O principal argumento deste trabalho é que a interação entre interesses, idéias e enquadramentos discursivos (frames) permite explicar como e por que certas instituições orçamentárias brasileiras foram escolhidas, desde 1987, em vez de outras. Defendo que os interesses dos parlamentares a respeito das instituições orçamentárias é definido, em grande parte, por como essas instituições funcionam na prática. Mostro que a estratégia de execução orçamentária utilizada pelo Executivo Brasileiro no período pós-1988 é fundamental para explicar por que parlamentares da coalizão devem, em tese, defender limites ao emendamento, a organização centralizada da Comissão Mista de Orçamento e o Orçamento Autorizativo. Os parlamentares da oposição, por sua vez, devem defender emendamento ilimitado, a descentralização da comissão orçamentária e o Orçamento Impositivo. Três critical junctures foram fundamentais para definir as instituições orçamentárias brasileiras no recente período democrático: a Assembléia Constituinte de 1987-1988, o período pós-CPI de 1994-1995 e a época de 2005-2006. Ao inserir as escolhas de instituições orçamentárias na lógica do processo constituinte, entende-se por que certas instituições da ditadura militar foram mantidas (por exemplo, a Comissão Mista de Orçamento) e outras foram ressuscitadas, parcialmente, do regime democrático de 1946-1964 (por exemplo, a prerrogativa de parlamentares emendarem o orçamento). Em seguida, o trabalho aborda as escolhas pós-constituintes, avaliando como escândalos de corrupção e as critical junctures derivadas parcialmente deles ajudaram a alterar diversos aspectos do emendamento orçamentário no Brasil. Mostro também como o entrepreneur de oposição Ricardo Barros conseguiu, em 2006, ser extremamente bem-sucedido na descentralização de aspectos da Comissão Mista de Orçamento. A estabilidade do Orçamento Autorizativo no Brasil é analisado em seguida e pode ser visto como um caso complementar aos demais, pois trata de uma quase mudança institucional. Os enquadramentos discursivos utilizados pelo entrepreneur Antônio Carlos Magalhães, principal defensor do fim do Orçamento Autorizativo, revelam quais interesses legislativos estiveram presentes na decisão de manter essa instituição. / How does the interaction between interests, ideas and frames help explain institutional development? This dissertation takes the evolution of budgeting institutions in Brazil since 1987 as a case study to answer this question. I argue that congressmens interests regarding budgeting institutions is mainly defined by how these institutions actually work. I show that the presidential strategy of executing amendments explains why coalition congressmen normally defend limited amendment power, a centralized budget process and the Authoritative Budget. The inverse goes for opposition congressment. Three critical junctures were very important in the definition of budgeting institutions in the recent democratic period: the National Constituent Assembly in 1987-1988, and two short periods during the unveiling of budgeting corruption scandals in 1994-1995 and 2005-2006. I show how the centralized budget process was kept in the 1988 Constitution and was used by the coalition up to 2006, when an opposition entrepreneur was successful in decentralizing part of the process. Congressmens prerogatives for amending the budget were enlarged in the 1988 Constitution, but somewhat toned down due to the influence of corruption scandals in shaping the institutional development agenda. Finally, I tackle the problem of how institutions remain stable in processes of reproduction that are not path dependent. I do so by analyzing Brazils main budgeting institution the Authoritative Budget as a case study to consider how control of the legislative agenda by the Executive can be considered a power mechanism through which institutions are endogenously maintained. It also illuminates the limitations of entrepreneurs who almost single-handedly attempt to change institutional arrangements. In this case, the entrepreneur, Antonio Carlos Magalhães, obtained relative success but ultimately failed.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23153号 / 工博第4797号 / 新制||工||1750(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 大崎 純, 教授 竹脇 出, 准教授 倉田 真宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The purpose of this thesis is to design a Java AST query language and implement tool that uses the query language. This work overviews graph databases and their libraries with focus on Neo4J and Titan. This thesis overviews tools Java bytecode analysis as well. Libraries Procyon and BCEL are described in detail. The work includes a proposal the query language and detailed description of the tool implementation, together with the detailed description of the way how Java entities are stored into the graph databases. In the end, the work deals with experiments and the evaluation of the time complexity of the library.

This dissertation is three interlinked studies that pilot new methods for combining corpus linguistics and semantic network analysis (SNA) to understand and teach academic language. Findings indicate that this approach leads to a deeper understanding of technical writing and offers an exciting new avenue for writing curriculum.<br><br>The first phase is a corpus study of fixed and variable formulaic language (n-grams and p-frames) in academic engineering writing. The results were analyzed functionally, semantically and rhetorically. In contrast to previous n-gram analyses, the p-frame analysis found that variable phrases are often participant-oriented and communicate author stance. <br><br>The second phase combined corpus and network analysis tools to create educational materials. Several elements of successful design were highlighted. The final phase tested the materials in two classes with fifteen graduate students, finding evidence for the value of this novel approach.<br>

This thesis investigates expectations of and experiences with eHealth services that allow users access to their health information. Although eHealth services are endorsed by many politicians and patients, they are met with strong resistance by health care professionals. Lacking this support hinders the uptake of the full potential of the service, especially with relation to patient participation and empowerment. This research investigates the frames of reference that are constructed by stakeholders in relation to eHealth services, such as direct-to-consumer genetic testing and electronic health records. The results are based on empirical data gathered during an experiment with media informatics students in Germany, and from interviews with physicians in Uppsala, Sweden. The eHealth services in question were framed by the participants of the conducted studies as potentially harmful for its users. The negative expectations were based mainly on a generalized view of patients as not sufficiently knowledgable and hence unable to understand the health information provided by the service. The participants in the reported studies (physicians and students in their role as designers) felt a responsibility to prevent any potential harm for the users of the eHealth service. Due to the framing based on assumed negative consequences for a supposedly vulnerable user group, the participants preferred to advocate against access rather than for patient empowerment and participation. Accessing health information was associated as holding little value for the users. This research enhances the understanding of the elements underlying this skepticism and concern. It shows that a specific view of patients and/or prospective users of an eHealth system can result in incongruent technological frames and value attribution. In line with participatory and value-sensitive design approaches as well as the aim to increase technology acceptance, patients and health care professionals should not only be included in the design process but also engage in joint activities in order to enable reframing. / Avhandlingen undersöker förväntningar på och erfarenheter av e-hälsotjänster som ger användare tillgång till sin egen hälsoinformation. Även om e-hälsotjänster har fått stöd av många politiker och patienter har de mötts av starkt motstånd från sjukvårdspersonal. Utan deras stöd blir det svårt att realisera tjänstens fulla potential, särskilt när det gäller patientens delaktighet och egenmakt.Forskningen undersöker de referensramar som konstrueras av intressenter för att förstå e-hälsotjänster, till exempel genetisk testning direkt till konsument och elektroniska patientjournaler. Resultaten baseras dels på empiriska data som samlats in i ett experiment med studenter i Tyskland, dels på intervjuer med läkare i Uppsala.De undersökta e-hälsotjänsterna upplevdes (were framed) av studiernas deltagare som potentiellt skadliga för användarna. De negativa förväntningarna baserades huvudsakligen på en allmän syn på patienter som inte tillräckligt kunniga och därmed oförmögna att förstå tjänstens hälsoinformation. Deltagarna i de rapporterade studierna (läkare och studenter i rollen som formgivare) kände ansvar för att förhindra eventuella skador för e-hälsotjänstens användare. Beroende på de förväntat negativa följderna för de förmodat utsatta patientgrupperna föredrog undersökningens deltagare att ta ställning emot patienternas åtkomst snarare än att ta ställning för deras deltagande och ökade egenmakt. Att ha tillgång till hälsoinformation bedömdes vara av lågt värde för användarna.Forskningen ökar förståelsen av de element som ligger till grund för deltagarnas upplevda skepsis och oro. Den visar att en specifik bild av patienter och/eller framtida användare av ett e-hälsosystemet kan leda till inkongruenta tekniska referensramar och värdebedömningar. I linje med inriktningarna deltagande design och värdebaserade design samt målet att öka teknisk acceptans, bör patienter och hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal inte bara ingå i designprocessen, utan också delta i gemensamma aktiviteter för att möjliggöra omtolkningar av sina tekniska referens- ramar.

1 This thesis concerns separation axioms in point-free topology. We introduce a notion of weak inclusion, which is a relation on a frame that is weaker than the relation ≤. Weak inclusions provide a uniform way to work with standard separation axioms such as subfitness, fitness, and regularity. Proofs using weak inclusions often bring new insight into the nature of the axioms. We focus on results related to the axiom of subfitness. We study a sublocale which is defined as the intersection of all the codense sublocales of a frame. We show that it need not be subfit. For spacial frames, it need not be spacial.

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Stål är ett material som går att återvinna hur många gånger som helst utan att egenskaperna försämras. Men i återvinningsprocessen släpps det ut stora mängder koldioxid vilket har en negativ påverkan på klimat och miljö. Av den anledningen har intresset att försöka återanvända stål ökat för att försöka motverka dessa effekter. Idag är det tyvärr bara en liten andel av stålstommar som återbrukas i Sverige vilket kan ha att göra med avsaknaden av en större marknad och oklarheter i gällande regelverk. Men också att byggnader generellt inte är projekterade för att kunna demonteras, detta medför att tidsplaner och kostnader påverkas negativt vilket avskräcker aktörer från att återbruka stålstommar.   Idag finns det lite vägledning i hur en återbruksprocess skulle kunna se ut. Syftet med denna studie är att ta fram information och försöka kartlägga hur en återbruksprocess skulle kunna se ut i Sverige, och med det också eventuella hinder och provningsmetoder som finns. Detta för att i slutändan kunna säkerställa stålets kvalitet och möjlighet till återbruk, samtidigt som medvetenheten hos aktörer och företag kan öka.    I studien har intervjuer med sakkunniga inom ämnet utförts tillsammans med litteratursökning. Studien har resulterat i en generell process för återbruk av stålstommar som kan tillämpas i Sverige. För att återbruk av stålstommar ska bli mer eftertraktat krävs dock ändringar, både i projekteringsfasen för nya byggnader och formuleringar i regelverk måste ses över. Tillsammans med det krävs att en marknad för återbruk byggs upp så att aktörer kan få tag på återbrukbart stål till nya konstruktioner.   Nyckelord: Återbruk av stålstommar, kvalitetsmetoder för stål, Process

The European Union is claimed to exercise significant soft power in world politics due to its numerous ‘soft power resources’ (Nye, 2004: 11) that make it attractive to international audiences. A puzzle arises, however, when we notice that despite its vast ‘resources’, the EU fails to attract the British public, as demonstrated by the recent ‘Brexit’ referendum and the low support for the Union in the UK already before it. In this paper, I challenge the dominant resource-centric understanding of the EU’s soft power by adopting a constructivist approach that links attraction between subjects to perceived collective identity between them. By studying implicit frames in the British ‘identity discourse’, I discover the EU only weakly represented in the United Kingdom’s construction of the ‘self’. Based on my results, I argue that the EU fails to attract Britons, because they perceive their country to have little collective identity with the Union.My results demonstrate that when it comes to studying soft power, the focus needs to be on the audience’s perception. Also, more attention needs to be paid to the EU’s attractiveness to its own populations particularly these days, when the Union appears threatened by increased Euroscepticism in the member states.

As nomads, humanity constantly moved and relocated for hundred thousands of years. Thereby, individuals or small groups of people had to navigate over very long distances in order to survive. As a result, successful spatial navigation was one of the key cognitive abilities, which ensured our survival. Although navigation has nowadays become less life-threatening, exploring our environment and efficiently navigating between places are still very important aspects in our everyday life. However, in order to be able to navigate efficiently, our brain has to perform a series of spatial cognitive operations. This dissertation is structured into three sections, which explore these cognitive operations from three different perspectives. In the first section I will elaborate about the role of reference frames in human spatial navigation. Specifically, in an online navigation study (study one) I will show that humans have distinct but stable reference frame proclivities. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the existence of a spatial strategy, in which the preference to use a particular reference frame is dependent on the axis of rotation (horizontal vs. vertical). In a follow-up study (study two) I will then analyze the factors underlying performance differences in navigation, as well as individual preferences using one or another spatial strategy. Interestingly, the results suggest that performance measures (reaction time and error rate) are influenced mostly by the factors gender and age. However, even more importantly, I will show that the prevalent factor, which influences the choice for an individual navigation strategy, is the cultural background of the participant. This underlines the importance of socio-economic aspects in human spatial navigation. In the second part of this thesis I will then discuss aspects of learning and memorizing spatial information. In this respect, the alignment study (study three) will show that humans are able to recall object-to-object relations (e.g. how to get from A to B) in a very brief time, indicating that such information is directly stored in memory. This supports an embodied (action-oriented) perspective of human spatial cognition. Following this approach, in the feelSpace study (study four) I will then investigate the long-term training effects with a sensory augmentation device. Most importantly, the respective results will demonstrate substantial changes in the subjective perception of space, in sleep stage architecture, and in neural oscillations during sleep. In the third and last section I will describe the importance of multimodal processes in spatial cognitive operations. Most importantly, in the platform study (study five) I will combine the topics of sensory augmentation and Bayesian cue combination. The results of this study show that untrained adult participants alternate rather than integrate between augmented and native sensory information. Interestingly, this alternation is based on a subjective evaluation of cue reliability. In summary, this thesis will present relevant and new findings for better understanding spatial strategy formation, learning and representing spatial relations in memory, and multimodal cue combination. An important and overarching aspect of this thesis is the characterization of individual differences in the context of human spatial navigation. Specifically, my research revealed individual differences in three areas: First, in utilizing egocentric or allocentric reference frames for spatial updating, second in individualized qualitative changes of space perception during long-term sensory augmentation, and third, in preferences to use native or augmented information in a cue combination task. Most importantly, I will provide a better definition and understanding of these individual differences, by combining qualitative and quantitative measures and using latest technologies such as online data recordings and interactive experimental setups. In fact, in the real world, humans are very active beings who follow individualized spatial cognitive strategies. Studying such interactive and individualized behavior will ultimately lead to more coherent and meaningful insights within the human sciences.