Orientador: Sonia Maria Pessoa Pereira Bergamasco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T07:50:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira_LuizClaudioAntonio_D.pdf: 20143008 bytes, checksum: ad16e129fbaaff8cbe2d1be67049bee1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O presente trabalho de pesquisa analisou a importância de uma Escola Técnica estar inserida no próprio meio rural para atender às necessidades da comunidade. A Escola Técnica de Agricultura Familiar - ETAF - Pedro Pomar está localizada no assentamento Pirituba, área III, Bairro de Água Azul, no município de Itaberá - SP. A Escola atende aos jovens provenientes do assentamento Pirituba, áreas I, IV e VI pertencentes ao município de Itapeva - SP, e áreas II, III e V situadas no município de Itaberá - SP e também filhos de agricultores familiares desses municípios. A ETAF está localizada em área predominantemente de agricultura familiar, onde é considerado agricultor familiar tanto o que é dono da chamada propriedade pelos habitantes do lugar, de "lotes", sendo seus proprietários os "lotistas", quanto por áreas de assentamentos, ou os denominados "assentados". Como agricultura familiar entende-se aquela em que os trabalhos em nível de unidade de produção são exercidos predominantemente pela família, preservando se a iniciativa, o domínio e o controle do que e do como produzir, havendo uma relação estreita entre o que é produzido e o que é consumido, mantendo também um alto grau de diversificação produtiva, tendo alguns produtos relacionados com o mercado. Entre os considerados agricultores(as) familiares, destacam-se os agricultores familiares tradicionais e as famílias assentadas por programas de Reforma Agrária. A Escola é uma parceria entre o Centro Paula Souza e o ITESP, e oferece a habilitação Técnica em Agricultura Familiar. Para realização da pesquisa foram aplicados questionários aos alunos ingressantes em julho de 2004 - quando da inauguração da Escola - e em fevereiro de 2005 e 2006, totalizando três turmas. Procurou-se neste momento definir o público jovem e saber dentro de quais limites e parâmetros se encontra. As questões levantadas para os alunos ingressantes referem-se aos dados dos alunos e família, características da propriedade e segurança alimentar. Novo questionário foi aplicado, a esses alunos, aproximadamente dois anos após a conclusão do curso em que além das perguntas iguais as que já tinham sido respondidas quando ingressaram na Escola, outros questionamentos referentes aos resultados que o estudo proporcionou em que aparecem questões como as referentes à situação atual do jovem, o ensino na ETAF e as conseqüências no jovem formado. O corpo docente também respondeu questionário de avaliação sobre o curso, alunos, resultados esperados e seu próprio desempenho. Durante esse período, alem dos questionários, realizou-se entrevista informal e observação participante, como complementação na obtenção dos dados e também, para auxiliar na discussão dos resultados obtidos. Pela análise dos dados constatou-se que a ETAF trouxe benefícios para a comunidade, por atender a jovens que dificilmente conseguiriam prosseguir nos estudos, devido às distancias entre suas propriedades e Escolas Técnicas mais próximas. Observou-se também melhoras na estrutura da propriedade, e oportunidades profissionais, tanto dentro como fora da propriedade. Percebeu-se, porém, alguns entraves que precisam ser suplantados para que a ETAF continue a atender dignamente os atores sociais do campo, na qual ela é parte importante para o processo de desenvolvimento rural sustentável / Abstract: The present work analyzed the importance of a Technical School inserted in the rural area to attend to the needs of the community. The Technical School of Family Agriculture - Escola Técnica de Agricultura Familiar - ETAF - Pedro Pomar is located in the settlement Pirituba, area III, Água Azul Suburb, in Itaberá town, State of Sao Paulo. The school attends to the youths originating from the settlement Pirituba, areas I, IV and VI belonging to Itapeva town - State of Sao Paulo, and areas II, III and V situated in Itaberá town, as well as the farmers' children in these towns. ETAF is located in a predominantly family farming area, where is considered a family farmer whoever owns a real estate, who are called "lotistas" (one who owns an area of land), or lives in the settlements, named "settled". As family farming is understood that the works are exercised predominantly by the family, preserving the initiative, the domain and the control of the know how of the production, narrowing the relation between what is produced and what is consumed, maintaining a high rank of productive diversification, with products related to the market. Among those considered family farmers, the traditional family farmers and the families settled by programs of land reform are highlighted. The School is a partnership between the Paula Souza Center and the ITESP, and offers technical fitting for family farming. For achievement of the research questionnaires were applied to the freshmen students in July of 2004 - the inauguration of the School - and in February of 2005 and 2006, totaling up three groups. The research tried to outline the public and to discover the limits and the parameters. The questions for the freshmen students refer to the students and family's facts, features of the estate and security feed. New questionnaire was applied to those students, approximately two years after the graduation, with the same questions and others regarding the results that the study provided towards the present situation of the youth, the education in the ETAF and the consequences in the formed youth. The faculty also answered questionnaire of evaluation about the course, students, and the results expected by their own performance. During that period, besides the questionnaires, informal interview and participant observation were carried out as a complement to the facts and for helping in the argument of the obtained results. By the analysis of the facts it was established that ETAF brought benefits for the community, by attending the youth that would hardly continue the studies, due to the distance between their homes and the nearest Technical Schools. It was also observed that there were improvements in the structure of the estate, as in professional opportunities within or outside the area. It was perceived; however, some obstacles that need to be supplanted so that ETAF continues to attend with dignity the social actors of the field, in which it is an important part for the process of sustainable rural development / Doutorado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: Maristela Simões do Carmo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T11:08:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miranda_LiviaAtauri_M.pdf: 1011546 bytes, checksum: f554b3864b6f99603e2c5937b01843af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou contribuir na caracterização dos usos dos recursos florestais e da percepção dos agricultores familiares em um assentamento de reforma agrária, tomando como caso de estudo o assentamento Horto Vergel em Mogi-Mirim, Estado de São Paulo. A abordagem da pesquisa se relaciona às diversas formas como são utilizados os recursos naturais e florestais e as contextualizações em relação aos fatores que determinam sua escolha. A metodologia utilizou como ferramenta entrevistas semi-estruturadas, que propiciaram discussões, reflexões e a interação com o entrevistado, além de identificar vocações para a adoção e desenvolvimento de Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs). Também foram empregados, como parte do método, dados secundários (mapas, croquis, documentos, séries históricas, entre outros), mas privilegiou-se a observação direta no campo com as entrevistas e a participação dos agricultores. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a grande maioria dos agricultores entrevistados no assentamento 12 de outubro (81,4%) utilizam recursos florestais em alguma escala, porém, não o fazem de forma adequada, o que poderá levar à exaustão desses recursos a médio prazo. A principal conclusão é que os agricultores familiares desse assentamento não utilizam os recursos florestais de como forma consciente, sistemática e preponderante de reprodução econômica, social e ambiental. Tais recursos ainda são vistos como coadjuvantes, ou até antagônicos, dentre as possibilidades estratégicas para a permanência no lote. Entretanto, embora os conhecimentos sobre SAFs sejam poucos, foi alto o número de interessados (72,1%) em discutir o tema, demonstrando uma situação de concordância entre o uso atual dos recursos e a percepção das possibilidades antevistas pelos agricultores para sua reprodução sócio-econômica. Na medida do possível foi feito um esforço para estimular alternativas de manejo dos recursos florestais que possam viabilizar a recuperação e preservação de áreas florestais, aliada à estratégia de produção de alimentos, com vistas ao desenvolvimento sustentável ambiental e sócio-econômico do assentamento / Abstract: The current paper aims to contribute on the characterization of forest resources use and perception by family farmers in an agrarian rural settlement. The study case of Horto Vergel settlement in Mogi-Mirim, São Paulo State was used. The research approach are related to the different ways of usage of the natural and forestry resources and the contextualization of the factors that determines its choice. The methodology had as a tool partially structured interviews, that allowed discussion, reflection and interaction with the interviewee, allowing vocations to be identified for the adoption and development of agroforestry systems. Secondary data was also applied, as part of the method, (maps, croquis, documents, historical series, and others), but the privilege of direct observation in the field within the interviews and the participation from the farmers was primary. The results obtained indicated that the great majority of the farmers interviewed in the ¿Asentamento 12 de Outubro¿ (81,4%) use forestry resources on some scale, but not in a proper way, what can lead to the exhaustion of these resources in a medium term. The main conclusion is that the family farmers from this rural settlement are not using the forestry resources in a conscious, systematic and preponderant manner of environment, economic and social reproduction. Such resources are still understood as coadjuvants, or even antagonists, in between the strategic possibilities to the permanence in the land. However, in spite of the lack of knowledge about agroforestry systems, the number of people interested in discussing the subject was high (72,1%), this demonstrates an approval situation between the current resource use and the perceptions of the possibilities anticipated by the farmers for their social and economic reproduction. Inner the possibilities an effort was made to stimulate alternatives for the management of the forestry resources that may enable the forest areas recovery and preservation, combined with strategies of food production, aiming for the sustainable, environmental and socioeconomic development of this rural settlement / Mestrado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: Sonia Maria Pessoa Pereira Bergamasco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T16:15:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roboredo_Delmonte_D.pdf: 11429360 bytes, checksum: 3b77971a7c156b92bac49d6a26766868 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O governo brasileiro apoiou irrestritamente a ocupação da Amazônia Legal com créditos altamente subsidiados para substituir a floresta por atividades agropastoris com a justificativa de que precisava ocupar aquela região para soberania nacional. Deste modo, o governo federal investiu fortemente na região, sem nenhuma preocupação ambiental, sendo o município de Alta Floresta, no Extremo norte do Estado de Mato Grosso, produto deste projeto governamental. Esta visão antropocêntrica gerou enormes externalidades negativas aos diferentes agroecossistemas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o nível de degradação socioambiental da Microbacia Hidrográfica Mariana (MBM) localizada em Alta Floresta/MT, utilizando dados secundários (relatórios de pesquisas, artigos, teses, entre outros) e primários (entrevistas com lideranças políticas, agricultores, etc.), norteado por um aparato teórico-metodológico. Foram realizadas amostragens de solos para avaliação dos atributos físicos e químicos com dados coletados na área de preservação permanente (APP) e do entorno (ENT), entrevistas semi-estruturadas, história oral e adoção do marco MESMIS (Marco para la Evaluación de Sistemas de Manejo de Recursos Naturales) para construção de indicadores de sustentabilidade socioambiental dentro do enfoque sistêmico, envolvendo diferentes atores sociais (agricultores e urbanos). Empregou-se quatro técnicas da estatística multivariada (Análise Fatorial por Correspondências Múltiplas, Análise de Componentes Principais Não Lineares, Análise de Variância multivariada e Classificação Hierárquica Ascendente) que identificou dois sistemas de manejos da MBM com os quais foram construídos indicadores para comparar a sustentabilidade entre eles. Pelos resultados obtidos, detectou-se que os solos da MBM estão degradados posto que: 74,5% das áreas dos estabelecimentos (APP e ENT) apresentaram macroporosidade menor que 10%; 78% dos solos da APP na camada de 0 - 0,20 m apresentaram densidade superior a 1,5 Mg m-3; 64,8% das áreas estudadas estão com a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração variando entre 2,5 e 5 MPa; a saturação por bases identificou que a maior parte dos solos necessita corrigir a acidez devido aos resultados médios que acusarem 46% (APP) e 44% (ENT) deste indicador; e 29,4% dos agroecossistemas apresentou teor de matéria orgânica menor ou igual a 20 g dm-3. O marco MESMIS identificou que aquele espaço rural encontra-se muito longe do ideal de sustentabilidade tendo em vista o baixo índice agregado obtido no cluster 1 (35%) e no cluster 2 (35,2%), corroborado pela visão dos atores sociais urbanos que atingiu 40,2%, gerando o índice geral médio de 36,8%, indicando que a MBM encontra-se na condição "não sustentável ou crítica". Conclui-se que a recuperação socioambiental daquele território requer adoção imediata de políticas públicas, construídas com os agricultores, através da implementação de um projeto de microbacia hidrográfica para recuperação e a conservação dos solos, bem como a aplicabilidade do serviço de extensão rural, dentro de uma visão agroecológica, para que juntos com os agricultores, como protagonistas, sejam construídos caminhos na busca do desenvolvimento rural sustentável / Abstract: The brazilian government unreservedly supported the occupation of the Amazon with highly subsidized credits to replace the forest for agropastoral activities with the justification that needed to occupy that region to national sovereignty. Thus, the federal government has invested heavily in the region, without any environmental concern, and the country of Alta Floresta in the Far North of the Mato Grosso State, product of this government project. This anthropocentric view generated huge negative externalities to different agroecosystems. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of environmental degradation Watershed Mariana located in Alta Floresta/MT, using secondary data (research reports, articles, theses, etc.) and primary (interviews with political leaders, farmers, etc.), guided by a theoretical - methodological apparatus. Soil samples for evaluation of physical and chemical attributes with data collected in the area of permanent preservation (APP) and the environment (ENT), semi-structured interviews, oral history and adoption of landmark Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Systems (MESMIS, its Spanish acronym) for construction of indicators of environmental sustainability within the systemic approach, involving different social actors (farmers and urban). We applied four techniques of multivariate statistics were (Factor Analysis for Multiple Correspondence, Principal Components Analysis Nonlinear, Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Ascendant Hierarchical Classification) which identified two management systems of MBM with which indicators were constructed to compare the sustainability of them. From the results obtained, it was found that the soils wathersed Mariana are degraded in which: 74.5% of the areas of establishments (APP and ENT) macroporosity showed less than 10%, 78% of soils in the APP in the 0-0,20 m showed a density higher of 1.5 Mg m-3, 64.8% of the studied areas are with the soil resistance to penetration ranging from 2.5 to 5 MPa, the base saturation identified that most soils need to correct acidity due to average results that accuse 46% (APP) and 44% (ENT) of this indicator, and 29.4% of agroecosystems showed content of organic matter lower or equal to 20 g dm-3. The methodology MESMIS identified that rural areas that lies far from the ideal of sustainability in view of the low aggregate index obtained in cluster 1 (35%) and cluster 2 (35.2%), supported by the vision of urban social actors which reached 40.2%, generating the overall average rate of 36.8%, indicating that the watersed Mariana is in "not sustainable or critical" condition. It is concluded that the environmental recovery of that territory requires immediate adoption of public policies, built with farmers through the implementation of a project for watershed rehabilitation and soil conservation as well as the applicability of the agricultural extension service, within a agroecological vision, so that together with the farmers, as protagonists, paths are constructed in the pursuit of sustainable rural development / Doutorado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientadores: Roberto Funes Abrahão, Mauro José Andrade Tereso / Tesse (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T06:14:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_IvanAugustoVall_D.pdf: 6768277 bytes, checksum: 3276154c8c5da600e316acce986202e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Diversas têm sido as pesquisas em agricultura orgânica a partir de perspectivas técnicas, econômicas ou relacionadas aos aspectos ecológicos. No entanto, ainda são raras as investigações que objetivam identificar as características da carga de trabalho na agricultura orgânica, sob uma perspectiva ergonômica. Este projeto buscou caracterizar a carga física de trabalho na horticultura orgânica com base na determinação da frequência de exposição dos trabalhadores às categorias relevantes da atividade. Para tanto, fez-se uma adaptação do método PATH (Posture, Activities, Tools and Handling) para sua utilização na análise do trabalho agrícola. A abordagem incluiu uma avaliação do esforço físico exigido para a execução das tarefas dos diversos sistemas de trabalho por meio de uma amostragem sistemática das situações laborais e da monitoração sincronizada do parâmetro fisiológico frequência cardíaca; caracterização do repertório postural adotado pelos trabalhadores pela adaptação do método OWAS; identificação das áreas do corpo dos trabalhadores que apresentam desconforto pela aplicação do Diagrama das Áreas Dolorosas; avaliação do esforço percebido através da aplicação da escala RPE. Buscou-se correlacionar os resultados das avaliações particulares e interpretá-los à luz da observação da atividade dos trabalhadores. Os resultados sugerem que o método adotado mostrou-se eficiente para caracterizar a carga de trabalho da horticultura orgânica. As exigências posturais foram mais significativas que as cardiovasculares para as tarefas estudadas e se correlacionaram positivamente com as manifestações de desconforto corporal. O desenvolvimento tecnológico para assistir o trabalho humano na horticultura deveria ser priorizado para as tarefas ligadas ao plantio, tratos culturais e à colheita, tanto para minimizar os efeitos deletérios da carga de trabalho, quanto para aumentar a sua produtividade / Abstract: There are many researches on organic agriculture regarding technical, economic or ecological issues; few researches, however, tries to identify the characteristics of the workload in organic agriculture under an ergonomic perspective. This project aimed the characterization of the physical workload in organic horticulture by determining the frequency of exposure of operators to some activity categories. To do this, an adaptation of the PATH method (Posture, Activities, Tools and Handling) was done to be used in the context of agriculture work. The approach included an evaluation of physical effort demanded to perform the tasks in the work systems from an systematic sampling of work situations from a synchronized monitoring of the heart rate; a characterization of posture repertoire adopted by workers by adapting the OWAS method; an identification of pain body areas using the Corlett diagram; and a subjective evaluation of perceived effort using the RPE Borg scale. The results of the individual assessments were cross correlated and explained from an observation of the work activity. The results suggest that the adopted method was efficient to characterize the workload of the organic horticulture. Postural demands were more significant than cardiovascular demands for the studied tasks, and correlated positively with the expressions of bodily discomfort. It is expected that, besides the knowledge obtained of the physical effort demanded by organic horticulture, this project will be useful for the development of new technologies directed to minimize the difficulties of the human work and to raise the work productivity / Doutorado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Family businesses are considered to be among the most important contributors to wealth and employment in virtually the world. This qualitative study looked at farming family businesses. Farming family businesses present certain unique features that discern them from other family businesses and are worthy of investigation. Two domains are identified in the literature and research about conflict in family business: The business and the family. The researcher postulated that the domain of the family is too broadly drawn and that farming family systems in the Sibling Partnership Stage, with their unique way of life and functioning, consist of several sub-systems which impact on the business. Conflict develops in and between the sub-systems. This study looked at conflict within farming family businesses from a systemic viewpoint, particularly focusing on the process aspects, the interactional dynamics in and between the sub-systems. Four active types of subsystems were identified in the case studies: Couples subsystems, parent child subsystems, sibling subsystems, in-law subsystems or subsystems of which at least one member is an in-law. The research aim was to explore the circular patterns in the two cases as systems and to uncover the function of the conflict in these systems. In both cases, circular conflict patterns came to the fore with the subsystems part of the feedback loops. The conflict escalation happened between the subsystems as elements and the conflict paths were circular, not linear. Sub-themes around family scripts, communication and perceptions about fairness were also uncovered in the research. Both cases were family businesses in the two-generational development stage. The function of the conflict in both systems could only be hypothesised due to the exploratory nature of the research. The researcher hypothesized that the function of the conflict in the systems centred around conflict as an attempt in the system to shake loose from entrenched restricting family scripts. The important themes that presented themselves in the research not envisaged in the planning stage. These themes are part of the systemic patterning in both the cases: Perceptions of fairness or rather unfairness feed into the conflict loop. Rewards and compensation are sensitive matters in all families. The more there are perceptions of unfairness in a subsystem, the more entrenched that belief becomes, the more the conflict in the system escalates and the bigger the emotional distance gets from the assumed beneficiaries of benefits.

As mudanças no uso e na cobertura da terra, principalmente em áreas florestais, causam alterações ambientais em diversas escalas. Uma das suas consequências negativas é a fragmentação de habitats, que causa desequilíbrio nos diversos ecossistemas e perda de espécies e populações. Investigar os fatores que influenciam o aumento da cobertura florestal e as suas consequências para a conservação da biodiversidade é fundamental para o planejamento de políticas públicas ambientais, principalmente em regiões de ocorrência de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. No caso do muriqui-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus), um primata neotropical criticamente em perigo de extinção, a existência de conectividade entre fragmentos florestais remanescentes é um dos maiores limites para a sua conservação, pois mudanças no uso e na cobertura da terra serão necessárias. A conservação desse primata requer estratégias mais integradas do que apenas a criação de áreas protegidas, sendo necessário o envolvimento dos proprietários rurais, juntamente com os tomadores de decisão. A aplicação de instrumentos políticos econômicos, como compensações e pagamentos por serviços ambientais, pode ser uma estratégia para estimular proprietários rurais a participarem de programas de conservação da biodiversidade em terras privadas. O problema da pesquisa deste trabalho foi identificar os fatores que levaram ao aumento de áreas florestadas em propriedades rurais em regime familiar de exploração e as suas consequências à conservação da biodiversidade. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES, onde ocorrem populações do muriqui-do-norte e predominam as propriedades agrícolas familiares, nas quais tem ocorrido aumento de áreas florestadas, muitas delas fragmentadas. O trabalho foi dividido em três partes: Análise das mudanças de uso e da cobertura da terra entre 1970 e 2005, identificando os principais indutores do aumento da cobertura florestal em uma região de ocorrência do muriqui-do-norte; Descrição do perfil socioeconômico, da percepção e das motivações dos proprietários rurais para a conservação de serviços ecossistêmicos; Proposição de corredores estruturais para sete populações de muriqui-do-norte, baseada na permeabilidade da matriz e na aceitação dos donos da terra. Foram utilizados mapas de uso e cobertura da terra, censos agropecuários, entrevistas semiestruturadas, métodos de valoração e compensação de serviços ambientais baseados no mercado de bens substitutos e na preferência declarada, além de simulações dos corredores ecológicos no programa LORACS. A decisão de deixar áreas naturais na propriedade rural é fortemente influenciada por fatores econômicos. O aumento da produtividade, possibilitada pela tecnificação agrícola, permitiu a ampliação da cobertura florestal no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá. O perfil socioeconômico dos agricultores entrevistados e as características das propriedades nos permitem inferir sobre a importância dos instrumentos políticos econômicos, do tipo de agricultura praticada e da percepção ambiental para criar oportunidades de conservação da biodiversidade. Programas de conservação que têm como meta a efetivação de corredores de vegetação em áreas privadas e, consequentemente, a perda de áreas produtivas, podem utilizar instrumentos políticos econômicos, baseados na disposição a receber, no custo de oportunidade da terra e no custo de restauração ecológica, para serem mais atrativos aos proprietários rurais, motivando-os a romper as barreiras para sua aceitação. / The changes imposed in land use and land cover, especially in forest areas, produce environmental changes at various levels. One negative consequence is the habitat fragmentation, followed by disturbance in many ecosystems, such as the loss of species and its populations. The study of factors influencing the increase of forest cover and its consequences for the conservation of biodiversity is essential for the planning of environmental policies, particularly for the regions where endangered species occur. One critical factor for the conservation of the spider monkeys (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) - a neotropical primate critically endangered, is the connectivity between remaining forest fragments, because necessary changes in land use and land cover will happen. The above mentioned conservation requires more integrated strategies than just the creation of protected areas, whereas the involvement of landowners and decision makers are needed. The use of economic policy instruments, such as compensation and payments for environmental services, can provide a strategy to encourage landowners to participate in biodiversity conservation programs on their lands. The present research consists in identifying the leading factors to the increase of forested areas on lands in family regime of exploitation and its consequences for biodiversity conservation. This study has been conducted in Santa Maria de Jetibá, a county of Espírito Santo, Brazil, where there are populations of spider monkeys inside little farms, whose forested areas have been increased, but fragmented. This work comprehends three parts: - Analysis of land use and land cover change between 1970 and 2005, identifying the main drivers of forest cover increase, in a region where spider monkeys occur; - Study of the socioeconomic profile, the perception and motivations of landowners for the conservation of ecosystem services; - Proposition of structural corridors for seven populations of spider monkeys, based on the matrix permeability and acceptance of landowners. The employed resources are: land cover maps, agricultural census, semi-structured interviews, and methods of valuation and compensation of environmental services based on the market of substitute goods and the declared preference, as well as simulations of ecological corridors in LORACS program. The decision to leave natural areas on the farm is strongly influenced by economic factors. The increase in productivity enabled by agricultural mechanization, allowed the expansion of forest cover in farms of Santa Maria de Jetibá. The socioeconomic profile of farmers and the characteristics of their properties prompted the influence of economic policy instruments, the type agriculture and the environmental conscience among farmers, to create biodiversity conservation opportunities. Conservation programs aiming to lay vegetation corridors in private land and, consequently, the loss of productive areas, can be implemented by economic policy instruments, based on the economical compensation, in the land opportunity cost and cost of ecological restoration, bring down barriers of landowners against conservational programs.

No description available.

Food-for-Work (FFW) was conceived as both a short-run assistance program for meeting basic food needs of low income households, and as a long-run developmental tool for building infrastructure and for providing income to ease capital constraints on farm production. However, it was feared that FFW might divert labor from own-farm production and reduce the level of locally produced food crops. The purpose of this dissertation was to empirically examine these hypotheses in the Ewalel and Marigat locations of Baringo District, Rift Valley Province, Kenya. A househoId-firm model that integrated both production and consumption concerns of FFW was developed. The model was block recursive. First, production decisions were made by maximizing net returns (net income) subject to production constraints. This output (income) was then substituted into the budget constraint, and household utility was maximized subject to this budget constraint and to a total time constraint. The data used in the study was drawn from a representative sample of 300 households were randomly selected in Marigat-Ewalel locations. Of these, 100 were found to be participants in the FFW Project supported by the UN/FAO World Food Program. Food items provided to the program in the study area are maize, beans, and vegetable oil. A two-year linear programming model was developed for the production segment of the model. ln this model, three crops under two technologies and two types of livestock were used. The household consumption component of the model was specified econometrically using systems of demand equations, the Almost ldeal Demand System. Seven commodities including FFW items, five foods, non-food and leisure, were used in the system. The analysis was conducted for both participant and non-participant households to compare levels of production activities, employment, income, and consumption patterns with and without the FFW program. The production component of the analysis revealed that the following results were associated with FFW in the study area: (a) augments own-farm output by contributing to the minimum nutrient 1 requirement, (b) eases the capital-constraint by the second year of participation, (c) increases the marketable surplus from both own-crop and livestock production, (d) increases hired labor in farm production, (e) causes a shift from maize to millet production, and (f) increases savings. As a result, the net income for the representative farm households with FFW is 52% higher than those without FFW; and participation in the FFW program declines by 11% from year 1 to year 2. Thus, disincentive effects on own-farm employment and output were not found in this study. In fact, according to the model used, the FFW Program could be expanded by either increasing the monthly participation hours or the number of participants without resulting in any production disincentive. The results of the entire household-firm model, which reveals the changes in consumption resulting from participation in FFW and changes in income, were derived in elasticity form. Most of the benefits to the representative participant households, as compared to non-participants, take the form of increased consumption of food items. Thus, the primary effects of FFW are to insure participants increased consumption and saving without creating disincentives to either own-farming or to local agricultural production. / Ph. D.

Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa the racial and agricultural policies aimed at national food self-sufficiency created an agricultural structure dominated by large, mechanised farms that are owned and operated by a small number of individuals or companies. New agricultural policy should therefore focus more on peasant farming in the subsistence sector in order to promote the development of sustainable small-scale farming units. The liberalisation of agricultural markets resulted in a fundamental change of political and economic framework conditions for the commercial agricultural sector. Failure to adapt has led to significant inefficiency and financial problems in commercial agriculture. This thesis initially focuses on the general question of the efficient organisational form of agriculture. With reference to the German agricultural structure, family farming will be identified as a superior organisational form and the utility optimal factor allocation of this organisational form is explained with the aid of the agricultural household theory. South Africa's agricultural structure is marked by extreme dualism, which was caused by political intervention in the labour and capital markets. The current liberal agricultural policy framework makes commercial agriculture in particular seem inefficient and gives reason to question the current organisational form of South African agriculture. Besides the basic socio-political objectives, the growth objective is one of the most important factors in the development of subsistence agriculture. The contribution of agriculture is not restricted to food production. In fact, the factor contribution is important in achieving economic growth, especially in developing countries. Future developments in the South African agricultural sector will be strongly influenced by the international market. In this respect South Africa, Germany and many other Western industrialised countries are undergoing a similar transformation process that corresponds with the spatial agricultural land use in location theory. Location rent implies differing costs for the use of land, and this is the case for the development of different agricultural systems depending on their distance from the market. The family farming model can be considered as having failed in the South African economy, except in some niche markets. The number of family farms is in fact growing, but there is also a tendency towards more large-scale industrialised agricultural units. The subsistence sector will remain dominated by family farming in the future, although the agricultural household represents a kind of survival institution in these areas. Despite all problems in the subsistence sector, there is no alternative to family farming, and development of subsistence farming is only foreseeable within the framework of family farming. Subsistence farming as a social security system could, however, decline in importance in the future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Suid-Afrika het die klem op voedselselfversorgenheid, wat voortgevloei het uit rasse- en landbou-beleidsrigtings, veroorsaak dat die landbou struktureel gedomineer is deur groot, hoogs gemeganiseerde plase wat besit en bedryf is deur 'n klein aantal individue of maatskappye. Die fokus van landboubeleid in die toekoms behoort dus te wees op kleinboere om te verseker dat 'n volhoubare struktuur van klein plase daargestel word. Hierdie verandering moet gepaard gaan met die proses van libelarisering van die landbousektor, wat fundamentele veranderings in die bedryomgewing van die sektor teweeg gebring het. Tot op datum het die gebrek aan vordering hiermee verskeie probleme in die kommersiële sektor tot gevolg gehad. Hierdie studie begin met die algemene vraag oor die struktuur van 'n doeltreffende landboustelsel, dus die doeltreffende organisasievorm. Die ondervinding van die Duitse landbou word gebruik om te wys op die relatiewe doeltreffendheid van die familieboerdery as kern vorm. Die teorie van die huishouding word gebruik om om te wys op die beter vermoë van familieboerdery om hulpbronne optimaal te allokeer. Politieke inmenging in die kapitaal en arbeidsmarkte het aanleiding gegee tot 'n hoë mate van dualisme in die Suid-Afrikaanse landbousektor. Die bestaande liberale beleid het ook verskeie ondoeltreffendhede in die kommersiële sektor ontbloot, en dus is daar 'n groter bevraagtekening van die huidige organisasievorms in die sektor. Die doelwit van groei blyeen van die belangrikste doelwitte in die landbou, ten spyte van die heersende klem op basiese sosio-politieke doelstellings. Die bydrae van die landbou strek verder as bloot voedselverskaffing, en sluit ook in verskeie ander faktorbydraes, veral in ontwikkelende lande. Verdere ontwikkelings in die Suid-Afrikaanse landbou sal sterk beinvloed word deur veranderings in die wêreldmark. In hierdie opsig is Suid-Afrika besig om dieselfde soort van transformasie te ondergaan as lande soos Duitsland en ander van die nywerheidslande. Die sterkste invloed sal na verwagting gevoel word in terme van die ligging van landbouproducksie. Die implikasie is dat afstand van die mark al hoe meer belangrik gaan word in besluite oor die optimale organisasievorm. In hierdie opsig het Suid-Afrika 'n agterstand as gevolg van die gebrek aan aandag vir die ontwikkeling van volhoubare familieboerderye. Ten spyte hiervan groei die aantal familiboerderye teselfdertyd as die groei in die aantal groot korporatiewe plase, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die oor-aanbod van arbeid. Die verwagting is dat familiboerdery sal bly domineer in die bestaanssektor, al het dit meer die aard van 'n laaste uitweg aangeneem vir baie gesinne. Ten spyte van sy probleme, is daar geen alternatiewe organisasievorm in die ontwikkelende landbou wat ook kan bydra tot die sukses van die sektor nie. Die verwagting is egter ook dat familieboerdery as sosiale verskynsel sal afneem in belangrikheid.

The Charley farmstead in Harrison County, Indiana represents a significant archaeological resource within a region that has been largely neglected by historians and historical archaeologists alike. The farm was settled by George Charley, a Revolutionary War veteran from Virginia, in 1810, and was continuously occupied for two centuries. This study presents the results of an archaeological investigation at the site that included primary document research, mapping of the architectural landscape, a soil resistance survey, subsurface testing, and the analysis of historic materials. The data collected was used to interpret the material and economic conditions experienced at the site during the nineteenth century. From this data it appears that the Charley farmstead was a diverse and successful agricultural operation that began as a subsistence-level corn and swine farm, adopted market-dependent surplus agriculture by the mid-nineteenth century, and followed general trends towards increased market-dependence and consumerism into the twentieth century. / Department of Anthropology