Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008. / Research shows that Cape Town has become one of the most popular and prestigious destinations to visit and has opened its doors to minor and major events worldwide. Successful annual events that have become established in Cape Town, nationally and internationally, include events such as the Cape Town International Jazz Festival, Cape Outdoor Adventure and Travel show, Community Chest Carnival, Design Indaba, Design for Living, Homemakers Expo, Cape Argus Cycle Tour, as well as the Old Mutual Two Oceans Marathon and the Cape Town International Kite Festival. Venues such as the Cape Town International Convention Centre have become an international trademark and host large events such as the World Diabetes Conference. These events and venues have placed Cape Town in the world’s top ten destinations to visit. Cape Town is currently preparing for the 2010 Soccer World Cup which places much focus on Risk Management and Compliance. Risk Management concerns predictions and preventions and is described as a process of continuous improvement, which is directed towards effective management of potential opportunities and adverse effects that would impact the event. Risk management plays an important role in the planning and organising of these major events. The aim of this study has determined what the common risks were that event stakeholders within the City of Cape Town have found difficult to manage and have regularly encountered. Risk Management has become one of the most important operational domains within the Event Industry within Cape Town, as well as on a global scale. Since Cape Town has become a global player within the events arena, in terms of major events, much focus has been on risk responsibility and accountability.

Thesis (Mtech( Tourism and hospitality management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010 / This thesis exams the extent to which the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup will impact on African immigrants in the Western Cape. The study aims to investigate their awareness, expectations, perceptions, and how they would like to be involved in this major event. Between 1 November and 30 November, about a year and a half before the 2010 World Cup starts, 200 immigrants from the African continent who live in the Republic of South Africa completed the survey instrument. The study was conducted in two residential areas, two Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and the Cape Town city centre. A quantitative design using a questionnaire survey was utilised to establish the opinions of the participants. Data analysed by means of descriptive statistics was used to obtain the frequencies, expressed as percentages. The results of this study reveal that African immigrants in the Western Cape are aware of the 2010 World Cup and the different opportunities of hosting it on the African continent. African immigrants have positive perceptions and expectations towards this event. They expect to gain some benefits and are ready to be involved in this major event. This research also proposes a framework that offers simple ideas and suggestions to allow the Local Organising Committee (LOC) to select a suitable level on which to involve African Immigrants of the Western Cape in the 2010 World Cup, as well as the ‘tools and techniques’ to help the LOC to plan, implement and evaluate the right community involvement process. This study could assist in planning and deciding suitable strategies for the Western Cape Province and the 2010 World Cup Local Organising Committee for community involvement in this event. It could assist also in making the 2010 World Cup an African event, by giving it a true African flavour and focus.

Magíster en Gestión de Operaciones / Ingeniero Civil Industrial / El presente trabajo se centra en la confección de distintas metodologías de creación de ratings, mediante técnicas estadísticas para el ordenamiento de las selecciones de fútbol internacionales con el fin de mejorar el ya existente y conocido mundialmente Ranking FIFA. Los métodos utilizados en este trabajo integran los datos de partidos de fútbol entre selecciones adultas desde el año 2005 al 2013 y que permitieron la asignación de los cabezas de serie para el Mundial de fútbol acontecido en Brasil durante los meses de Junio y Julio del 2014. Para el estudio de las variables más importantes que determinan el resultado de un encuentro se utilizaron 4 modelos predictivos. El principal enfoque utilizado fue el uso de modelos Logit Multinomiales. El modelo que permita explicar de mejor manera la data utilizando el mínimo número de variables será la primera metodología que se utilizará como propuesta al ranking FIFA actual. El modelo de predicción que mejor se ajustó a la data fue el basado en 2 atributos: Diferencia de ranking entre los equipos, y el factor localía. De esta manera variables como pertenecer a cierta confederación o la localía continental no fueron incluidas en las propuestas finales. Además de lo recién señalado se realizan modificaciones estructurales al modelo FIFA existente, que permiten corregir ciertos defectos. Luego de proponer metodologías diferentes a la actual, se evalúan los resultados de cada una de ellas bajo métricas de comparación. Primero que todo se debe notar que una metodología será evaluada de acuerdo al ranking que de ella se desprenda. Estos rankings serán comparados mediante la métrica "mean squared error" (MSE) a partir de Rankings de Referencias. En la segunda parte de esta tesis se propone un modelo lineal que sea capaz de generar propuestas para mundiales con fase de grupos mucho más equilibradas que los que se han visto en las últimas ediciones mundialistas, en las cuales la disparidad en el nivel de los equipos intergrupos ha sido tema recurrente.

Att få anordna ett världsmästerskap i fotboll ses som en stor ära, då det bygger upp förväntningar en nation, eller flera, kan bygga en gemenskap omkring. I juli år 2000 valdes Tyskland som arrangör till mästerskapet i fotboll år 2006 och således började förberedelser ta fart. Syftet med denna uppsats är studera huruvida fotbolls-VM i Tyskland (2006) var ett samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt projekt eller inte. Tidigare studier i området pekar på att det finns en överskattning i de nettofördelar som landet visar sig få. I studien kommer en nytto-kostnadsanalys (CBA) att utföras där relevanta nyttor och kostnader lyfts fram och ställs mot varandra. Kostnadssidan är mer tillförlitlig då de största utgifterna är officiella, medan nyttosidan inte är lika tillförlitlig på grund av att många siffror är estimerade. Dessutom finns det nyttor som inte kan räknas i monetära-termer (n.m) vilket också försvårar analysen. Slutligen pekar resultatet på att det inte var samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt för Tyskland att arrangera mästerskapet då kostnaderna övervägde nyttorna. För enskilt året 2006, kan det dock ses som samhällsekonomisklönsamt på grund av kostnadsfördelningen på fem år på de stora kostnadsposterna. / Organising a World Cup is seen as a great honour, as it builds up expectations and is something that one or more nations can build a community around. In July 2000, Germany was chosen to host the championship and so preparations began to take off. The purpose of this paper is to study whether the World Cup was socio-economically profitable or not in Germany (2006). Previous studies in this area indicate that there is an overestimation of the net benefits that the country will receive. In this study, a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) will be carried out where relevant benefits and costs are highlighted and compared. The cost side is more reliable as the largest expenditures are official, while the benefit side is less reliable as many figures are estimated. In addition, some benefits cannot be calculated in monetary terms, which also complicates the analysis. Finally, the result indicates that it was not a socio- economic benefit for Germany to organise the FIFA World Cup as the costs outweighed the benefits. However, only looking on the year of 2006, it can be seen as socio-economically profitable due to the five-year cost distribution of the main cost items.

This study examines @FIFAmedia’s communication on Twitter, other users’ reactions to FIFA’s framing in their tweets, and on whether FIFA’s income from brand licensing was affected by the corruption scandal from 2015. By measuring FIFA’s framing and the reactions to it, a concrete comparison with FIFA's brand capital is enabled to provide further understanding of the impact the scandal had on the brand. All research questions are using a quantitative content analysis. The first two research questions are using Twitter and a sample period consisting of the periods: before, during and after the scandal. For the third research question FIFA's financial reports between the years 2013-2018 were interpreted to line up the numbers against each other to see if FIFA’s revenues from brand licensing have increased or decreased due to the scandal. The Framing Theory is used to answer the two first research questions about FIFA’s and Twitter users’ portrayal, whilst the Theory on Brand Equity is used to answer the third research question about FIFA’s brand equity. Previous research examines FIFA’s communication and Twitter users’ reactions to the tweets separately, but not in relation to each other. The result showed that FIFA communicates mostly about internal organizational activities and men’s football. The organisation often tweets with a link to its official website to update the followers on more information regarding their tweets. The result of other users' reaction to FIFA's framing in tweets was shown to be strongest after the corruption scandal was discovered. During this period, it is mainly private individuals who express negative thoughts towards FIFA’s tweets, as well as about FIFA as an organization. Finally, the results show that the scandal had an impact on FIFA's brand capital from licensing, where revenues increased vastly after the corruption scandal occurred, from the years 2016-2018. This result may be due to the fact that partners of FIFA sign multi-year contracts where a lot of money is involved, and that the financial capital between the partners is extremely important for the future of the organisations.

Присутствие в рекламе этнических символов, образов и элементов показывает, насколько широко этничность используется с прагматической точки зрения. В данной работе был проведён сравнительный анализ использования этнических элементов в бразильской и российской рекламе и определены наиболее эффективные приёмы использования этнических элементов в локальной и международной рекламе. Была разработана методика исследования этнических элементов в рекламе, и при ее помощи была изучена реклама FIFA по продвижению страны-организатора чемпионата мира по футболу на предмет использования этнических элементов, проанализировано отношение международной аудитории к такой рекламе и даны рекомендации по применению этнических элементов в рекламе. / The presence of ethnic symbols, images and elements in advertising shows how much ethnicity is used from a pragmatic point of view. In this paper was conducted a comparative analysis of the use of ethnic elements in Brazilian and Russian advertising and the most effective methods of using ethnic elements in local and international advertising were determined. Through developing the methodology of researching ethnic elements in advertising the FIFA advertisement on promoting the host country of the World Cup was studied for the use of ethnic elements. We analyzed the attitude of the international audience to such advertising and gave recommendations on the use of ethnic elements in advertising.

Previous research into sporting events and broadcast commentary have been consistent in showing that there are clear differences in prevalence of commentary topics when a commentator is describing a male athlete and a female athlete. Among these differences are sexualized and ambivalent language towards female athletes, gender marking, and language that suggests male athlete superiority to that of female athletes. Although sporting events such as the Summer and Winter Olympics and NCAA Men's and Women's Basketball Championship games have repeatedly been sites for exploration, the world's largest single-event sporting competition, the World Cup, remains relatively untouched. Keeping this in mind, using a systematic content analysis, this thesis analyzed the broadcast commentary provided by play-by-play and color commentators in FIFA World Cup and FIFA Women's World Cup final matches to discern whether or not the sex of the athlete competing resulted in a difference in the descriptive evaluations employed by commentators. Findings of this study revealed that there were few differences in the prevalence of descriptive evaluations based on the gender of the athletes competing. Implications of the results and recommendations for future research into broadcast commentary and World Cup final matches are addressed. / Master of Arts / Previous research into the role of broadcast commentary in sporting events has shown that not only are there differences in what sports commentators say about male and female athletes, but also in how often specific types of commentary occur. Through the examination of pinnacle athletic competitions, findings have revealed a higher frequency of sexualized and contradictory language towards female athletes, an increase in gender marking, and language that suggests the superiority of male athletes to that of female athletes, among other things. Despite the wide range of athletic competitions that have garnered research attention, one event that has remained relatively ignored is the FIFA World Cup. Because of this, by examining the broadcast commentary provided during FIFA World Cup and FIFA Women’s World Cup final matches, this study looked to discover if the sex of the athlete competing impacted how often certain evaluation types occurred during game action. Findings showed that there were few differences in the prevalence of these evaluations based on the sex of the athlete competing. In addition to discussing the findings of this study, recommendations for future research are also addressed.

Esta tese trata da constituição do campo esportivo (BOURDIEU, 1983) do futebol nos Jogos Olímpicos. Para apresentar a configuração dessa estrutura foi utilizada uma análise documental juntamente com a história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que participaram do torneio olímpico entre 1952 e 1988. O tema referente ao amadorismo e profissionalismo estruturou toda a tese. Os conflitos políticos em torno do COI e da FIFA pelo controle do futebol foram amparados na disputa de poder para estabelecer como seria definido o termo amador. As divergências sobre esse assunto fizeram com que a FIFA criasse a sua Copa do Mundo em 1930 e que o futebol ficasse fora do programa olímpico dos Jogos de 1932. Foi a partir desse debate que os múltiplos olhares em relação ao futebol e aos Jogos Olímpicos sustentaram a tese. Esses olhares foram construídos a partir da história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que defenderam o país no futebol, dos membros e presidentes do COI e da FIFA, dos dirigentes do COB e da CBD, depois CBF, e da imprensa que apareceu nos jornais Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo, e nos Boletins Olímpicos do COI. Desse modo, construiu-se a tese de que foram os conflitos políticos entre o COI e a FIFA em torno do estabelecimento das definições da condição de atleta amador e profissional que ditaram os rumos do futebol olímpico e da modalidade no mundo / This thesis deals with the establishment of football as a sport field (BOURDIEU, 1983) in the Olympic Games. In order to present the configuration of this structure, a documental analysis was performed as well as the review of Brazilian athletes life history, since 1952 until 1988. The theme related to amateurism and professionalism has completely structured this thesis. Political conflicts developed in the relationship of COI and FIFA for control of football activities were based on the power dispute on how amateur should be defined. Deviations related to this subject lead to FIFA launching of its 1930 World Cup, and prevented football from being excluded in the Olympic Games of 1932. Rooted on this debate, multiple views related to football and Olympic Games maintained the thesis. Those multiple views were built upon the life history of Brazilian athletes that defended the country in football games, of members and presidents of COI and FIFA, of the leaders of COB and CBD, later on CBF, and upon press articles shown on Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo diaries, as well as on COI Olympic Bulletins. In this way, it was built the thesis that political conflicts between COI and FIFA were the root for the establishment of the definitions on amateur and professional athlete conditions, which ruled the track of Olympic football, as well as professional football, worldwide

A presente tese de doutorado tem por objetivo principal o estudo dos aspectos jurídicos do agente esportivo, mais precisamente do agente que cuida da carreira dos jogadores de futebol, denominado Agente FIFA, e suas relações com o direito civil brasileiro. A FIFA, que é a Federação Internacional competente, estabeleceu um regulamento oficial sobre a atividade dos agentes de jogadores, obrigando cada filiada a estabelecer um regulamento próprio, levando o seu em consideração, bem como a legislação nacional e os tratados internacionais. Com base nesse emaranhado de normas internacionais, leis, resoluções e cláusulas, pretende-se analisar a relação jurídica do Agente FIFA com o seu principal cliente, o atleta profissional de futebol, nos seus mais variados aspectos. Inicialmente o trabalho define quem é esse agente, passando pelo histórico da atividade, as principais funções exercidas no passado e no presente. Depois são analisadas as normas, leis e os principais projetos em tramitação, tanto nacionais como internacionais. Em seguida são analisadas as características e as diversas possibilidades de enquadramento legal da relação entre o agente e o atleta à luz de nossa legislação civilista (Contrato de Agência, Mandato, Corretagem, Prestação de Serviços, aplicação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor), a relação com a profissão de advogado para, ao final, classificá-lo concluindo sobre a sua natureza jurídica. Antes das considerações finais, também são analisadas, sucintamente e a título de comparação, as normas aplicáveis em alguns países como Portugal, Itália e Estados Unidos, sendo que no tocante a este último, também se analisam outras modalidades esportivas. / The main objective of this doctoral thesis is to study the legal aspects of the sports agent and the way they relate with the Brazilian Civil Law, focusing on the agent that takes care of a soccer players career, who is called FIFA Player Agent. FIFA, which is the International Federation with jurisdiction over soccer, enacted an official ruling regarding the activities performed by a soccer player agent, requiring each member to establish a regulation itself, bringing your account, as well as national legislation and international treaties. Based on this complex set of international laws, rules, acts, resolutions and clauses, we intend to review the juridical relationship between the FIFA Player Agent and its main client, the professional soccer player, in various aspects. Initially, this work will define who this agent is, by approaching the historic background of this activity, the main activities performed in the past to date. Then the rules, laws, and the main bills in procedural progress, nationally and internationally, will be dully analyzed. After that, we will assess the characteristics and various possibilities of legal classification of the relationship between the agent and the athlete, under the civil legislation (Agency Agreement, Power of Attorney, Services Agreement, Brokerage, applicability of the Brazilian Consumer Code), and the interaction with the legal attorney job so that, at the end, we can properly classify the agent in accordance with the appropriate legal nature of the activities performed. Before the final considerations, we will also briefly analyze, only for the purposes of establishing a comparative study, the rules applicable in some countries such as Portugal, Italy and United States of America. With regard to the US rules, we will also review some other different sports.

Esta tese trata da constituição do campo esportivo (BOURDIEU, 1983) do futebol nos Jogos Olímpicos. Para apresentar a configuração dessa estrutura foi utilizada uma análise documental juntamente com a história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que participaram do torneio olímpico entre 1952 e 1988. O tema referente ao amadorismo e profissionalismo estruturou toda a tese. Os conflitos políticos em torno do COI e da FIFA pelo controle do futebol foram amparados na disputa de poder para estabelecer como seria definido o termo amador. As divergências sobre esse assunto fizeram com que a FIFA criasse a sua Copa do Mundo em 1930 e que o futebol ficasse fora do programa olímpico dos Jogos de 1932. Foi a partir desse debate que os múltiplos olhares em relação ao futebol e aos Jogos Olímpicos sustentaram a tese. Esses olhares foram construídos a partir da história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que defenderam o país no futebol, dos membros e presidentes do COI e da FIFA, dos dirigentes do COB e da CBD, depois CBF, e da imprensa que apareceu nos jornais Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo, e nos Boletins Olímpicos do COI. Desse modo, construiu-se a tese de que foram os conflitos políticos entre o COI e a FIFA em torno do estabelecimento das definições da condição de atleta amador e profissional que ditaram os rumos do futebol olímpico e da modalidade no mundo / This thesis deals with the establishment of football as a sport field (BOURDIEU, 1983) in the Olympic Games. In order to present the configuration of this structure, a documental analysis was performed as well as the review of Brazilian athletes life history, since 1952 until 1988. The theme related to amateurism and professionalism has completely structured this thesis. Political conflicts developed in the relationship of COI and FIFA for control of football activities were based on the power dispute on how amateur should be defined. Deviations related to this subject lead to FIFA launching of its 1930 World Cup, and prevented football from being excluded in the Olympic Games of 1932. Rooted on this debate, multiple views related to football and Olympic Games maintained the thesis. Those multiple views were built upon the life history of Brazilian athletes that defended the country in football games, of members and presidents of COI and FIFA, of the leaders of COB and CBD, later on CBF, and upon press articles shown on Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo diaries, as well as on COI Olympic Bulletins. In this way, it was built the thesis that political conflicts between COI and FIFA were the root for the establishment of the definitions on amateur and professional athlete conditions, which ruled the track of Olympic football, as well as professional football, worldwide