The topological aspects of superconductivity on doped Weyl semimetals are investigated. / Topological phases of matter have sparked significant experimental and theoretical interest due to the topologically robust edge modes they host, as well as their classification through rich mathematics. An interesting example of a topological phase in three dimensions, the Weyl semimetal, can exhibit topological ordering through the existence of Fermi arcs on the surfaces of the material. For the doped Weyl semimetal, we investigate possible resulting Weyl superconducting states --- both the inter-Fermi surface pairing state following Li and Haldane, and the intra-Fermi surface pairing state following Burkov --- in this thesis, and study their topological properties by computing the gapless Weyl-Majorana edge modes they host. The results obtained in Ref. \cite{LH} for the inter-Fermi surface superconducting state are reproduced, and the bulk and edge properties of the intra-Fermi surface pairing superconducting state are studied in detail. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / In this thesis, we study an interesting class of topological materials called the Weyl semimetal as well as its associated superconducting phases. A description of the Fermi arcs on Weyl semimetals are given, and the topological properties of the inter-Fermi surface and intra-Fermi surface pairing states are studied in detail.

In this thesis the Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are studied, the brightest explosions in the universe. GRBs have been observed since year 1967, but there are several unsolved problems. In the first chapter there is an introduction to the issue of GRBs, and the history of observations are briefly described. The Fermi satellite, the latest satellite devoted to gamma-ray burst observations is described in chapter two. Characteristics of the Fermi instruments are also described. The observed data of GRBs are characterized in the third chapter. The distribution of GRB durations, distances, and spectral hardnesses are described. The characteristics of long and short GRBs (distance, isotropy of distribution, metalicity dependence, isotropic energy) are described. A chance of the appearance of a GRB in the Milky Way is discussed. New Fermi observations are described too. Fourth chapter is about models of GRBs. The fireball and canonball models are described. Fifth chapter is focused on the exposure function of CGRO-BATSE, Fermi-GBM, Swift. I have created the exposure function for GBM on Fermi satellite. It is quite difficult, and I have assumed some simplified hypotheses. Information of the satellite's position, position of detectors on the Fermi satellite, have been found on the Fermi web pages and in the article...

Neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo espectroscópico vibracional do dissulfeto de carbono, CS2, puro e em misturas binárias com diferentes solventes moleculares, a fim de investigar as interações soluto/soluto e soluto/solvente. Os solventes utilizados para esse estudo foram diclorometano (CH2Cl2), clorofórmio (CHCl3), clorofórmio deuterado (CDCl3), benzeno (C6H6) e tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4); e as técnicas utilizadas foram as espectroscopias Raman e infravermelho (IV). A análise das bandas Raman do CS2 que formam o dubleto de Fermi (v1-2v2) permite determinar uma série de valores empíricos, chamados de parâmetros de ressonância de Fermi, dentre os quais, o coeficiente de acoplamento de Fermi (W) foi o mais utilizado neste trabalho. Os diferentes valores de W nos diferentes meios são consequência das forças das interações intermoleculares existentes entre CS2/CS2 e CS2/solvente. Os experimentos demonstraram que os valores de W em todas as misturas binárias investigadas aumentam à medida que a fração molar de CS2 diminui. Isto sugere que quando o CS2 é solvatado por diferentes moléculas, há um aumento da anarmonicidade, dependendo do tipo de interação. A análise da banda atribuída ao modo de deformação angular do CS2, v2, realizada a partir dos espectros no infravermelho sugere que em misturas binárias existem dois regimes de solvatação na solução, uma referente às interações CS2/ CS2, onde as moléculas de CS2 estão preferencialmente solvatadas por moléculas de CS2 e outro regime de solvatação referente às interações CS2/solvente, onde CS2 está solvatado por moléculas do solvente em questão. / In this work has performed a vibrational spectroscopic investigation of carbon disulphide, CS2, neat and in binary mixtures with different molecular solvents, aiming at understanding the solute/solute and solute/solvent interactions. The solvents considered for this study were dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), chloroform (CHCl3), deuterated chloroform (CDCl3), benzene (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4); and the techniques used were Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopies. The analysis of the Raman bands that compose the Fermi doublet (v1-2v2) allows the determination of a series of empirical values, including the coefficient of Fermi coupling (W), used along this work. The different values of W within the different solvents are consequence of the intermolecular forces between CS2/CS2 and CS2/solvent. The experimental data showed that the W values in all investigated binary mixtures increase as the CS2 molar fraction decreases. It suggests that when CS2 is solvated by different molecules, there is an increase of the anarmonicity, depending on the type of the interaction. The analysis of the band assigned to the CS2 bending mode, v2, performed from infrared spectra, suggests that in the binary mixtures there are two solvation regimes in solution, one related to the CS2/CS2 interactions, where the CS2 molecule is preferentially solvated by CS2 molecules, and one where the CS2 is solvated by the respective solvent molecules.

Neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo espectroscópico vibracional do dissulfeto de carbono, CS2, puro e em misturas binárias com diferentes solventes moleculares, a fim de investigar as interações soluto/soluto e soluto/solvente. Os solventes utilizados para esse estudo foram diclorometano (CH2Cl2), clorofórmio (CHCl3), clorofórmio deuterado (CDCl3), benzeno (C6H6) e tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4); e as técnicas utilizadas foram as espectroscopias Raman e infravermelho (IV). A análise das bandas Raman do CS2 que formam o dubleto de Fermi (v1-2v2) permite determinar uma série de valores empíricos, chamados de parâmetros de ressonância de Fermi, dentre os quais, o coeficiente de acoplamento de Fermi (W) foi o mais utilizado neste trabalho. Os diferentes valores de W nos diferentes meios são consequência das forças das interações intermoleculares existentes entre CS2/CS2 e CS2/solvente. Os experimentos demonstraram que os valores de W em todas as misturas binárias investigadas aumentam à medida que a fração molar de CS2 diminui. Isto sugere que quando o CS2 é solvatado por diferentes moléculas, há um aumento da anarmonicidade, dependendo do tipo de interação. A análise da banda atribuída ao modo de deformação angular do CS2, v2, realizada a partir dos espectros no infravermelho sugere que em misturas binárias existem dois regimes de solvatação na solução, uma referente às interações CS2/ CS2, onde as moléculas de CS2 estão preferencialmente solvatadas por moléculas de CS2 e outro regime de solvatação referente às interações CS2/solvente, onde CS2 está solvatado por moléculas do solvente em questão. / In this work has performed a vibrational spectroscopic investigation of carbon disulphide, CS2, neat and in binary mixtures with different molecular solvents, aiming at understanding the solute/solute and solute/solvent interactions. The solvents considered for this study were dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), chloroform (CHCl3), deuterated chloroform (CDCl3), benzene (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4); and the techniques used were Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopies. The analysis of the Raman bands that compose the Fermi doublet (v1-2v2) allows the determination of a series of empirical values, including the coefficient of Fermi coupling (W), used along this work. The different values of W within the different solvents are consequence of the intermolecular forces between CS2/CS2 and CS2/solvent. The experimental data showed that the W values in all investigated binary mixtures increase as the CS2 molar fraction decreases. It suggests that when CS2 is solvated by different molecules, there is an increase of the anarmonicity, depending on the type of the interaction. The analysis of the band assigned to the CS2 bending mode, v2, performed from infrared spectra, suggests that in the binary mixtures there are two solvation regimes in solution, one related to the CS2/CS2 interactions, where the CS2 molecule is preferentially solvated by CS2 molecules, and one where the CS2 is solvated by the respective solvent molecules.

Orientador: Guillermo Gerardo Cabrera Oyarzun / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T19:06:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Uchoa_Bruno_D.pdf: 3173776 bytes, checksum: bbc84ac454d01ce5ee4aa4ae8b9d5b42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Investigamos os efeitos macroscópicos de ondas das densidade de carga ( CDW) e da supercondutividade em sistemas organizados em planos que exibem quebra da simetria de inversão da rede (o que permitiria o aparecimento de piezoeletricidade), como nos metais de transição dicalcogenados (TMDs). Partindo da teoria de Ginzburg-Landau com dependência temporal a baixas temperaturas, estudamos como as distorções da rede e os modos coletivos de baixa energia da CDW se acoplam ao parâmetro de ordem supercondutor na presença de campos eletromagnéticos. Demonstramos que a supercondutividade e a piezoeletricidade podem coexistir nesses metais singulares. Além disso, este estudo indica a natureza do ponto crítico quântico entre a fase CDW comensurá.vel e a fase de faixas de carga, observado em função da pressão aplicada. Estes resultados são utilizados para fundamentar um modelo microscópico que unifica a supercondutividade às fases de CDW nos TMDs. Baseados na natureza do acoplamento elétron-fônon e na topologia peculiar da superfície de Fermi, propomos que o gap de CDW tem simetria f e quebra a simetria de inversão da rede na fase disorcida. As quase- partículas da teoria são férmions de Dirac definidos pelas exitações elementares da CDW na vizinhaça dos nós da superfície de Fermi, onde o gap da CDW se fecha. O estado supercondutor é formado pela atração entre férmions de Dirac através de fônons virtuais mediados pelo acoplamento piezoelétrico. Segundo esta teoria, as propriedades de transporte e o tempo de meia-vida das excitações de quase-partícula mostram fortes desvios em relação à teoria do líquido de Fermi / Abstract: We investigate the macroscopic effects of charge density waves (CDW) and superconductivity in layered superconducting systems with broken lattice inversion symmetry (allowing for piezoelectricity) such as two dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD). We work with the low temperature time dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory and study the coupling of lattice distortions and low energy CDW collective modes to the superconducting order parameter in the presence of electromagnetic fields. We show that superconductivity and piezoelectricity can coexist in these singular metals. Furthermore, our study indicates the nature of the quantum phase transition between a commensurate CDW phase and the stripe phase that has been observed as a function of applied pressure. These results are used to support a microscopic unified picture with superconductivity and CDW phases in TMD. Based on the nature of the electron-phonon coupling and Fermi surface topology, we propose a f-wave symmetry CDW gap which breakes the lattice inversion symmetry in the distorted phase. The quasiparticles are Dirac fennions defined by the elementary excitations of the CDW in the vicinity of the Fermi surface nodes, where the CDW gap is zero. The superconducting state has its origin in virtual phonon attraction of the Dirac fermions, mediated by the piezoelectric coupling. According to this theory, the transport properties and the quasiparticles life-time show strong deviations from the Fermi liquid theory / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

The interplay of partially filled d- or f-electron shells with conduction-band electrons is a key ingredient in new rare-earth transition-metal compounds for the emergence of unusual electronic and magnetic properties. Among which unconventional superconductivity is one of the most studied. Despite many years of intensive experimental investigations and plenty promising theoretical models, unconventional superconductivity still remains hotly debated a very rich topic. One of the fundamental unsolved problems for condensed-matter physicists is the mechanism that causes the electrons to form anisotropic superconductivity. Since electrons in the vicinity of the Fermi level are primarily responsible for superconductivity, in order to better understand the mechanism giving rise to this phenomenon and the origin of complex forces between correlated electrons, knowledge of the Fermi surface and band selective effective mass is essential. Of the many techniques used to study electronic band-structure properties, measurements of quantum oscillations in the magnetization, so-called de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) effect, in combination with band-structure calculations is the traditional proven tool for studying Fermi-surface topology and quasiparticle effective mass. In the present work, electronic structure and Fermi-surface properties of Ybsubstituted heavy fermion superconductor CeCoIn5 and iron based ternary phosphides LaFe2P2 and CeFe2P2 have been investigated by means of dHvA measurements. For these measurements, capacitive cantilever-torque magnetometry was utilized. In Ce1−xYbxCoIn5, the evolution of the Fermi surface and effective mass was studied as a function of Yb concentration. The observed topology change is consistent with what is expected from the band-structure calculations. For a small Yb concentration, x = 0.1, the band-structure topology and the effective masses remain nearly unchanged compared to CeCoIn5. This contrasts clearly modified Fermi surfaces and light, almost unrenormalized effective masses for x = 0.2 and above. For LaFe2P2 and CeFe2P2, the obtained effective masses are light. Good agreement between the calculated and measured dHvA frequencies was identified only for LaFe2P2. However, for CeFe2P2 strong disagreement was observed. Moreover, different CeFe2P2 single crystals reveal different experimental results. In order to reconcile the results of the dHvA measurements and density-functional-theory calculations more work is necessary.

Interacting Fermi gases are one of the chief paradigms of condensed matter physics. They have been studied since the beginning of the development of quantum mechanics, but continue to produce surprises today. Recent experimental developments in the field of ultracold atomic gases, as well as conventional solid state materials, have produced new and exotic forms of Fermi gases, the theoretical understanding of which is still in its infancy. This Thesis aims to provide updated tools and additional insights into some of these systems, through the application of both numerical and analytical techniques. The first Part of this Thesis is concerned with the development of improved numerical tools for the study of interacting Fermi gases. These tools take the form of accurate model potentials for the dipolar and contact interactions, as found in various ultracold atomic gas experiments, and a new form of Jastrow correlation factor that interpolates between the radial symmetry of the inter-electron Coulomb potential at short inter-particle distances, and the symmetry of the numerical simulation cell at large separation. These methods are designed primarily for use in quantum Monte Carlo numerical calculations, and provide high accuracy along with considerable acceleration of simulations. The second Part shifts focus to an analytical analysis of spin-imbalanced Fermi gases with an attractive contact interaction. The spin-imbalanced Fermi gas is shown to be unstable to the formation of multi-particle instabilities, generalisations of a Cooper pair containing more than two fermions, and then a theory of superconductivity is built from these instabilities. This multi-particle superconductivity is shown to be energetically favourable over conventional superconducting phases in spin-imbalanced Fermi gases, and its unusual experimental consequences are discussed.

Dans ce travail nous étudions les collisions 40,48 Ca + 40,48 Ca à E = 35 AMeV , mesurées au GANIL avec le couplage unique du spectromètre VAMOS et du multi-détecteur INDRA. Lors de telles collisions les modèles dynamiques prédisent la formation d’un col à basse densité entre deux fragments chauds cinématiquement proches du projectile et de la cible. L’identification isotopique du projectile désexcité (PLF) apportée par VAMOS, et la topologie des espèces détectées en coïncidence dans INDRA, montrent que l’ évolution du rapport N/Z des produits est influencée par le N/Z du système (projectile et cible). Les multiplicités moyennes des particules légères chargées (LCP, Z ≤ 2) suivent en particulier une hiérarchie selon le N/Z du système, et celles des deutons et particules alphas semblent refléter une production dynamique. Une étude des rapports isotopiques a ensuite mis en exergue les mécanismes de transport de l’isospin : la migration et la diffusion de l’isospin, tous deux liés au terme d’ énergie de symétrie de l’ équation d’ état nucléaire. Un objectif de ce travail a été notamment de contraindre les modèles théoriques grâce à l’expérience. Nous avons ainsi appliqué une étude comparative entre les données, le modèle géométrique ELIE et le modèle de transport AMD, désexcités par le code GEMINI++ et filtrés. Cette étude a mis en exergue que le modèle AMD avec un potentiel effectif Gogny asysoft reproduit mieux l’ évolution expérimentale du N/Z du PLF et la hiérarchie des multiplicités des LCP. Enfin nous avons observé que les rapports isotopiques issus des modèles ne reproduisent pas d’enrichissement en neutrons à la mi-rapidité contrairement à l’expérience. / In this work we study the 40,48 Ca+ 40,48 Ca collisions at E = 35 AM eV , measured at GANIL with the coupling of the large acceptance spectrometer VAMOS and the multi-detector array INDRA. During such collisions transport models predict the formation of a low-density neckbetween two hot fragments kinematicaly close to the projectile and the target. The isotopic identification of the projectile-like fragment (PLF) provided by VAMOS, coupled to the topology of the light-charged particles (LCP) detected in coincidence with INDRA, show that the N/Z ratio of the products is influenced by the N/Z of the system (projectile and target). The mean multiplicities associated to the LCP follow a hierarchy according to the system, and the one associated to deuterons and α particles may well reflect a dynamical production. A studyof the isotopic ratios have highlighted isospin transport mechanisms : the isospin drift and the isospin diffusion, both linked to the symmetry energy term of the nuclear equation of state. A goal of this work was also to constrain theoretical models using experiment. We have thenapplied a systematic study to compare data with the geometrical model elie and the transport model amd, both filtered, and using gemini++ as after-burner. This study have highlighted that the amd model with an asysoft equation of state better fits the experimental evolutionof the N/Z of the PLF and also the LCP mean multiplicites shapes. Finally we have observed that the isotopic ratios don’t reproduce the neutron-enrichment of the mid-rapidity observed in the data.

Cette thèse explore plusieurs sujets fondamentaux pour les circuits mésoscopiques qui incorporent un faible nombre de canaux de conduction électroniques. Les premières expériences concernent le caractère quantifié (discret) de la charge dans les circuits. Nous démontrons le critère de quantification de la charge, nous observons la loi d’échelle prédite pour cette quantification ainsi qu’une transition vers comportement universel à mesure que la température augmente. Le second ensemble d’expériences concerne la physique critique quantique non-conventionnelle qui émerge du modèle Kondo à multi-canaux. Par l’implémentation d’une impureté Kondo avec un pseudo-spin de valeur ½ constitué de deux états de charge dégénérés d’un circuit, nous explorons la physique Kondo à deux- et trois-canaux. Au point critique quantique symétrique, nous observons les points fixes Kondo universels prédits, des exposants universels de lois d’échelle et nous validons les courbes complètes obtenues par le groupe de renormalisation numérique. En s’écartant du point critique quantique, nous explorons la transition depuis la zone critique quantique : par une visualisation directe du development d’une transition de phase quantique, par l’espace des paramètres de la zone critique quantique ainsi que par les comportements d’universalité et d’échelle. / This thesis explores several fundamental topics in mesoscopic circuitry that incorporates few electronic conduction channels. The first experiments address the quantized character (the discreteness) of charge in circuits. We demonstrate the charge quantization criterion, observe the predicted charge quantization scaling and demonstrate a crossover toward a universal behavior as temperature is increased. The second set of experiments addresses the unconventional quantum critical physics that arises in the multichannel Kondo model. By implementing a Kondo impurity with a pseudo-spin of ½ constituted by two degenerate charge states of a circuit, we explore the two- and three-channel Kondo physics. At the symmetric quantum critical point, we observe the predicted universal Kondo fixed points, scaling exponents and validate the full numerical renormalization group scaling curves. Away from the quantum critical point, we explore the crossover from quantum criticality: direct visualization of the development of a quantum phase transition, the parameter space for quantum criticality, as well as universality and scaling behaviors.

In dieser Doktorarbeit wurde die elektronische Struktur von konventionellen und unkonventionellen Supraleitern untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die dHvA Parameter zu berechnen und mit experimentellen Daten zu vergleichen. Mit Hilfe des Bandstrukturprogrammes FPLO, welches auf der DFT basiert, untersuchten wir Diboride (MgB$_2$ und TaB$_2$) und schwere Fermionenverbindungen (CeMIn$_5$ und PuMGa$_5$, M=Co, Rh, und Ir) innerhalb der LSD-Näherung. / In this thesis theoretical study of the electronic structure of conventional and unconventional superconductor compounds was carried out. The goal was to calculate the dHvA parameters in comparison with available experimental data. By means of FPLO band structure code based on DFT within LSDA we investigated diborides (MgB$_2$ and TaB$_2$) and heavy fermion compounds (CeMIn$_5$ and PuMGa$_5$, M=Co, Rh, and Ir).