divide evenly obligations to protect the national environment among federal units, unilaterally imposing greater restrictions on the use of land in the Amazon region (periphery), especially Roraima. A less centralized approach and more cooperative Union, with more external independence, including the pluralism of the Brazilian Amazon in each of its federal units, allowing them to not only conserve but also produce and include, seeking the desired sustainable development is necessary. / Esta tesis tiene como objetivo analizar la Unión de alimentación en el Amazonas, en especial de su ampliación en el territorio soberano de Roraima, con las acciones políticas desarrolladas marco temporal de la Vargas Gobierno de Lula, para poner de relieve dos períodos distintos de la Amazonia brasileña. El desarrollismo y la defensa nacional y el Gobierno Militar Vargas (1943-1985) y la integración internacional y el desarrollo sostenible, especialmente por parte del gobierno de Collor (1992) para el gobierno de Lula. Paralelamente a la historia del tiempo de investigación, la aparición del ecologismo internacional, el fortalecimiento de los mecanismos de protección al medio ambiente sano y la absorción de las demandas ambientales y los intereses indígenas en el texto constitucional producidos en ambiente democrático en Brasil / 88 se produce cambio de paradigma en la política pública del Gobierno Federal a Amazon. El desarrollo y la seguridad nacional dan paso a una postura eminentemente conservacionista del medio ambiente amazónico. La investigación confirma la supremacía de la Unión de energía en el Amazonas y su uso excesivo como una restricción territorial del Estado de Roraima, que va en contra del pacto federal que establece la Constitución de la República / 88. La Unión no divide uniformemente obligaciones de proteger el medio ambiente nacional entre las unidades federales, imponiendo unilateralmente mayores restricciones en el uso de la tierra en la región amazónica (periferia), especialmente Roraima. Se necesita una postura menos centralizada y más cooperativo de la Unión, incluido el pluralismo en la Amazonia brasileña en cada una de sus unidades federales con independencia externa, lo que les permite no sólo conservar, sino también producen e incluyen, buscando el desarrollo sostenible deseado.

Federated Learning is an emerging privacy-preserving distributed machine learning approach to building a shared model by performing distributed training locally on participating devices (clients) and aggregating the local models into a global one. As this approach prevents data collection and aggregation, it helps in reducing associated privacy risks to a great extent. However, the data samples across all participating clients are usually not independent and identically distributed (non-i.i.d.), and Out of Distribution (OOD) generalization for the learned models can be poor. Besides this challenge, federated learning also remains vulnerable to various attacks on security wherein a few malicious participating entities work towards inserting backdoors, degrading the generated aggregated model as well as inferring the data owned by participating entities. In this work, we propose an approach for learning invariant (causal) features common to all participating clients in a federated learning setup and analyse empirically how it enhances the Out of Distribution (OOD) accuracy as well as the privacy of the final learned model. Although Federated Learning allows for participants to contribute their local data without revealing it, it faces issues in data security and in accurately paying participants for quality data contributions. In this report, we also propose an EOS Blockchain design and workflow to establish data security, a novel validation error based metric upon which we qualify gradient uploads for payment, and implement a small example of our Blockchain Causal Federated Learning model to analyze its performance with respect to robustness, privacy and fairness in incentivization. / L’apprentissage fédéré est une approche émergente d’apprentissage automatique distribué préservant la confidentialité pour créer un modèle partagé en effectuant une formation distribuée localement sur les appareils participants (clients) et en agrégeant les modèles locaux en un modèle global. Comme cette approche empêche la collecte et l’agrégation de données, elle contribue à réduire dans une large mesure les risques associés à la vie privée. Cependant, les échantillons de données de tous les clients participants sont généralement pas indépendante et distribuée de manière identique (non-i.i.d.), et la généralisation hors distribution (OOD) pour les modèles appris peut être médiocre. Outre ce défi, l’apprentissage fédéré reste également vulnérable à diverses attaques contre la sécurité dans lesquelles quelques entités participantes malveillantes s’efforcent d’insérer des portes dérobées, dégradant le modèle agrégé généré ainsi que d’inférer les données détenues par les entités participantes. Dans cet article, nous proposons une approche pour l’apprentissage des caractéristiques invariantes (causales) communes à tous les clients participants dans une configuration d’apprentissage fédérée et analysons empiriquement comment elle améliore la précision hors distribution (OOD) ainsi que la confidentialité du modèle appris final. Bien que l’apprentissage fédéré permette aux participants de contribuer leurs données locales sans les révéler, il se heurte à des problèmes de sécurité des données et de paiement précis des participants pour des contributions de données de qualité. Dans ce rapport, nous proposons également une conception et un flux de travail EOS Blockchain pour établir la sécurité des données, une nouvelle métrique basée sur les erreurs de validation sur laquelle nous qualifions les téléchargements de gradient pour le paiement, et implémentons un petit exemple de notre modèle d’apprentissage fédéré blockchain pour analyser ses performances.

<p>The swift emergence and wide-ranging utilization of machine learning (ML) across various industries, including healthcare, transportation, and robotics, have underscored the escalating need for efficient, scalable, and privacy-preserving solutions. Recognizing this, we present an integrated examination of three novel frameworks, each addressing different aspects of distributed learning and privacy issues: Two Timescale Hybrid Federated Learning (TT-HF), Delay-Aware Federated Learning (DFL), and Differential Privacy Hierarchical Federated Learning (DP-HFL). TT-HF introduces a semi-decentralized architecture that combines device-to-server and device-to-device (D2D) communications. Devices execute multiple stochastic gradient descent iterations on their datasets and sporadically synchronize model parameters via D2D communications. A unique adaptive control algorithm optimizes step size, D2D communication rounds, and global aggregation period to minimize network resource utilization and achieve a sublinear convergence rate. TT-HF outperforms conventional FL approaches in terms of model accuracy, energy consumption, and resilience against outages. DFL focuses on enhancing distributed ML training efficiency by accounting for communication delays between edge and cloud. It also uses multiple stochastic gradient descent iterations and periodically consolidates model parameters via edge servers. The adaptive control algorithm for DFL mitigates energy consumption and edge-to-cloud latency, resulting in faster global model convergence, reduced resource consumption, and robustness against delays. Lastly, DP-HFL is introduced to combat privacy vulnerabilities in FL. Merging the benefits of FL and Hierarchical Differential Privacy (HDP), DP-HFL significantly reduces the need for differential privacy noise while maintaining model performance, exhibiting an optimal privacy-performance trade-off. Theoretical analysis under both convex and nonconvex loss functions confirms DP-HFL’s effectiveness regarding convergence speed, privacy performance trade-off, and potential performance enhancement with appropriate network configuration. In sum, the study thoroughly explores TT-HF, DFL, and DP-HFL, and their unique solutions to distributed learning challenges such as efficiency, latency, and privacy concerns. These advanced FL frameworks have considerable potential to further enable effective, efficient, and secure distributed learning.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Federated Learning (FL), a novel subclass of Artificial Intelligence, decentralizes the learning process by enabling participants to benefit from a comprehensive model trained on a broader dataset without direct sharing of private data. This approach integrates multiple local models into a global model, mitigating the need for large individual datasets. However, the decentralized nature of FL increases its vulnerability to adversarial attacks. These include backdoor attacks, which subtly alter classification in some categories, and byzantine attacks, aimed at degrading the overall model accuracy. Detecting and defending against such attacks is challenging, as adversaries can participate in the system, masquerading as benign contributors. This thesis provides an extensive analysis of the various security attacks, highlighting the distinct elements of each and the inherent vulnerabilities of FL that facilitate these attacks. The focus is primarily on backdoor attacks, which are stealthier and more difficult to detect compared to byzantine attacks. We explore defense strategies effective in identifying malicious participants or mitigating attack impacts on the global model. The primary aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of existing server-level defenses and to develop innovative defense mechanisms under diverse threat models. This includes scenarios where the server collaborates with clients to thwart attacks, cases where the server remains passive but benign, and situations where no server is present, requiring clients to independently minimize and isolate attacks while enhancing main task performance. Throughout, we ensure that the interventions do not compromise the performance of both global and local models. The research predominantly utilizes 2D and 3D datasets to underscore the practical implications and effectiveness of proposed methodologies.</p>