Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-04T14:56:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sandramariznegrini.pdf: 544944 bytes, checksum: 06833f78c89cb7ff25cc484a1ef28fa4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T16:19:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sandramariznegrini.pdf: 544944 bytes, checksum: 06833f78c89cb7ff25cc484a1ef28fa4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T16:19:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sandramariznegrini.pdf: 544944 bytes, checksum: 06833f78c89cb7ff25cc484a1ef28fa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-20 / O presente Plano de Ação Educacional (PAE) objetiva analisar consequências da distribuição igualitária de recursos financeiros no que tange à promoção de equidade na gestão de resultados em escolas da rede municipal de ensino de Caxias do Sul. Reconhece-se na forma de repasse de recursos consequências para as unidades, especialmente àquelas de maior porte uma vez que as escolas urbanas foram alocadas em oito faixas de números de alunos e, por esse critério distribuem-se os recursos financeiros. Para analisar os efeitos do critério utilizado foram selecionadas quatro escolas para pesquisa exploratória, de modo a consolidar informações a respeito da gestão do recurso e suficiência do repasse. A escolha das escolas se deu pelo porte e pelo desempenho no Sistema de Avaliação de Rendimento do Rio Grande do Sul (SAERS), em Matemática no 6º ano. Busca-se compreender as incompletudes da política de repasse financeira, especialmente ligadas ao tratamento igualitário dispensado a todas as unidades e as possíveis consequências para a aprendizagem dos alunos. Além disso, investigou-se na teoria sobre o financiamento educacional, sobre os fatores que interferem no desempenho e sobre equidade, suporte para compreensão e desvelamento da realidade analisada. Identificadas na literatura experiências com essência equânime e, percebidas diferenças substancias e necessidades específicas nas unidades, especialmente ligadas a fatores intra e extraescolares que interferem na ação pedagógica e, com os dados do orçamento da Secretaria da Educação, objetivou-se organizar proposta para reformulação do repasse de recursos de modo a consolidar uma política balizada pela equidade vertical e discriminação positiva, constituindo um indicador da realidade escolar. Analisados os resultados, entrelaçando a teoria e experiências de equidade, formulou-se proposta que considere: situação de infraestrutura da unidade; porte – número de alunos atendidos e tamanho das turmas; resultados – IDEB, fluxo e desempenho, especialmente no SAERS e IDEB; rotatividade no quadro de professores e nível socioeconômico da comunidade. Tais realidades analisadas por meio de software próprio para análises estatísticas para cruzamento dos dados constituirão um índice de realidade escolar (IRE), identificado pelo grau de complexidade do conjunto dos indicadores coletados. Propõe-se ainda, monitoramento anual e síntese avaliativa da proposta a cada 3 anos por uma comissão formada por diferentes entidades, a qual também caberia a análise de outras políticas públicas que poderiam contribuir para consolidação da equidade e de projetos de discriminação positiva de modo a elevar os níveis de aprendizagem de todos os estudantes, independente de sua origem, consolidando a igualdade de oportunidades. / The present Educational Action Plan (PAE, in Portuguese) aims to analyze the consequences of the egalitarian distribution of financial resources with regards to the promotion of equity in results management in schools of the municipal network of Caxias do Sul. The form of distribution of resources has consequences to the unities, especially to the larger ones, given that urban schools were allocated in eight tracks of number of students and that is the criterion for distribution of financial resources. In order to analyze the effect of the applied criterion we selected four schools for an exploratory research, aiming to consolidate information about resource management and sufficiency of distribution. The choice of schools was due to their size and results in the System of Learning Evaluation of Rio Grande do Sul (SAERS, in Portuguese) in 6th grade Mathematics. Our goal is to comprehend the incompleteness of the policy on distribution of resources, especially linked to the egalitarian treatment given to all units and the possible consequences to the students‟ learning. Moreover, we investigated in theory of educational financing, the factors interfering in results and equity, comprehension support and showing the reality analyzed. Once identified in the literature experiences of equitable essence and, noticed substantial differences and specific needs in the units, especially linked to intra and extra school factors that interfere in the pedagogical action and, with data from the Education Secretary budget, we aimed to organize a proposal to reformulate the distribution of resources, consolidating a policy based on vertical equity and positive discrimination, constituting an indicative of school reality. Analyzed the results, interweaving theory and practices of equity, we formulated a proposal that considers: unit infrastructure; size – number of students and size of classes; results – IDEB, flux and results, especially at SAERS and IDEB; changes in teaching faculty and social economic level of the community. Such realities analyzed through a software appropriate to statistical analysis for cross referencing data that will constitute an index of school reality (IRE, in Portuguese) indentified by the degree of complexity of the collected indicatives. We also propose the annual monitoring and evaluation synthesis every three years by a commission made of different entities, which would also analyze other public policies that could contribute to the consolidation of equity and of policies of positive discrimination so that levels of learning may be risen for all students, regardless of their origin, consolidating the equality of opportunities.

Le concept de contrat de financement participatif des œuvres de l’esprit, est ignoré de la théorie générale du contrat, tout comme des contrats d’auteur. La pratique a façonné un nouveau genre de contrat encore méconnu du droit. Les faits anticipant le droit, un travail de qualification est nécessaire et primordial pour l’étude et le maniement du concept. Le renouvellement des modes de diffusion et d'exploitation des œuvres conduit à l'apparition de conventions apparemment innommées créées par la pratique, conventions qu'il convient de confronter non seulement aux modèles du droit d'auteur, mais aussi de la théorie générale des obligations. Ce contrat de financement participatif ne fait qu'entourer la levée de fonds réalisée auprès d’un large public de particuliers pour financer un projet spécifique via une plate-forme sur internet est rattaché selon les modèles de plate-forme, soit au droit d'auteur soit au droit civil. La fonction de modèle du contrat nommé impose de confronter le contrat de financement participatif, aux modèles du genre que sont les contrats spéciaux du code civil, ainsi que ceux du code de la propriété intellectuelle. Ce travail de rattachement présente un intérêt pratique évident : éclairer et compléter le régime des contrats, en donnant un cadre juridique à de nouvelles formes de conventions. Il sera révélé que cette confrontation ne se fait pas sans heurts, notamment quant au régime envisageable, et qu’il apparaît nécessaire de faire du contrat de financement participatif, un contrat spécial / The concept of a contract for the participatory financing of works of the mind is ignored by the general theory of the contract, as well as by contracts of authorship. Practice has shaped a new kind of contract that is still unrecognized in law. Facts anticipating law, this work of qualification is necessary and primordial for the study and the handling of the concept. The renewal of the modes of dissemination and exploitation of works leads to the appearance of apparently unnamed conventions created by practice, which should be confronted not only with copyright models but also with the general theory of obligations. This participative financing contract merely entails the raising of funds made with a large public of individuals to finance a specific project via a platform on the Internet is attached according to models of platform, either to the civil law. The model function of the named contract imposes a confrontation of the participatory financing contract with the models of the kind that are the special contracts of the civil code, as well as those of the code of the intellectual property. This work of attachment is of obvious practical interest: to clarify and complete the contract system, giving a legal framework to new forms of agreements. It will be revealed that this confrontation is not uneven, particularly about the possible regime, and that it appears necessary to make the contract of participatory financing, a special contract

Financing of Churches in the Czech Lands in the 20th Century The main aim and purpose of this master degree thesis was to introduce individual institutes of the Church financing in the 20th century. Even nowadays, the funding issue is still an opened topic. The purpose of the historical hindsight is to approximate and put aside false hypothesis of Church financing. The prevailing views of the people on the church property and on the "justification" of states occupation of this property, during the last century, were based on rather "philosophical ideas" than on actual legal basis. The master degree thesis not only maps the 20th century, but also pays due attention to the developments of the late 19th century, which established grounds for certain financing institutes and prefigured further evolvement in the upcoming century. However, some institutes of church financing, such as religious fund, were established in the 18th century. The period of enlightened absolutism, the period of the reign of Joseph II, who brings his mothers reforms to the edge of that time, sells property (e.g. monasteries, religious buildings, etc.) and the obtained income deposits to newly created parish cash desk, which will serve to support the Catholic Church. Indeed, the income from the religious funds became one of the main and...

[pt] Apesar de sua complexa e mais custosa estrutura, a iniciativa privada tem recorrido cada vez mais ao modelo de Project Finance como alternativa para obtenção de financiamentos para grandes projetos, especialmente em infraestrutura, onde os projetos possuem prazos mais longos de execução e requerem grandes somas de capital. No Brasil, isso não tem sido diferente. Desde o final de década de noventa, quando tiveram início as reformas institucionais nas áreas de telecomunicações e energia, a demanda de recursos para investimentos em infraestrutura aumentou significativamente. Em dez anos, o volume de investimentos mais que dobrou, ultrapassando R$ 120 bilhões no ano de 2009. Para os próximos anos, os números são ainda maiores. Com a realização da Copa do Mundo no país em 2014, das Olimpíadas na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro em 2016, o avanço da exploração de petróleo na camada do pré-sal pela Petrobrás e a continuação dos Programas do Governo para aceleração do crescimento (PAC), estima-se a necessidade de pelo menos R$ 160 bilhões anuais para atender a demanda que será criada. O Governo, porém, maior provedor atual de recursos por meio do BNDES, dificilmente terá fôlego suficiente para atender toda a demanda de recursos. Assim, o presente estudo busca analisar a experiência brasileira na utilização deste modelo de financiamento no período de 1999 a 2009, apresentando as características mais comuns, bem como as limitações que o modelo encontra para desenvolvimento no Brasil. Foram descritos os dez maiores Project Finance do país, extraídos de uma base de 206 projetos registrados/fechados ao longo deste período. Como forma de ilustrar o avanço no uso da técnica no Brasil, será analisado em maior grau de detalhamento, o caso da Concessionária Rota das Bandeiras, primeiro Project Bond emitido por uma concessionária de rodovias no Brasil, que demonstra a crescente senioridade das novas estruturações. / [en] Despite of the complex and thus more costly structure, the private sector has resorted increasingly to a Project Finance model as finance alternative for large projects, especially for infrastructure projects that have longer periods of execution and require larger amounts of capital. In Brazil, this has been no different. Since the late nineties, when institutional reforms in the telecommunications and energy were launched, the demand for investment resources in infrastructure has increased significantly. In ten year period from 1999 to 2009, the volume of investments more than doubled, surpassing R$ 120 billion in 2009. For the next several years, these numbers will be even greater. With the completion of the Football World Cup in 2014, the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro in 2016, the pre-salt layer oil exploration by Petrobrás, and the continuation of the government s programs for accelerating growth (PAC), approximately R$ 160 billion will be required annually to meet these demands. The government, however, as the largest provider of current funds from BNDES, will struggle to meet this demand. This study analyzes the Brazilian experience in using this Project Finance funding model during the period of 1999 to 2009, presenting the most common features, as well as the limitations that the model is confronted with in Brazil. It also describes the ten largest Project Finance projects in Brazil extracted from a database of 206 projects registered and closed during this same period. To illustrate the progress in the use of the Project Finance funding model in Brazil, the case of the Rota das Bandeiras Concession, the first Project Bond issued by a highway concession in Brazil, is discussed in detail.

This research examines the recent global financial crisis’ (GFC) impact on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and analyses governments’ responses. According to most literature, SMEs already faced obstacles prior to the GFC, such as paying high taxes, overcoming low profitability, being affected by rising business costs, finding qualified labour, dealing with increasing competition, etc. The GFC has had serious repercussions for SMEs with respect to financing, markets, and liquidity. In order to explore in depth the governments’ responses, qualitative methods are employed to test the following three research questions: 1) To what extent did governments aim to assist SMEs to survive the GFC? What types of programs have been implemented to address new and existing obstacles? 2) Did governments apply appropriate strategic initiatives to realize their goals? If the initiatives could not achieve the governments’ original goals, what obstacles did they address? 3) Did governments tend to help SMEs more after the GFC? Did governments give up on disadvantaged firms or did they try to help them survive the crisis? Analysis revealed that, as a result of the GFC, governments developed programs aimed at new obstacles and at some of the existing ones. The aims did not differ materially for developed and less-developed economies. Financing and taxation programs tended to be designed to achieve their goals directly, where other programs tended to achieve them in a more indirect manner. Overall, government initiatives covered most of the serious obstacles faced by SMEs and government assistance programs aimed at SMEs tended to have been augmented in light of the GFC.

This study investigates the magnitude of credit contraction encountered by Canadian Small-and-Medium-Sized-Enterprises (SMEs) during the recent financial crisis of 2007-2008. These firms account for an important source of job creation and economic welfare (Haltiwanger et al., 2010); therefore, to ensure the creation and growth of SMEs through a smooth flow of capital is crucial for a healthy economic recovery from the crisis. The empirical observation obtained in this study is contrary to what the theory suggests, as well as what many of the existing studies witnessed (i.e., a financial crisis has a negative impact on SME loan circulations). Using binary probit regression and structural break testing, this work finds that Canadian SME loan approval and application rates were higher during the crisis period. This somewhat counterintuitive result prompts the researcher to search for the possible factors enabling SME credit lending in Canada to retain its health during the time of financial distress, which include: (1) the stability of Canadian banks evidenced by the relatively constant Capital Tier I ratio during the crisis; (2) initiatives the Canadian government implemented as a response to the crisis. This result also raises a question whether the five billion dollars the federal government injected in the SME lending market under the Business Capital Availability Program (BCAP), a measure designed to insulate Canadian SMEs from the liquidity shock, could be justified. This research question will be investigated as a future area of research.

The paper introduces venture leasing as a complement to venture capital. Venture leasing provides additional funds for start-up companies in exchange for equity stake in the company. This financing option is commonly used in the United States, but started being implemented in Europe as well.

Private equity is described as medium to long term financing of non-quated companies with high growth potential. Venture capital refers to investments made to get the companies off the ground or to expand. This thesis describes an investment process with focus on its crucial parts, identifies factors that make from venture capital a suitable partner for expanding abroad and analyzes development of provate equity funds in Central and Eastern Europe.

The thesis is focused on the possibilities of housing financing in the Czech Republic. The greatest attention is paid to financing of buying of own flat emphatically small flats. In the first part, the living in own flat and renting of a flat are compared. In this part I also chracterize housing stock of the Czech Republic and the factors influencing the way of housing financing and housing demand. Second part is theoretical and it describes the possibilities of housing financing in detail. Above all there is described the building saving and the mortgage, that are the most frequent possibilities. Third part anlyses particular financial products of the various banks and monitors current bank supply. The final part contains the case study in which the problem with buying a flat is solved.

The diploma paper with the topic Factoring as modern tool for financing of trade activity investigates various ways of gaining financial sources for a company in its theoretical part. These sources can be internal as well as external ones. External possibilities of financing focused on factoring, its principals, functions and forms are described in more details. It compares the costs for external financing in the practical part, and this with different proportion of the current account credit and factoring.