This diploma thesis deals with the optimization of processes in business enterprises. It proposes a generally applicable process for business units and their components, based on methods in the fields of facility management, logistics, process management and economic-mathematical methods, and defines the optimization limits in enterprises. The thesis describes the methodology according to which it is possible to proceed with the optimization of the asset management processes using modern information and communication technologies. This methodology is then applied to the selected company - Student Hostels and Canteens Administration of the Mendel University in Brno. The application of methodology to this unit has been evaluated in terms of economic benefits, which had positive result. The main benefit of this thesis is its general applicability to any type of business.

abstract: This research seeks to better understand the current state of US healthcare FM industry hiring practices from colleges and universities to identify potential employment barriers into healthcare FM and interventions to help overcome them. Two national surveys were distributed to healthcare facility managers and directors to collect quantifiable information on healthcare organizations, hiring practices from FM academic programs, individual demographics, and opinions of FM college graduates. Designated survey respondents were also contacted for phone interviews. Additionally, a Delphi method was used for this research to draw upon the collective knowledge and experience of 13 experts over three iterative rounds of input. Results indicate that the healthcare FM industry is hiring very few college interns and new college graduates for entry-level management jobs. Strong homogeneousness demographics, backgrounds, and paths of entry among existing healthcare FM professionals has created an industry bias against candidates attempting to enter healthcare FM from non-traditional sources. The healthcare FM industry’s principal source for new talent comes from building trade succession within healthcare organizations. However, continuing to rely on building tradespersons as the main path of entry into the healthcare FM industry may prove problematic. Most existing healthcare facility managers and directors will be retiring within 10 years, yet it is taking more than 17 years of full-time work experience to prepare building tradespersons to assume these roles. New college graduates from FM academic programs are a viable recruitment source for new talent into healthcare FM as younger professionals are commonly entering the healthcare FM through the path of higher education. Although few new college graduates enter the healthcare FM industry, they are experiencing similar promotion timeframes compared to other candidate with many years of full-time work experience. Unfamiliarity with FM academic programs, work experience requirements, limited entry-level jobs within small organizations, low pay, and a limited exposure to healthcare industry topics present challenges for new FM college graduates attempting to enter the healthcare FM industry. This study shows that gaps indeed exist in student learning outcomes for a comprehensive healthcare FM education; key technical topics specific to the healthcare industry are not being addressed by organizations accrediting construction and facility management academic programs. A framework is proposed for a comprehensive healthcare FM education including accreditation, regulatory and code compliance, infection control, systems in healthcare facilities, healthcare construction project management and methods, and clinical operations and medical equipment. Interestingly, academics in the field of FM generally disagree with industry professionals that these technical topics are important student learning outcomes. Consequently, FM academics prefer to teach students general FM principles with the expectation that specific technical knowledge will be gained in the workplace after graduation from college. Nevertheless, candidates attempting to enter healthcare FM without industry specific knowledge are disadvantaged due to industry perceptions and expectations. University-industry linkage must be improved to successfully attract students into the field of healthcare FM and establish colleges and universities as a sustainable recruitment source in helping address FM attrition. This paper is valuable in establishing the current state of the US healthcare industry’s hiring practices from FM academic programs and identifying major barriers of entering the healthcare FM industry for new FM college graduates. Findings facilitate development of interventions by healthcare organizations and universities to further open FM academic programs as a sustainable source of new talent to help address healthcare FM attrition, including a healthcare FM education framework to elucidate college student learning outcomes for successful employment in healthcare FM. These student learning outcomes provide a framework for both the healthcare industry and academia in preparing future facility managers. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Built Environment 2019

Das Ziel dieser Masterarbeit ist es, in einer Fallstudie die Datenübergabe eines BIM-Gebäudemodells in den Betrieb zu simulieren. Dabei soll das Modell aus der Software „Autodesk Revit“ stammen, die Übergabe erfolgt zur CAFM-Software „Spartacus“. Die Simulation wird sich mit modellspezifischen, softwarerelevanten und vertragsbezogenen Voraussetzungen für die Modellübergabe befassen. Dabei sollen auch softwareneutrale Gesichtspunkt Beachtung finden. Anhand der Ergebnisse der Fallstudie werden allgemeine Voraussetzungen und Handlungsempfehlungen erarbeitet sowie mögliche Fehlerquellen aufgedeckt. Das Ergebnis soll ein Leitfaden sein, der bei der Implementierung des digitalen Gebäudebetriebs unterstützt.:Einleitung 1 Ziele 2 Begriffsdefinitionen 3 Das Facility Management 3.1 Funktionsbereiche des FM 3.2 Voraussetzung für den Einsatz von FM-Software 4 Building Information Modeling 5 Bedeutung des Building Information Modeling für das Facility Management 6 Software 6.1 FM-unterstützende Software am Markt 6.2 Unterschied CAFM (Computer-Aided Facility Management)/IWMS (Integrated Workplace Management Systems)/FMIS (Facility Management Information Systems) 6.3 Anforderungen an die Software 6.4 Ergänzende Software 7 Fallstudie 7.1 Zu verwendende Software 7.2 Ursprünglich zu verwendendes Gebäude 7.3 Verwendetes Gebäudemodell 7.4 Untersuchte Bauteile und Bereiche des Gebäudes 7.5 Vorstellung der verwendeten Software “Spartacus” 7.6 Übergabe des Modells in die FM-Software 7.7 Verbindung der Revit-Familien mit den Spartacus-Anlagenklassen 7.8 Übergabe eines IFC-Modells 8 Fehlermeldungen 8.1 Fehlermeldung bezüglich der Geschosse 8.2 Fehlermeldung bezüglich der Räume 8.3 Fehler beim IFC-Import in Spartacus 8.4 Untersuchung des Im- und Exports zwischen *.rvt und *.ifc 9 Vertragsrelevante Schlussfolgerungen 9.1 Übersicht über die BIM-relevanten Vertragsbestandteile 9.2 Implementierung der Erkenntnisse in bestehende BIM-Strukturen der Deutschen Bahn 10 Fazit 10.1 Anforderungen an BIM im Facility Management allgemein 10.2 Anforderungen an zukünftig zu übergebende Modelle 10.3 BIM-relevante Leistungsphasen der HOAI für das FM-Modell 10.4 Beispiele für Ausschreibungstexte 10.5 Anforderungen an den Bediener der CAFM-Software 10.6 Anforderungen an den Planer 10.7 Anforderungen an die Software 10.8 Erforderlicher Detaillierungsgrad für das FM-Programm 10.9 Kompatibilität von “Spartacus” mit “Autodesk Revit” 10.10 Anwendung der speziellen Parameter 11 Der Weg für die Implementierung der Spartacus-Software 12 Ausblick 13 Anhänge 14 Literaturverzeichnis Erklärung

Government agencies have attempted to reduce energy consumption using executive orders, mandates, and agency policies. Despite these efforts, overall energy consumption of government facilities has not experienced significant energy reductions. Why haven't these efforts succeeded? The premise is that energy consumption decisions and their unintended outcomes contribute to this problem, and in this manuscript research focuses on cognitive bias, choice architecture, and decision making in relation to energy decisions answer this question. Potential impacts cognitive bias has on the decision maker is examined, and if it is possible to design better decision environments to account for cognitive bias and help decision makers maximize benefits (utility). This manuscript first examines the literature of cognitive bias, choice architecture, and government energy management, especially how these topics relate to meeting the country's energy goals. The next chapter examines cognitive bias that government facility managers encounter using qualitative analysis. In this study, the research indicates facility managers encounter loss aversion, risk aversion, choice overload, and the status quo bias during energy decisions. The last chapter examines applications of choice architecture, specifically attribute framing, to emphasize the utility maximizing choice of long term energy reductions over initial cost. This study found that decision makers did not see the utility of the energy efficient option without an intervention to draw their attention to the long term savings. Once the decision makers became aware of the potential savings, they chose the most efficient (and utility maximizing) option. / Master of Science / Government agencies have attempted to reduce energy consumption using executive orders, mandates, and agency policies. Despite these efforts, overall energy consumption of government facilities has not experienced significant energy reductions. Why haven’t these efforts succeeded? The premise is that energy consumption decisions made by facility managers, and their unintended outcomes, contribute to this underestimating of energy savings. This manuscript research focuses on how decisions can vastly effect energy efficiency, and how the structure of decisions can assist facility managers to make decisions which result in energy efficiency. This manuscript first examines the literature decision making in government energy management. The next chapter examines cognitive bias, which inhibits decisions that maximize benefits, that government facility managers encounter using interviews and survey results. In this study, the research indicates facility managers would rather avoid a loss of revenue than risk a potential gain in revenue, and are overwhelmed by the options of energy efficiency products and services available. The last chapter examines how to make the decisions easier for facility managers, by drawing attention to the benefits of long-term energy efficient products and services over initial (high) costs of products and services. This study found that decision makers did not see the benefit of the energy efficient products and services without an intervention to draw their attention to the long-term savings. Once the decision makers became aware of the potential savings, they chose the most efficient option.

According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, 293 people lost their life from 2008-2012 in the field of Facility Management (FM). In that same timeframe, private employers recorded 98,420 cases of occupational injuries and illness, with 26,190 cases requiring a minimum of 31 days away from work. Workers in this field are at constant risk of electrical shock, falls, crushing, cuts, and bruises and as a result, have a much higher rate of injury and illness than the national average. Case study analysis confirms that many of the recorded accidents could have been avoided had the victim followed appropriate hazard mitigation steps to safely execute a facility repair and maintenance task, defined in this research as safety protocol. Currently, safety related information is conveyed to FM staff through training seminars, OandM manuals, plans and specifications, database storage, safety meetings, and safety literature. This information, although comprehensive, often remains fragmented among multiple resources and is left up to the worker's discretion whether the information is relevant. Research has shown that the more time and effort, known as inconvenience, an individual must spend obtaining information, the less likely they are to retrieve the information and obey the stated warnings. This research focuses on the identification, categorization, transference, and delivery of safety related information applicable to facility management staff. This is executed by, obtaining safety inputs through various mechanisms of data collection, categorizing the safety inputs, transferring the information utilizing existing BIM-based software and research methods into a data storage repository, and designing a data retrieval and processing system (DRPS), integrated into the repository to interact with the data. The DRPS adds structure and relationships through a UML Class Diagram and Sequence Diagram. Additionally, standardized safety properties are developed for asset groups using the Asset Safety Identification Tool (ASIT). Finally, a conceptual graphical user interface (GUI) is developed to represent the interaction between the DRPS and the FM Worker. By combining the DRPS with a GUI, a FM worker can efficiently interact with a singular repository for safety information, eliminating the need to reference multiple resources in order to obtain comprehensive safety information. The goal of this research is to mitigate the fragmentation and timing inefficiencies within safety related information retrieval by developing a BIM-based framework to categorize, consolidate, and deliver job specific safety information, eliminating the need to reference multiple documents in order to develop a comprehensive, task specific safety plan. / Ph. D. / According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, 293 people lost their life from 2008-2012 in the field of Facility Management (FM). In that same timeframe, private employers recorded 98,420 cases of occupational injuries and illness, with 26,190 cases requiring a minimum of 31 days away from work. Workers in this field are at constant risk of electrical shock, falls, crushing, cuts, and bruises and as a result, have a much higher rate of injury and illness than the national average. Data analysis confirms that many of the recorded accidents could have been avoided had the victim followed appropriate hazard mitigation steps to safely execute a facility repair and maintenance task. Currently, safety related information is conveyed to FM staff through training seminars, operations & maintenance manuals, plans & specifications, virtual training, safety meetings, and safety literature. This information, although comprehensive, often remains fragmented among multiple resources and is left up to the worker’s discretion whether the information is relevant. Research has shown that the more time and effort an individual must spend obtaining information, the less likely they are to retrieve the information and obey the stated warnings. This research focuses on the identification, categorization, transference, and delivery of safety related information applicable to FM staff. This is executed by, obtaining safety inputs (categorized information) through various mechanisms of data collection, organizing the safety inputs, transferring the information utilizing existing engineering software and research methods into a computer based data storage repository, and designing a data retrieval and processing system (DRPS), integrated into the data storage repository to interact with the data. The DRPS adds structure and relationships through computer programming, using a Unified Modeling Language (UML) Class Diagram and Sequence Diagram. Additionally, standardized safety properties are developed for FM assets (operations equipment) using the Asset Safety Identification Tool (ASIT). Finally, a conceptual computer interface (GUI) is developed to represent the interaction between the DRPS and FM Worker. By combining the DRPS with a GUI, a FM worker can efficiently interact with a singular repository for safety information, eliminating the need to reference multiple resources in order to obtain comprehensive safety information. The goal of this research is to mitigate the fragmentation and timing inefficiencies with retrieving safety information by developing a computer based framework to categorize, consolidate, and deliver job specific safety information, eliminating the need to reference multiple documents in order to develop a comprehensive, task specific safety plan.

Potentialen att tillhandhålla stora mängder information under hela byggprocessen är något BIM(byggnadsinformationsmodellering på svenska) är mest förknippat med. Dock är den praktiskaanvändningen av BIM i förvaltningen minimal vid jämförelse mot projekteringen.Vårdbyggnader är otroligt viktiga och komplicerade byggnader i samhället som konstant behöverunderhållas och detta arbete tar upp BIM och relationsmodellernas potential att fungera som ettkomplement till dagens och framtidens förvaltningssystem.Studien har fokuserat på att ta reda på hur förvaltningen för vårdbyggnader arbetar idag medBIM och hur de önskar arbeta i framtiden. Detta har gjorts genom intervjuer ochdokumentanalyser där en litteraturstudie ligger till grund över utformningen av de frågeformulärsom tagits fram. Syftet har varit att undersöka vilken information som en BIM-relationsmodell(även kallat förvaltningsmodell) måste innehålla för att vara användbar och till nytta iförvaltningen.Teorin för arbetet beskriver vad BIM är och hur sambandet med BIM och fastighetsförvaltningenser ut. Teorin tar också upp vikten av hållbar information i öppna filformat.Resultatet av insamlade data visar att BIM är väl känt hos fastighetsförvaltningsorganisationernamen används inte i den utsträckning som önskas. Några anledningar till detta är brist på; kunskapinom organisationen, inflytande i byggprocessen och interna arbetsmetoder. Allaintervjurepresentanter är positiva till BIM och ser potentialen i att använda BIM-modeller somderas digitala verktyg att visualisera och hantera information inom förvaltningen. Dock har,framförallt, representanterna med ansvar för CAD/BIM för fastighetsdokumentationen svårt atttydligt påvisa vilken information som de vill ha och ser mer information som bättre.Slutsatsen visar att organisationerna är beroende av att utvärdera sina behov och hitta nyttor medBIM i förvaltningen för att sedan kunna sätta rätt krav på slutleveransen av BIM-modellen somska användas i förvaltningen. Behovet av att på ett konsekvent sätt lägga till, ta ut, uppdatera ochmodifiera information ser alla intervjurepresentanter som en viktig fråga för framtiden.Under diskussionskapitlet tas bland annat problematiken upp med att många som intervjuats seratt ju mer information den levererade BIM-modellen innehåller desto bättre är det. Författarenspersonliga åsikt är att modellen måste anpassas så att rätt information finns. / The potential for supplying large amounts of information throughout the construction process issomething BIM is mostly associated with. However, the practical use of BIM in facilitymanagement is minimal when compared to the project planning phase.Healthcare buildings are incredibly important and complex buildings in the society thatconstantly need to be maintained and this study addresses the potential of BIM and the use of asbuiltmodels to serve as a complement to today's and future facility management systems.This study has focused on finding out how the management of healthcare facilities uses andworks with BIM today and how they wish to work in the future. This has been done throughinterviews and document analyzes where a literature study forms the basis for the formulation ofthe questionnaires produced. The purpose has been to investigate what information a BIM asbuiltmodel (also called facility management model) must contain to be useable and useful in thefacility management.The theory of this study describes what BIM is and how the relationship with BIM and facilitymanagement looks. It also addresses the importance of sustainable information in open fileformats.The result of the collected data from the interviews shows that BIM is well known to facilitymanagement organizations but is not used to the extent desired. A few reasons for this are lackof; knowledge within the organization, influence in the construction process and workingmethods. All interviewees are positive to BIM and see the potential of using BIM models as theirdigital tools to visualize and manage information within the facility management. However have,in particular, the CAD/BIM representatives of the facility documentation difficulty in clearlyidentifying what information they want and thinks a lot of information in the models is better.The conclusion shows that organizations are dependent on evaluating their needs and findingbenefits with BIM in their facility management and then be able to set the right requirements forthe final delivery of the BIM model to be used in the facility management. The need to add,extract, update and modify information consistently, is something all interviewees sees as animportant question for the future.In the discussion chapter the problem arises about the fact that many interviewed thinks that themore information the BIM model contains, the better it is. The author's opinion is that the modelmust be adapted so that the right information is available.

Sweden's population is growing every year, and in parallel there is an ongoing adjustment of the trade and retail consumption, within the Nordic area. Today, the development of retail is combined with the development of grandeur shopping malls, with the purpose to attract crowds and retailers. These venues have long been essential for the commercial real estate development, both on a local and global perspective. USA and Western Europe have long been leaders in the development and the management of shopping malls. They have created new conditions, trends and possibilities for how a property owner can optimize the financial management and similar strategies. This Bachelor Thesis will study what global trends there are and in what grade these trends have affected the Swedish shopping mall market. By defining the Swedish shopping mall market, from other commercial real estates, we can review and analyse the trends and tendencies that have developed the traditional Swedish management. Moreover we will review why a foreign corporate, within ownership and management of shopping malls, would like to establish their organisation within the Swedish market. For this purpose, we will analyse the incentives and what prospects these corporates are having. We have succeeded to discover that the Swedish shopping mall market have done important changes during the last 10-15 years. There have been a distinct professionalisation of the financial management with a clear focus on emulating other foreign companies through IPO:s, minimizing the loan-to-value and having a stable dividend performance. Moreover the game rules have changed, for the Swedish retail market, due to newly developed international corporates that have established their business in Sweden. Therefore there are competing forces, between the global FDI: s and local Swedish corporates, with the most valuable locations. We have established the conclusion that many of the foreign shopping mall owners wants to expand their organisation on the Swedish market, due to clear incentives. This is for example due to a stable economic growth, transparency and the possibility to create relationships with lucrative retailers. Several Swedish companies are about to abandon the traditional Swedish management model as they become more focused on profit and economic growth, the priority is no longer just customer satisfaction and technical maintenance. Sweden has previously tried on popular global methods, without effect, but perhaps it is time to re-examine other variants of these strategies, as the Swedish market have become an attractive source of the global shopping center trade. / Sveriges befolkning växer för varje år och parallellt med detta sker en utveckling av handeln och retailkonsumtionen, i hela norden. Idag kombineras utvecklingen av detaljhandeln med storslagna köpcentrum och gallerior, för att locka till sig folkmassor och detaljister. Dessa handelsplatser har länge varit viktiga fastigheter inom samhällsbyggandet och stadsutvecklingen. USA och Västeuropa har länge varit ledande inom utveckling och förvaltning av köpcentrum genom att de har skapat nya villkor, trender och möjligheter för hur en fastighetsägare ska optimera den ekonomiska förvaltningen och andra dylika strategier. Denna kandidatuppsats kommer att studera vilka trender som finns och i vilken grad de har påverkat den svenska köpcentrummarknaden. Utifrån att avgränsa den svenska köpcentrummarknaden från andra kommersiella fastigheter, kan vi studera och analysera trender och tendenser, vilka håller på att utveckla den traditionella svenska förvaltningen. Utöver detta kommer vi undersöka varför utländska företag, inom ägande och förvaltning av köpcentrum, vill etablera sig på den svenska marknaden. Till detta ska vi analysera vilka incitament som finns och vilka framtidsutsikter dessa företag har. Vi har lyckats komma fram till att den svenska köpcentrummarknaden har gjort viktiga förändringar de senaste 10-15 åren. De har skapats en tydlig professionalisering av den ekonomiska förvaltningen för svenska företag med tydligt fokus på att efterlikna utländska aktörer genom att börsnotera företaget, försöka dämpa belåningsgraden och satsa på en stabil utdelningsfilosofi. Utöver detta har spelreglerna ändrat sig genom att större internationella företag har slagit rot på den svenska marknaden. Därmed konkurrerar de lokala respektive globala företagen, om de mest attraktiva platserna. Vi har kommit fram till att många utländska köpcentrumägare vill satsa på den svenska marknaden då det finns tydliga incitament för dessa att göra så. Denna utveckling beror till exempel på att det finns en stabil ekonomisk tillväxt, transparens på marknaden och bra möjligheter att skapa samarbeten med lönsamma detaljister. Flera svenska bolag håller på att överge den traditionella förvaltningsmodellen då dessa blir mer fokuserade på avkastning och tillväxt, de prioriterar inte längre enbart kundnöjdhet och tekniskt underhåll. Sverige har tidigare provat på populära globala metoder, utan verkan, men kanske är det dags att återpröva liknande varianter av dessa, då den svenska marknaden har blivit en attraktionskälla i den globala köpcentrumhandeln.

The Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO) industry is constantly searching for new methods for increasing efficiency and productivity. Facility managers, as a part of the owner/operator role, work in complex and dynamic environments where critical decisions are constantly made. This decision-making process and its consequent performance can be improved by enhancing Situation Awareness (SA) of the facility managers through new digital technologies. SA, as a user-centered approach for understanding facility managers’ information requirement, together with Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) was used for developing an Ambient Intelligent (AmI) environment for accessing building information in facilities. Augmented Reality has been considered as a viable option to reduce inefficiencies of data overload by providing facility managers with an SA-based tool for visualizing their “real-world” environment with added interactive data. Moreover, Building Information Modeling (BIM) was used as the data repository of the required building information. A pilot study was done to study the integration between SA, MAR, and BIM. InfoSPOT (Information Surveyed Point for Observation and Tracking) was developed as a low-cost solution that leverage current AR technology, showing that it is possible to take an idealized BIM model and integrate its data and 3D information in an MAR environment. A within-subjects user participation experiment and analysis was also conducted to evaluate the usability of the InfoSPOT in facility management related practices. The outcome of statistical analysis (a one-way repeated measure ANOVA) revealed that on average the mobile AR-based environment was relatively seamless and efficient for all participants in the study. Building on the InfoSPOT pilot study, an in-depth research was conducted in the area of healthcare facility management, integrating SA, MAR, and BIM to develop an AmI environment where facility mangers’ information requirement would be superimposed on their real-word view of the facility they maintain and would be interactively accessible through current mobile handheld technology. This AmI environment was compared to the traditional approach of conducting preventive and corrective maintenance using paper-based forms. The purpose of this part of the research was to investigate the hypothesis of “bringing 3D BIM models of building components in an AR environment and making it accessible through handheld mobile devices would help the facility managers to locate those components easier and faster compared to facility managers’ paper-based approach”. The result of this study shows that this innovative application of AR and integrating it with BIM to enhance the SA has the potential to improve construction practices, and in this case, facility management.

The hospital emergency department (ED) is a critical source for health care amid a complex healthcare system in the United States. It is the gateway to care for a broad range of people, arriving from a variety of locations. With this wide reaching net and a decreasing trend in hospital beds, EDs throughout the United States are experiencing overcrowding. ED crowding has various tactical and strategic facility management impacts ranging from facility occupancy issues to adverse health outcomes. Among other factors, recent research has cited the sharp increase in ED visits over the years and ED patient boarding as key contributors to crowding. Home hospital care is a model in which health care is delivered at an individual’s home as a substitute for hospital-level inpatient short-term acute care. Clinical research has shown home hospital to be an effective care model for select illnesses presenting frequently to EDs, such as congestive heart failure, community acquired pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cellulitis. While there exist distinct clinical and social criteria for which delineate eligible individuals, home hospital care models have been linked with the potential to free inpatient beds. The overarching objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between home hospital care and ED crowding. To achieve this objective, the study examined the relationship between home hospital care and ED crowding, specific to ED boarding performance at a large, urban, teaching hospital facility. A methodology for identification of potential home hospital patients was used through clinical and social criteria, and a scale for the range of clinical eligibility rates was established for the five suitable illnesses. The study modeled patient flow and bed demand, and utilized computer simulation modeling to assess the impact of home hospital care on ED boarding performance. Various models were simulated to represent different home hospital intervention types. The models incorporated home hospital through an ED Referral program, Inpatient-Transfer Referral program, Community Referral program, and a fully integrated home hospital program. Three scenarios were run for each model to assess practical possibilities for the utilization of the freed bed hours from a home hospital program. This research contributes insight and understanding of home hospital’s impacts on ED crowding. The insight from this study quantifies the effects of a home hospital program on ED boarding and inpatient bed demand. The modeling study is contributes an analytical understanding of the impacts that home hospital could potentially have on crowding, which could prove useful in the struggle against ED congestion. This understanding helps to provide a more thorough understanding of home hospital, and could aid in an organization’s decision-making process of whether to implement a program. The presented modeling methodology for analyzing home hospital and ED crowding can also be used as a model format for researchers and practitioners for analytical purposes in future studies.

Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva de kostnadsskillnader som föreligger mellan ägarlägenhetsfastigheter och bostadsrätter. Studien kommer att belysa de löpande kostnaderna samt de engångskostnader som ett bostadsköp innebär för respektive boendeform. Då ägarlägenheten är den nyaste boendeformen på den svenska marknaden undersöks andrahandsöverlåtelser av dessa i förhållande till aktuell prisutveckling på bostadsrätter. Slutligen sker en undersökning av de påverkansmöjligheter en samfällighetsförening för ägarlägenheter har gällande de löpande kostnaderna av gemensamma ytor. Genom att studera främst skattemässiga förhållanden har en beräkning genomförts som visar kostnadsskillnaderna mellan ägarlägenheter och bostadsrätter. En utvärdering av genomförda andrahandsöverlåtelser för ägarlägenheter har gjorts efter material som behandlar överlåtelser av ägarlägenheter i Sverige. Två intervjuer har genomförts med representanter för samfällighetsföreningar för ägarlägenheter. Under intervjuerna diskuterades olika tillvägagångssätt för att minska kostnaderna för de gemensamma ytorna. Inköpspriset för en ägarlägenhet är högre än för bostadsrätten medan månadskostnaden är lägre för ägarlägenheten. Främsta anledningen till kostnadsskillnaderna är de cirka 33 procent av kostnaderna för att producera en bostadsrätt som lånas upp av bostadsrättföreningen. För ägarlägenheter är produktionskostnaderna lika höga fast inga lån upptas inom samfällighetsföreningen vilket gör att inköpspriset är cirka 33 procent högre. De andrahandsöverlåtelser som undersökts visar en positiv prisutveckling för ägarlägenheter. Huruvida detta är kopplat till boendeformen eller inte är svårt att utvärdera då prisutvecklingen på samtliga bostäder ökat kraftigt de senaste åren. Intervjuerna rörande förvaltning av gemensamma ytor för ägarlägenheter visade att kostnaderna kan sänkas genom engagemang, leverantörsbyte samt omförhandlingar av vissa avtal. / The purpose of this study is to describe the cost differences, which exist between owner-occupied apartments and condominiums. The study will describe the current costs for housing and the non-recurrent costs for purchasing. Current resale prices on the transfer of owner-occupied apartments have been studied in relation to the current price trend of condominiums. Finally, there is a study about the influence a joint property management association for the owner-occupied apartments have on the current costs for the joint areas. By studying mainly fiscal conditions, a calculation that present differences in costs between the owner-occupied apartments is presented. An evaluation of completed secondary transfers for condominiums and owner-occupied apartments is also presented. Two interviews has been conducted with representatives of joint property management association belonging to owner-occupied apartments. The interviews shows different approaches to reduce costs for maintaining the joint areas. Calculations of the cost differences show that the purchase price of an owner-occupied apartment is higher and that the monthly cost is higher for condominiums. The main reason for the cost differences is the mortage of the condominium associations resulting in approximately 33 percent higher current costs for condominiums. For owner-occupied apartments, the loans is with the owner of the apartment, making the purchase price about 33 percent higher. The joint property management association for the owner-occupied apartments has no mortgage. Prices for secondary transfers show a positive trend for owner-occupied apartments. Whether this is connected to the form of housing or something else is difficult to clarify since the prices of residential in Sweden has increased in recent years. Interviews regarding the management and maintenance of the common areas associated to the owner-occupied apartments shows that costs can be reduced by better procurement, in example better negotiations evaluations and choice of supplier.