The thesis deals with the topic of mindfulness. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the latest research on mindfulness in work (non-clinical) environments and ways to promote and develop mindfulness in people are reviewed. Standardized and non- standardized ways of increasing mindfulness are mentioned. The research section consists of several sub-researches. The first, qualitative research explores how people understand the concept of mindfulness and how they think it can be increased. The qualitative research was conducted in the form of a questionnaire (N = 54). The results of the analysis show that how people understand the concept of mindfulness is not too far from the professional definition of the term, but primarily people understand the term as mindfulness of the environment, less mindfulness of the self. The second, quantitative research project involves the adaptation of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire into Czech and its new standardization, which was carried out by comparing parallel translations and subsequent back-translation checked by the author of the questionnaire, Ruth Baer. The standardization was performed on a quota representative sample of the population (N = 240). Norms were created for both the overall mindfulness score and for the individual scales of the...

This thesis deals with the use of mindfulness techniques at adult clients with ADHD aiming to determine the beneficial effects of this kind of intervention. An eight-week long mindfulness course carried out by means of the action research was attended by twelve adults with ADHD in total. The course designed as eight individual online meetings helped to get a deeper insight into the benefit and demands of the individual techniques as they are perceived by the participants. The level of the attentiveness change was monitored by the Face Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-15-CZ) both before and after attending the course. The analysis of the participants' answers, which have become the main method to collect the data, shows that the mindfulness method has brought changes in the participants' lives; among them getting conscious, present, the ability to slow down, calm down and stop, thanks to which they have managed to better face the ADHD manifestation. Mindfulness appears to be another possible intervention which can help adults to reduce difficulties caused by this disorder.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dispositional mindfulness moderates the relationship between autonomous motivation and training frequency. The study conducted was a cross sectional study in the form of a digital questionnaire survey, in which the participants filled in three different self assessment questionnaires that measured dispositional mindfulness (FFMQ), Autonomous motivation (BREQ-4) and average training frequency during a 7-day period (GODIN). The selection of participants consisted of 134 individuals (73.9% women and 26.1% men) between the ages of 18-58 (M = 39.61; SD = 11.6). The result of the study was non-significant, which indicates that dispositional mindfulness does not moderate the relationship between autonomous motivation and training frequency. The relationship between these three variables is in previous studies relatively underrepresented, therefore more studies (e.g. experimental and longitudinal studies) should be conducted to be able to draw a definitive conclusion about the effect mindfulness has on the relationship between motivation and training frequency. Since this study diminishes the statement of training frequency being positively affected by mindfulness, future studies could suggestively shift focus and conduct deeper investigations about whether mindfulness affects other aspects of training (e.g. performance or regulation of emotions). This study does not indicate any practical implications, but in the long term, the result of this study could be used as a building block to conclude how mindfulness could be a useful and low-cost tool for sustainable practice of physical activity in the long term, which WHO (2020) demands. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka huruvida dispositionell mindfulness kan moderera självbestämmande motivation gentemot motionsmängd. Undersökningen som genomfördes var en digital enkätundersökning i tvärsnittsdesign, där samtliga deltagare under ett tillfälle fyllde i tre olika formulär som representerade respektive variabel, det vill säga dispositionell mindfulness (FFMQ), självbestämmande motivation (BREQ-4) och genomsnittlig motionsmängd på en sju dagars-period (GODIN). Urvalet bestod av 134 individer (73,9% kvinnor och 26.1% män) mellan åldrarna 18-58 (M = 39.61; SD = 11.6). Resultatet blev icke-signifikant, vilket indikerar att dispositionell mindfulness inte modererar relationen mellan självbestämmande motion och motionsmängd. Denna relation mellan dessa tre specifika variabler är relativt outforskad, därav behövs fler framtida studier i form av exempelvis experimentella och longitudinella studier för att kunna dra en definitiv slutats kring mindfulness effekt på relationen mellan motivation och motionsmängd. Eftersom denna studie försvagar påståendet att just motionsmängd blir positivt påverkat av mindfulness, kan framtida studier förslagsvis skifta fokus och djupare undersöka huruvida mindfulness påverkar andra aspekter av motion, exempelvis prestation eller emotionsreglering. Denna studie ger inga direkta praktiska implikationer, men långsiktigt kan detta resultat agera som en byggsten kring huruvida mindfulness eventuellt kan användas som ett hjälpmedel till vad WHO (2020) efterfrågar, nämligen ett priseffektivt verktyg till främjandet av långsiktigt och hållbart utövande av fysisk aktivitet.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether dispositional mindfulness moderates the relationship between self-determined motivation and exercise amount. The current study consisted of a Swedish population with a total of 134 participants (73.9% women) between 18-58 years of age (M = 39.61; SD = 11.6) who practiced a varied amount of physical activity. There were no specific requirements for participation as a general population was sought. The study was of a cross-sectional design and the data was gathered through a digital survey and was published on several different Facebook groups, a variety of Facebook groups was sought and thereby the groups consisted of everything from training specific to culture specific. The dependent variable was measured by the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), the independent variable was measured by the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-4) and the moderating variable was measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). All forms consisted of the Swedish translated version. The result of the moderation analysis was non-significant, which indicates that mindfulness does not moderate the relationship between self-determination and exercise frequency and was analysed through the SPSS add-on Process v.4.1. This specific relationship within the research field is undeveloped and it is therefore recommended that the results of the current study are used cautiously, until more studies contribute to a justified conclusion. / Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka om dispositionell mindfulness modererar relationen mellan självbestämmande motivation och motionsmängd. Föreliggande studie bestod av en svensk population på totalt 134 deltagare (73,9% kvinnor) mellan 18-58 år (M = 39.61; SD = 11.6) som utövade en varierad grad av fysisk aktivitet. Det krävdes inga specifika krav för att delta eftersom en generell population eftersträvades. Studien var av tvärsnittsdesign och datainsamlingen skedde genom en digital enkät och publicerades på flera olika facebook-grupper, där variation eftersträvades och berörda grupper bestod av allt från träning- till kulturspecifika. Beroendevariabeln mättes genom Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), den oberoende variabeln mättes genom Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-4) och den modererande variabeln mättes genom Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Samtliga formulär bestod av den svensköversatta versionen. Modereringsanalysen utfördes genom SPSS tillägget Process v.4.1 och resultatet framkom som icke-signifikant, vilket innebär att mindfulness inte modererar relationen mellan självbestämmande motivation och motionsmängd. Denna specifika relation är inom forskningsområdet outforskat och det rekommenderas därför att resultatet beaktas med varsamhet, tills mer belägg kontribuerar till en befogad slutsats.

Stress är ett växande samhällsproblem och står för en tredjedel av alla sjukskrivningar i Sverige. Många företag uppger att de inte har metoder för att hantera stress. Därmed finns ett stort behov av effektiva metoder för detta. Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) verkar vara en effektiv metod för att minska stress, men verkningsmekanismerna är ej helt fastställda. Både mindfulness och självmedkänsla förefaller kunna ha inverkan på stress. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilken relation mindfulness och självmedkänsla har till upplevd stress bland universitetsstudenter samt om något av begreppen har en starkare relation till upplevd stress än det andra. Tre validerade självskattningsinstrument, Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionaire (FFMQ-S) och Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14), administrerades till 203 universitetsstudenter. I enlighet med förväntningarna fanns det ett statistiskt signifikant samband mellan FFMQ och SCS. Regressionsanalyser visade att både FFMQ och SCS predicerade poäng på PSS-14 och att SCS kunde predicera poäng på  PSS-14 i högre grad än FFMQ. Kön var också en signifikant prediktor av poäng på PSS-14, men dess prediktiva värde var ej signifikant när FFMQ och SCS inkluderades i regressionsmodellen. Fyndet tyder på att självmedkänsla är en viktig del i hanteringen av stress och bidrar med en ledtråd i verkningsmekanismerna i MBSR och andra copingstrategier. Mer forskning behövs för att vidare utreda kausalitet och hur de olika komponenterna i självmedkänsla verkar på upplevd stress. / Stress is a growing social problem which accounts for a third of all sick leave in Sweden. Many companies say they do not have methods to manage stress. Thus there is a great need for effective methods to manage stress with. Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is an effective method to reduce stress, however the mechanisms are not completely understood. Research indicates that Self-compassion seems to have a significant role. Both mindfulness and self-compassion hence seems to be able to have an impact on stress. The purpose of this study is to examine what relationship mindfulness and self-compassion has with perceived stress, and if any of the concepts has a stronger relationship to perceived stress than the other. Three validated self-report instruments, Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS14), were administered to 203 university students. The collected data was analyzed with regression analysis. In line with expectations, mindfulness and self-compassion correlated. The results also indicated that both FFMQ and SCS can predict PSS-14 scores, and that scores on SCS could predict scores on PSS-14 to a greater extent than FFMQ could. Gender did also significantly predict scores on PSS-14, but it did not have any significant predictive value when SCS and FFMQ was included in the regression analysis. These findings suggests that self-compassion is an important part of managing stress and therefore might be a significant mechanism of action of MBSR and other coping strategies. More research is needed to further investigate causality, and the function of the various components of self-compassion on perceived stress.

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This study explored mindfulness in eight self–injuring psychiatric adolescents. A concurrent triangulation mixed–method design was used. In–depth semi–structured clinical interviews and clinical records constituted the qualitative data, while quantitative data was gathered using the Five–Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Thematic analysis was used to generate themes and subthemes for both selfinjury and mindfulness. Findings regarding self–injury were in line with the literature. In terms of mindfulness, two groups emerged: one sometimes acting mindfully and the other often acting mindfully. Both similarities and differences were found between the groups. Similarities in self–injuring behaviour can be explained by their similar scores on Observe and Nonreact, while the differences can be explained by the differences in their scores on Describe, Act with Awareness and Nonjudge. Those who sometimes act mindfully tend to be more self–critical, report more severe and lethal self–injuring episodes and more often use self–injury for self–punishment. Although those who often act mindfully self–injure more often, they show more selfcompassion and report less severe injuries and less lethal methods. Future research should explore the usefulness of mindfulness–based interventions, especially teaching Nonjudge and Nonreact skills, to not only increase mindfulness, but to decrease selfinjuring behaviour. Seeing that this is an exploratory study on a small sample, the results presented here should be considered to be preliminary until replicated with a larger clinical sample. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This study explored mindfulness in eight self–injuring psychiatric adolescents. A concurrent triangulation mixed–method design was used. In–depth semi–structured clinical interviews and clinical records constituted the qualitative data, while quantitative data was gathered using the Five–Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Thematic analysis was used to generate themes and subthemes for both selfinjury and mindfulness. Findings regarding self–injury were in line with the literature. In terms of mindfulness, two groups emerged: one sometimes acting mindfully and the other often acting mindfully. Both similarities and differences were found between the groups. Similarities in self–injuring behaviour can be explained by their similar scores on Observe and Nonreact, while the differences can be explained by the differences in their scores on Describe, Act with Awareness and Nonjudge. Those who sometimes act mindfully tend to be more self–critical, report more severe and lethal self–injuring episodes and more often use self–injury for self–punishment. Although those who often act mindfully self–injure more often, they show more selfcompassion and report less severe injuries and less lethal methods. Future research should explore the usefulness of mindfulness–based interventions, especially teaching Nonjudge and Nonreact skills, to not only increase mindfulness, but to decrease selfinjuring behaviour. Seeing that this is an exploratory study on a small sample, the results presented here should be considered to be preliminary until replicated with a larger clinical sample. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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