How are the two superpowers of the world using Twitter as a platform for gathering global support for their policies when tweeting about an ongoing international conflict? That is the question that is answered in this thesis through a small-N case study. A mixed-method content analysis, based on security branding and generic framing, was applied to the data to determine how security branding is used by the actors to acquire social power. The findings suggest that China is using the situation to throw mud at, and question the morality of, the US and its behavior in international relations. The US is tweeting on a broader spectrum of topics. These topics include how the US and its allies and partners have supported Ukraine and taken action to weaken Russia. Another vital topic found is that the US uses Twitter to display its disagreement with the actions taken by Russia and Vladimir Putin in Ukraine.

Each year, there is an increase of English Language Learners (ELLS) entering today's classrooms. A third grade teacher can be faced with having multiple ELLs in the classroom and still be required to teach them alongside native English speakers. Furthermore, third grade science teachers are also responsible for preparing all students in the classroom to comprehend and utilize scientific academic language based upon the Florida State Standards. Additionally, students are required on the FSA Florida Assessment to write about science content. Therefore, scaffolded instruction for ELLs, which will prepare them to write about science content is critical. This research study explored two third grade teachers' perspectives on implementing sentence frames and word banks in order to increase the writing levels of ELLs during science lectures. A professional development session was conducted by the researcher with the two participating third grade teachers regarding the use of sentence frames and word banks with ELLs while teaching science content. The teachers, thereafter, conducted a science lesson using the scaffolded strategy of sentence frames and word banks. It was found that when the third grade science teachers implemented sentence frames and word banks during science lectures, the ELLs showed improvement in their writing as well as their use of scientific academic language. Both teachers stated that their ELLs were somewhat completing more of their science worksheets than before the intervention. These results can conclude that implementing sentence frames and word banks during science lectures can increase the writing levels of ELLs during science lectures.

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[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo central discutir as diversas modalidades de escuta e comunicação presentes na clínica psicanalítica atual. Amparados nos conceitos de Thomas Ogden de terceiro-analítico intersubjetivo e posição autista-contígua, buscaremos apresentar as transformações da técnica psicanalítica ao longo dos anos e o consequente surgimento da relevância do campo analítico como dimensão essencial da relação entre analista e analisando, principalmente no que se refere a pacientes severamente traumatizados. A partir das contribuições de Melanie Klein, Donald Winnicott e Wilfred Bion, veremos a inauguração de um modelo de constituição psíquica pautada pela intersubjetividade e nas experiências primitivas reguladas pela linguagem não verbal. / [en] This work is mainly aimed to discuss the various listening modes and communication present in the current psychoanalytical clinic. Supported in the Thomas Ogden s concepts of intersubjective analytic third and autistic-contiguous position, we will seek to present the transformations of psychoanalytic technique over the years and the consequent emergence of the relevance of analytical field as an essential dimension of the relationship between analyst and analysand, especially as regards the severely traumatized patients. From the contributions of Melanie Klein, Donald Winnicott and Wilfred Bion, we will see the inauguration of a psychic constitution model guided by the intersubjective and in primitive experience regulated by the non-verbal language.

This project was initiated by Postnord who wanted to develop their own large frame FDM 3D printer, mainly for two reasons. The first reason was to be able to use the collaboration between Postnord and KTH to present how Postnord are promoting domestic production in the same time as portraying themselves as leaders in the field of additive manufacturing in Sweden. The second reason was to get a machine with the ability to print both small- and large-scale prototypes and products to be used in an industrial environment. The targeted goals and desired outcome of the PP3D (PostPaper3D - project name) was to construct a large frame FDM 3D printer, with a build area of 1 square meter and (if possible) a printing volume of 1 cubic meter, capable of printing parts for industrial applications. This would be achieved by using industrial components and state-of-the-art open source 3D printing control systems. Sensors for filament run-out detection and automatic printer bed levelling was also desired. On top of these goals KTH-IIP wanted the project work to focus on the construction of large frame FDM 3D printers, what challenges appear in scaling up the technology, to further the internal vision of developing strategic competencies in the field of additive manufacturing - as requested by the industry. The result of the project was a FDM 3D printer with a build volume of 1000x1000x950 [mm] that comes with dual independent extruders - meaning it may either print two copies of the same part simultaneously or utilize both printer heads to work on a single component. The top tested speed (printing) was 100 [mm/s] and the top tested movement speed was 250 [mm/s]. The theoretical accuracy of the machine is 50 [μm] but this has not been tested in this project. In the scope of the master thesis all prototype-symptoms were not eliminated, where the most considerable issue being the motors occasionally skipping steps (and losing their location) during rapid accelerations and changes in velocity. When this happens, it will most likely result in a failed print. The proposed solution for this is to further adjust the firmware to allow for finer, more regulated accelerations and speeds. Another possible solution is to replace the motors with stronger ones. In delivery the machine operates using state of the art components and software, from prominent Swedish and international producers. An interview of Isak Emericks alongside the printer can be seen in Appendix B, in the form of a newsletter. / Det här projektet initierades av Postnord som ville utveckla en egen storskalig FDM 3D printer, huvudsakligen på grund av två anledningar. Den första för att kunna använda samarbetet med KTH för att visa hur Postnord främjar inhemsk produktion samtidigt som de själva är ledare och initiativtagare inom additiv tillverkning i Sverige. Den andra anledningen var för att få tag på en maskin som har möjligheten att skriva ut stora- och småskaliga prototyper och produkter som kan användas i en industriell miljö. De uppsatta målen och önskvärda resultatet med PP3D (PostPapper3D - projektnamn) var att konstruera en storskalig FDM 3D skrivare, men en byggarea på 1 kvadratmeter och (om möjligt) en byggvolym på 1 kubikmeter, kapabel att skriva ut delar för industriella tillämpningar. Det här skulle uppnås genom att använda industriella komponenter och toppmoderna kontrollsystem för 3D skrivare. Sensorer för att upptäcka när utskriftsmaterialet var på väg att ta slut och automatisk utjämning av byggytan var också önskvärt. Förutom dessa målsättningar så ville KTH-IIP att arbetet skulle fokusera på konstruktionen av en storskalig FDM 3D skrivare, vilka utmaningar och problem som uppstår när tekniken skalas upp, för att fortsätta den interna visionen om att utveckla strategiska kompetenser inom additiva tillverkningsmetoder - vilket industrin efterfrågade. Resultatet av projektet var en 3D skrivare med en byggvolym på 1000x1000x950 [mm] som kommer utrustad med två (individuellt styrda) utskriftshuvuden - som antingen kan skriva ut två identiska kopior av samma objekt eller som kan arbeta tillsammans för att bygga upp en komponent mer effektivt. Den högsta testade utskriftshastigheten var 100 [mm/s] och den högsta testade hastigheten för rörelse var 250 [mm/s]. Den teoretiska upplösningen hos maskinen är 50 [μm] men det här har inte kontrollerats i det här projektet. Inom omfattningen av ett examensarbete (civilingenjör) så hann inte alla prototyp-symptom elimineras, där det mest betydande problemet var att motorerna bitvis missar steg (och förlorar sin positionering) under hastiga accelerationer och förändringar i rörelseriktning. När detta händer så resulterar det oftast i misslyckade utskrifter. Den presenterade lösningen för det här är att fortsätta justera mjukvaruinställningarna tills finare och mer kontrollerade rörelsemönster uppnås. En annan tänkbar lösning är att byta ut motorerna mot starkare varianter. Vid leverans så nyttjar maskinen toppmoderna komponenter och mjukvara, från framstående svenska och internationella producenter. En intervju med Isak Emericks tillsammans med 3D skrivaren hittas i Bilaga B, i formen av ett nyhetsbrev.

There has been an increase in reactionary racial violence in the past eight years following the presidency of Barack Obama, and in response to perceived threats to the racial and cultural order posed by movements for racial justice and the refugee crisis. Complicit to the spate of organized racial violence are passive white bystanders, who, through their inaction, have tolerated and given free reign to a resurgence of racial violence. Only a minority of whites have responded to calls for solidarity from Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC). This study set out to uncover how these minority of whites respond to racism. Drawing on narratives and questionnaires of thirty-eight white persons, I begin with an exploration of the frames that shape participants’ understanding of antiracism. Three frames are discussed: the (a) equality and human rights frame, (b) anti-oppression frame, and (c) whiteness-centered frame. The core of this study is on antiracism praxis. I discuss two categories of praxis: quotidian antiracism and organizational antiracism. In the former category are three types of antiracism strategies: (a) confrontation, (b) counterclaiming, and (c) covert and clandestine antiracism. The latter category consists of equality and equity focused strategies in education that I distinguish based on setting: (a) classroom antiracism and (b) administrative antiracism. This discussion is enriched by an investigation of the enablers and obstacles of antiracism and what respondents consider when deciding to engage in bystander action. In conversation with Frankenberg’s (1993) ‘race-cognizance’ concept, I present a subsidiary antiracism awareness that I call self-implication cognizance. I detail five ways participants stop themselves from ‘racing to innocence’ by implicating themselves in the hegemonic order of whiteness. This study contributes a typological model of frames and praxis and a situated picture of enablers of antiracism to the scholarship of white antiracism. It also offers insights for progressive whites and organizations interested in racial justice, equality and equity. Subject keywords: antiracism, activism, whiteness, white racial identity, racial awareness, frames, enablers, obstacles, racism / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The project set out to construct a proof of concept for surface deformation in the Unity Engine using available assets and tools compatible with the Unity Engine, and via the proof of concept investigate which factors in a mesh deformation simulation that affects performance in terms of frames per second, memory usage and usability the most. This while looking into suitable data structures in the Unity Engine for handling expected data in a physics simulation of a surface deformation, such that of mining or scraping a cave wall. The project aims to answer these questions via testing and trail and error, performing tests while recording data which is plotted and discussed. To save time and start testing faster the usage of a premium assets called Digger Pro is used, allowing for quick set up of mesh manipulation inf both editor and play mode. Testing shows that one of the major factor for performance degradation is mesh resolu-tion, as it directly contributes to an increase in data points that needs to be kept track of and calculated. The Unity Engine and Digger PRO man-ages fairly well to stay above the targeted 30 frames per second limit even with medium level settings for meshes, all while maintaining acceptable memory usage levels. All this ties into the idea of an increased usage of digital twins in many different scenarios, and therefore the scientific community’s view on digital twins main challenges are summarized and discussed, hoping to shed further light on the current status of digital twin technology.

The presented research investigated the viability of a double-braided synthetic fiber rope for providing improved performance of steel moment frames subjected to earthquake-induced ground motions. A series of experimental tests, including a 1:3-scale dynamic test and 1:6-scale shaking table tests, was conducted using Northridge ground-motion input. A series of nonlinear dynamic analytical studies, using DRAIN-2DX, was conducted to develop the experimental tests. Throughout experimental testing, the ropes exhibited a hyper-elastic loading response and a reduced-stiffness unloading response. A conditioning cycle was defined as a loading cycle induced in the rope above the highest load expected to be experienced by the rope, and was determined to be requisite for ropes intended to be used for the stated objectives of the research program. After experiencing a conditioning cycle, the rope response returned to initial conditions without permanent deformation, demonstrating repeatability of response through several loading cycles below the conditioning load. In the 1:6-scale shaking-table experiments, the ropes drastically improved the performance of the steel moment frames. Maximum and residual drift were reduced significantly, with a corresponding minimal increase to the maximum base shear. Base shear was reduced at several peaks subsequent to the initial pulse of the Northridge ground-motion input. The analytical model developed was excellent for predicting elastic response of the 1:6-scale shaking table experiments and adequate for the purpose of planning shaking table studies. Correlation of peak rope forces between the analytical model and experimental results was poor, and was attributed to limitations of the pre-defined elements used to represent the rope devices in the software program. The inability of the elements to capture the complex unloading response of the rope was specifically noted. / Ph. D.

As novel or variant strains of HEV continue to evolve rapidly both in humans and other animals, it is important to develop a rapid pre-sequencing screening method to select field isolates for further molecular characterization. Two heteroduplex mobility assays (HMA) were developed to genetically differentiate field strains of swine HEV and avian HEV from known reference strains. It was shown that the HMA profiles generally correlate well with nucleotide sequence identities and with phylogenetic clustering between field strains and the reference swine HEV or avian HEV strains. Therefore, by using different HEV isolates as references, the HMA developed in this study can be used as a pre-sequencing screening tool to identify variant HEV isolates for further molecular epidemiological studies. Our previous study showed that avian HEV antibody is prevalent in apparently healthy chickens. A prospective study was conducted on a known seropositive but healthy chicken farm. Avian HEV was identified from the healthy chicken flock. Avian HEV isolates recovered from the healthy chicken share 70-97% nucleotide sequence identities with those isolates which cause hepatitis-splenomegaly (HS) syndrome based on partial helicase and capsid gene regions. Recovery of identical viruses from the experimentally inoculated chickens in the subsequent transmission study further confirmed our field results. The capsid gene of avian HEV isolates from chickens with HS syndrome were also characterized and found to be heterogeneic, with 76-100% nucleotide sequence identities to each other. The study indicates that avian HEV is enzootic in chicken flocks and spread subclinically among chicken populations, and that the virus is heterogeneic. As HEV can not be propagated <i>in vitro</i>, in order to further characterize avian HEV, an infectious viral stock with a known infectious titer must be generated. Bile and feces collected from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens experimentally infected with avian HEV were used to prepare an avian HEV infectious stock. The infectivity titer of this infectious stock was determined, by intravenously inoculating one-week old SPF chickens, to be 5 x 10^4.5 50% chicken infectious doses (CID₅₀) per ml. Seroconversion, viremia as well as fecal virus shedding were observed in the inoculated chickens. Contact control chickens also became infected via direct contact with inoculated ones. Avian HEV infection in chickens was found to be dose-dependent. To determine if avian HEV can infect across species, one-week old SPF turkeys were intravenously inoculated each with 10^4.5(CID₅₀) of avian HEV. The inoculated turkeys seroconverted to avian HEV antibodies at 4-8 weeks postinoculation (WPI). Viremia was detected at 2-6 WPI, and fecal virus shedding at 4-7 WPI in inoculated turkeys. This is the first demonstration of cross-species infection by avian HEV. Little is known regarding the characteristics of the small ORF3 protein largely due to the lack of a cell culture system for HEV. To characterize the small protein, the ORF3 proteins of avian HEV and swine HEV were expressed in <i>Escherchia coli</i>, and purified by BugBuster His-Bind Purification System. Western blot analysis showed that avian HEV ORF3 protein is unique and does not share common antigenic epitopes with those of swine HEV and human HEV. However, swine HEV (genotype 3) and human HEV (genotype 1) ORF3 proteins cross-react with each other antigenically. To determine if the ORF3 protein is a virion protein, infectious stocks of avian HEV and swine HEV were first generated in SPF chickens and pigs, respectively. Virions were subsequently purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and virion proteins were characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Two major forms of ORF2 proteins of avian HEV were identified: a 56 kDa and an 80 kDa proteins. Multiple immunoreactive forms of ORF2 proteins of swine HEV were also observed: 40 kDa, 53 kDa, 56 kDa and 72 kDa. However, the ORF3 protein was not detected from the native virions of avian HEV or swine HEV. These findings provide direct evidence that ORF2 indeed encodes a structural protein of HEV, whereas ORF3 does not. To search for other potential animal reservoirs for HEV, the prevalence of IgG anti-HEV antibody was determined in field mice caught in chicken farms to assess the possibility of mice as a potential reservoir for HEV infection in chickens. Three different recombinant HEV antigens derived from avian HEV, swine HEV, and human HEV were used in the ELISA assays. The anti-HEV seropositive rates in wild field mice (<i>Mus musculus</i>), depending upon the antigen used, are 15/76 (20%), 39/74 (53%), and 43/74 (58%), respectively. HEV RNA was also detected from 29 fecal and/or serum samples of mice. The HEV sequences recovered from field mice shared 72-100% nucleotide sequence identities with each other, 73-99% sequence identities with avian HEV isolates, and 51-60% sequence identities with representative strains of swine and human HEVs. However, attempts to experimentally infect laboratory mice (Mus musculus) with the PCR-positive fecal materials recovered from the wild field mice were unsuccessful. We also attempted to experimentally infect 10 Wistar rats each with avian HEV, swine HEV, and an US-2 strain of human HEV, respectively. However, the inoculated rats did not become infected as evidenced by the lack of viremia, virus shedding in feces or seroconversion. These data suggest that mice caught in chicken farms are infected by a HEV-like virus, but additional work is needed to determine the origin of the mouse virus as well as the potential role of rodents in HEV transmission. In summary, we developed two HMAs which are useful for differentiation and identification of variant strains of swine and avian HEVs. We genetically identified and characterized an avian HEV strain from apparently healthy chickens in seropositive flocks. We showed that avian HEV can cross species barriers and infect turkeys. Our data indicated that avian and swine HEV ORF2 genes encode structural proteins, whereas ORF3 genes do not. Evidence in this study also showed that HEV or HEV-like agent exists in field mice on a chicken farm. / Ph. D.